NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Culture of Peru

The Culture of Peru was shaped by the relationship between Hispanic and Amerindian cultures. The ethnic diversity of Peru allowed diverse traditions and customs to coexist. Peru has passed through various intellectual stages - from colonial Hispanic culture to European Romanticism after independence. The early 20th century brought "indigenismo," expressed in a new awareness of Indian culture. Since World War II, Peruvian writers, artists, and intellectuals such as Cesar Vallejo and Jose Maria Arguedas have participated in worldwide intellectual and artistic movements. The Hispanic world. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... The word tradition comes from the Latin word traditio which means to hand down or to hand over. ... This article is about the continent. ... Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. ... List of Mexican American, Indigenismo and Americanismo writers. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... C sar Vallejo (March 16, 1892 - April 15, 1938) published only three books of poetry but is nonetheless considered one of the great poetic innovators of the 20th century. ... José María Arguedas (18 January 1911 – 28 November 1969) was a Peruvian novelist. ...

Visual arts

Main article: Peruvian Art This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

During pre-Columbian times, Peru was one of the major centers of artistic expression in The Americas, where Pre-Inca cultures, such as Chavín, Moche, Paracas, Huari (Wari), Nazca, Chimu, and Tiahuanaco developed high-quality pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture. Drawing upon earlier cultures, the Incas continued to maintain these crafts but made even more impressive achievements in architecture. The mountain town of Machu Picchu and the buildings at Cuzco are excellent examples of Inca architectural design. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere historically considered to consist of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... This is a chart of the Peruvian cultural periods used by archaeologist studying the area. ... Chavín & Chavín influence The Chavín were an early civilization that existed in what is now the country of Peru. ... Moche pottery (Image Â© PROMPERU, used with permission) The Moche civilization (aka the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc. ... A piece of a Paracas Textil, Ica, Peru The Paracas culture was an important Andean society between approximately 750 BCE and 100 CE that developed in the Paracas Peninsula, located in what today is the Paracas District of the Pisco Province in the Ica Region. ... Middle Horizon The Huari (or Wari) was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the southern Andes from about 500 to 1200 AD. The capital city is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. ... Late Intermediate Period Cultures The Nazca culture flourished in the Nazca region between 300 BC and 800 AD. They created the famous Nazca lines and built an impressive system of underground aqueducts that still function today. ... The ChimÃº were the residents of Chimor with its capital at the city of Chan Chan in the Moche valley of Peru. ... Middle Horizon Tiwanaku (old spelling: Tiahuanaco) is an important Pre-Columbian archeological site in Bolivia. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan. ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... A sculpture is a three-dimensional object, which for the purposes of this article is man-made and selected for special recognition as art. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Piqchu Old Peak; sometimes called the Lost City of the Incas) is a well-preserved pre-Columbian Inca ruin located at 2,430 m (7,970 ft)[1] on a mountain ridge. ... Nickname: Location in Peru Coordinates: Country Peru Region Cusco Province Cusco Founded 1100 A.D. 1st Government - Type Democracy - Mayor Carlos Valencia Miranda Elevation 3,310 m (10,859. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ...

During the colonial period, Spanish baroque fused with the rich Inca tradition to produce mestizo or creole art. The Cuzco school of largely anonymous Indian artists followed the Spanish baroque tradition with influence from the Italian, Flemish, and French schools. Painter Francisco Fierro made a distinctive contribution to this school with his portrayals of typical events, manners, and customs of mid-19th-century Peru. Francisco Lazo, forerunner of the indigenous school of painters, also achieved fame for his portraits. The most impressive display of Churrigueresque spatial decoration may be found in the west facade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (1738-49). ... Mestizo (Portuguese, MestiÃ§o; French, MÃ©tis: from Late Latin mixticius, from Latin mixtus, past participle of miscere, to mix) is a term of Spanish origin used to designate people of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry. ...

In the decade after 1932, the "indigenous school" of painting headed by Jose Sabogal dominated the cultural scene in Peru. A subsequent reaction among Peruvian artists led to the beginning of modern Peruvian painting. Sabogal's resignation as director of the National School of Arts in 1943 coincided with the return of several Peruvian painters from Europe who revitalized international styles of painting in Peru. During the 1960s, Fernando de Szyszlo, an internationally recognized Peruvian artist, became the main advocate for abstract painting and pushed Peruvian art toward modernism. Peru remains an art-producing center with painters such as Gerardo Chavez, Alberto Quintanilla, and Jose Carlos Ramos, along with sculptor Victor Delfin, gaining international stature. Young artists continue to develop now that Peru's economy allows more promotion of the arts. JosÃ© Sabogal (March 19, 1888 - December 15, 1956) was a Peruvian painter involved in the indigenist movement of his country. ... Fernando de Szyszlo (b. ...

Pre-Hispanic Peruvian Andean cultures were especially bound to musical artistic expressions. In fact, almost all agricultural communal works were accompanied by music and singings (generically called in Quechua language: taki). Image File history File links Fredy_Pasco_T'uyu_Siku. ... Image File history File links Fredy_Pasco_T'uyu_Siku. ... The actual territory of Peru was not only the main center of the Tahuantinsuyo, but also the center of the powerful Inca Empire, and after the Spanish conquer, the biggest Spanish Viceroyalty in America. ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... Harry Belafonte singing, photograph by C. van Vechten Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with speech. ... Quechua (Runa Simi; Kichwa in Ecuador) is a Native American language of South America. ...

Music

Main Article: Music of Peru Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on the Perus Andean musical roots and Spanish musical influences. ...

The Pre-Hispanic Andean musicians mostly used wind instruments such as the quena, the pinkillo, the erke, the antara or siku (also called zampoña), the pututo or pototo, etc. They also used diverse membranophone instruments such as the tinya (hand drum), the wankar, instrument of big dimensions, the pomatinyas - made of puma skin-, and the runatinyas - made of human skin. The runatinya was also used in battle. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1953x1253, 240 KB)Taken by Neal Grout and released into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1953x1253, 240 KB)Taken by Neal Grout and released into the public domain. ... Home-made sling. ... This article is about a breed of domesticated ungulates. ... A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube), in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at the end of the resonator. ... The quena (quechua: qina, sometimes also written kena in english) is the traditional flute of the Andes. ... A pinkillo is a simple wind instrument found in Peru and Bolivia. ... Tuyu siku The Siku (also sicu or sicus), is a zampoÃ±a panpipe. ... Tuyu siku The Siku (also sicu or sicus), is a zampoÃ±a panpipe. ... Pan pipes (also known as the panflute or the syrinx or quills) is an ancient musical instrument based on the principle of the stopped pipe, consisting usually of ten or more pipes of gradually increasing length. ... A membranophone is any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by way of a vibrating stretched membrane. ... The Tinya is a percussion instrument like a small manual made drum of leather. ...

With the Spanish conquest, new instruments arrived like harps, guitars, vihuelas, bandurrias, lutes, etc. Because of the arrival of these musical instruments, new hybrid Andean/European instruments appeared. Some of these instruments are still used today: the Andean harp and the charango. The sounding box of the charango is made of the armadillo's shell. In the 16th century, Spaniards led by Pizarro arrived in the Andean region of South America and over the course of only a few decades, succeeded in toppling the Tawantinsuyo, whose empire had spanned most of the Andean region and surrounding lowlands from the south of modern-day Colombia to... A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified with the purpose of making music. ... The harp is a stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Orpheus playing a vihuela. ... The bandurria is a plectrum plucked chordophone from Spain, similar to the cittern, primarily used in Spanish folk music. ... A medieval era lute. ... Visit the Guitar Portal A Bolivian charango This article is about an instrument. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Families Pampatheriidae (prehistoric) Glyptodontidae (prehistoric) Dasypodidae Armadillos are small placental mammals, known for having a bony armor shell. ...

The cultural crossbreeding did not limit itself to the contact of Indigenous and European cultures. The African slaves' contribution was demonstrated in rhythms and percussion instruments. This influence is visible in musical forms like the festejo and the zamacueca. The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... Map showing the Neolithic expansions from the 7th to the 5th millennium BC Europe in ca. ... Slave redirects here. ... A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. ... Festejo (from Spanish fiesta) is a festive form of Peruvian music. ...

Dance

Apart from dances of native origin, there are also dances that are related to the agricultural work, hunting and war. Some choreographies show certain Christian influence. Two of the most representative Andean dances are the kashua and the wayno or huayno. The kashua has a communal character and it is usually danced in groups in the country or open spaces. The huayno is a "salon ball". It is danced in couples and in closed spaces. The yaravi and the triste have also an Andean origin. They are usually songs with very emotional lyrics. Image File history File links Marinera_NorteÃ±a. ... Image File history File links Marinera_NorteÃ±a. ... Farmlands in Hebei province, China. ... â€œHunterâ€ redirects here. ... Look up Choreography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Huayno (quechua: wayÃ±u) is a genre of popular Andean music, especially common in Bolivia, Peru and Northern Argentina. ... Huayno (quechua: wayÃ±u) is a genre of popular Andean music, especially common in Bolivia, Peru and Northern Argentina. ...

Dances of ritual character are the achocallo, the pinkillada, the llamerada (dance that imitates the llama's walk), the kullawada (the spinners' dance), etc. Between the Hunting dances, it can be mentioned: the llipi-puli, gudi-dada and choq'elas. They are dances from the altiplano related to the vicuña's hunting. This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Puno, Peru, is one of larger cities of the Altiplano. ... Binomial name Vicugna vicugna (Molina, 1782) The VicuÃ±a (Vicugna vicugna) is one of 2 wild South American camelids, along with the guanaco, which lives in the high alpineous areas of the Andes. ...

There are some dances of war like the chiriguano which has an Aymara origin, the chatripuli that satirizes the Spanish Realist soldiers, and the kenakenas a dance about the Chilean soldiers who occupied Peru during the War of the Pacific in 1879. There are also Carnival Dances. A Carnival is a western holiday that, in the Peruvian Andes, is celebrated simultaneously with the crops time. Many rural communities celebrate the youths' initiation during these holidays with ancestral rites and dances. The Aymara are a native ethnic group in the Andes region of South America; about 2. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan BuendÃa AndrÃ©s CÃ¡ceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Juan Williams Strength Peru-Bolivian Army 7,000 soldiers in 1878 Peruvian Navy 2 ironclad, 1 corvette, 1 gunboat Army of Chile 4,000 soldiers in... Carnival or Carnivale is an annual Christian festival season. ... Planes view of the Andes, Peru. ...

The most internationally known dance in Peru is the Marinera Norteña. This dance represents a man's courting of a young woman. There are local variants of this dance in Lima and the other regions of the country. Marinera NorteÃ±a, the most representative dance in Peru. ... The Lima Region, also known as Lima Provincias, is one of twenty-five regions in Peru. ...

Celebrations

Popular celebrations are the product of every town's traditions and legends. These celebrations gather music, dances, meals and typical drinks. In addition to the religious celebrations like Christmas, Corpus Christi or Holy Week, there are others that express the syncretism of the indigenous beliefs with the Christians'. An example of this kind of celebration is the Alasitas (an Aymara word that, according to some, means "buy me") which combines a crafts and miniatures fair with dances, meals and a mass. Christmas is an annual holiday that marks the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Corpus Christi celebrations in Antigua Guatemala, 14 June 1979 This article is about the Catholic feast of Corpus Christi. ... Holy Week (Latin: Hebdomada Sancta) in Christianity is the last week of Lent. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Aymara is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara of the Andes. ... A craft is a skill, especially involving practical arts. ... A rare Dresden porcelain figurine Figurine is a diminutive form of the word figure, and generally refers to a small human-made statue that represents a human (or deity or animal). ... A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ...

Cuisine

Peru has a varied cuisine with ingredients like maize, tomato, potatoes, uchu or Ají (Capsicum pubescens), oca, ulluco, avocado, fruits like chirimoya, lúcuma and pineapple, and animals like taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis) (similar to the Little Red Brocket]), llama and Guinea pig. The combination of American, European and Moorish culinary traditions, resulted in new meals and ways of preparing them. The successive arrivals of Africans and Chinese also influenced in the development of the Creole cuisine. Peruvian cuisine is usually considered one of the most diverse in the world and is on par with French, Chinese and Indian cuisine. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 432 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ceviche Culture of Peru Peru Peruvian cuisine ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 432 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ceviche Culture of Peru Peru Peruvian cuisine ... â€œCornâ€ redirects here. ... Binomial name Solanum lycopersicum L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Binomial name Solanum tuberosum L. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a perennial plant of the Solanaceae, or nightshade, family, commonly grown for its starchy tuber. ... Species C. annuum (incl. ... OCA can mean: Observatoire de la CÃ´te dAzur Orthodox Church in America Oxford Capacity Analysis Online Crash Analysis See also Oca This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) is a plant in the Basellaceae family. ... Binomial name Persea americana Mill. ... Binomial name Annona cherimola Mill. ... LÃºcuma (Pouteria lucuma) is a subtropical fruit of Andean origin, adapted to the subtropical-dry valleys of Peru, Ecuador and central valleys of Chile. ... Binomial name Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Binomial name Cavia porcellus (Linnaeus, 1758) Guinea pigs (also called cavies) are rodents belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia, originally indigenous to the Andes. ... See the individual entries for: Austrian cuisine British cuisine English cuisine Scottish cuisine Welsh cuisine Anglo-Indian cuisine Modern British cuisine Belgian cuisine Czech cuisine Danish cuisine Dutch cuisine Finnish cuisine French cuisine Basque cuisine German cuisine Hungarian cuisine Icelandic cuisine Irish cuisine Italian cuisine Cuisine of Sicily Lappish cuisine... The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of the western Mediterranean and western Sahara, including: al-Maghrib (the coastal and mountain lands of present day Morocco and Algeria, and Tunisia although Tunisia often is separately called Ifriqiya after the former Roman province of Africa); al-Andalus (the former Islamic sovereign...

Some typical Peruvian dishes are ceviche (fish and shellfish marinated in citrus juice), the chupe de camarones (a soup made of shrimp (Cryphiops caementarius)), anticuchos (a cow's heart roasted in brochettes), the olluco con charqui (a casserole dish made of ulluco and charqui), the Andean pachamanca (meats, tubers and broad beans cooked in a stone oven), the lomo saltado (meat fried lightly with tomato and onion, served with french fries and rice) that has a Chinese influence, and the picante de cuy (a casserole dish made of fried guinea pig with some spices). Peruvian food can be accompanied by typical drinks like the chicha de jora (a chicha made of tender corn dried by the sun). There are also chichas made of purple corn or peanut. They are very refreshing and do not have any alcoholic content. Peruvian ceviche with lobster and shrimp Ceviche (also spelled as cebiche or seviche) is a form of citrus marinated seafood salad that originated in the Viceroyalty of Peru. ... A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are typically cold-blooded; covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. ... Cooked mussels Shellfish is a term used to describe shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. ... Species & major hybrids Species Citrus aurantifolia - Key lime Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus Ã—sinensis - Sweet Orange Citrus Ã—aurantium - Bitter Orange Citrus Ã—paradisi - Grapefruit Citrus Ã—limon - Lemon Citrus Ã—limonia - Rangpur lime Citrus Ã—latifolia - Persian lime See also main text for other hybrids Citrus... Soup is usually a savoury liquid food that is made by combining ingredients, such as meat, vegetables and beans in stock or hot water, until the flavor is extracted, forming a broth. ... Superfamilies Alpheoidea Atyoidea Bresilioidea Campylonotoidea Crangonoidea Galatheacaridoidea Nematocarcinoidea Oplophoroidea Palaemonoidea Pandaloidea Pasiphaeoidea Procaridoidea Processoidea Psalidopodoidea Stylodactyloidea True shrimp are swimming, decapod crustaceans classified in the infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh and salt water. ... Anticuchos Anticuchos (singular anticucho) are a popular Peruvian dish consisting of small pieces of skewered meat. ... In cooking, en brochette refers to food cooked, and sometimes served, on brochettes, or skewers. ... Ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) is a plant in the Basellaceae family. ... Charqui is a form of jerky common in South America made from dried and salted meat, usually from horse, but also beef. ... Pachamanca Pachamanca is a traditional Peruvian dish based on the baking, with the aid of hot stones, of lamb, mutton, pork, chicken or guinea pig, marinated in spices. ... Binomial name Vicia faba L. Vicia faba, the broad bean, fava bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean or tic bean is a species of bean (Fabaceae) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. ... Peruvian cuisine is usually considered one of the most diverse in the world and is on par with French, Chinese and Indian cuisine. ... French fried potatoes, commonly known as French fries or fries (North America) or chips (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth) are pieces of potato that have been chopped into batons and deep fried. ... Species Oryza glaberrima Oryza sativa Brown basmati rice Terrace of paddy fields in Yunnan Province, southern China. ... Chicha is a fermented beverage brewed by the indigenous people of the Andean region, dating back to the Inca Empire when women were taught the techniques of brewing chicha in Acllahuasis (feminine schools). ... Binomial name Arachis hypogaea L. This article is about the legume. ...

See also

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Culture of South America

A detail of the Raimondi Stela. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Hispanic world The term Hispanic culture pertains to cultures found in Spain and to the cultures of any country that was colonized by the early Spanish conquistadors. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Peru_(state). ... This is the history of Peru. ... 3000 BC - 1800 BC: Norte Chico 900 BC - 200 BC: ChavÃn 300 BC - AD 1480 Moche, Chimu 300 BC - AD 800 Nazca_culture 300 - 1100 Tiwanaku 500 - 1000 Huari 1100 - 1572: Inca Empire 1532 - 1572: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 1542 - 1821: Viceroyalty of Peru 1836 - 1839: Peru-Bolivian... The map of the Tahuantinsuyo An Andean bronze bottle made by ChimÃº artisans from circa 1300 A.D. The Stele from the Chavin Culture, Ancash, Peru Moche pottery, Lambayeque, Peru (Image Â© PROMPERU, used with permission) The Tiahuanaco Gate of the Sun, Puno, Peru An Andean bronze bottle made by Chim... Capital Cusco 1197-1533 Vilcabamba 1533-1572 Language(s) Quechua, Aymara, Jaqi family, Mochic and scores of smaller languages. ... There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del PerÃº) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, PanamÃ¡ and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and RÃo... The economic crisis favored the indigenous rebellion from 1780 to 1781. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan BuendÃa AndrÃ©s CÃ¡ceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Juan Williams Strength Peru-Bolivian Army 7,000 soldiers in 1878 Peruvian Navy 2 ironclad, 1 corvette, 1 gunboat Army of Chile 4,000 soldiers in... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Ecuador Commanders Gen. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Shining Path TÃºpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Commanders Fernando BelaÃºnde Terry Alan GarcÃa Alberto Fujimori Abimael GuzmÃ¡n Ã“scar RamÃrez Comrade ArtemioVÃctor Polay Nestor Cerpa Cartolini It has been estimated that nearly 70,000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru... This is a list of cities in Peru. ... Peruvian Physiographic Regions When the Spanish arrived, they divided Peru (because of political reasons) in three main regions: the Coastal region, that is bounded by the Pacific Ocean; the Highlands, that is located on the Andean Heights, and the Jungle, that is located on the Amazonian Jungle. ... The Subdivisions of Peru have changed from time to time, since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. ... In October 1998, Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had, over the years, resulted in armed conflict. ... The Judicial System of Peru usually known as the Judicial Power in Peru, is an organism of the government of the Republic of Peru composed of a hierarchic organization of institutions, that excersice equal justice to all people. ... According to the Peruvian Constitution and nationality legislation passed in 1996 as well as an executive order declared in 1997, Peruvian nationality can be passed by birth via jus soli or by registration if born overseas and duly registered at a Peruvian embassy or consulate before the child reaches 18... The Government of Peru is in a state of ongoing democratization. ... Political parties in Peru lists political parties in Peru. ... The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) also known as the Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprista Party) is a Peruvian left-wing social democratic political party. ... Union for Peru (Spanish: UniÃ³n por el PerÃº) was originally a liberal or centrist political party in Peru. ... National Unity (Spanish: Unidad Nacional) is a Peruvian political party. ... Logo Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) is a Peruvian political alliance formed by pro-Fujimori parties Cambio 90 and Nueva MayorÃa for the 2006 national election. ... A lawsuit is a civil action brought before a court in order to recover a right, obtain damages for an injury, obtain an injunction to prevent an injury, or obtain a declaratory judgment to prevent future legal disputes. ... Peru Possible (Spanish: PerÃº Posible) is a Peruvian political party. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provinces, Cities, and Districts... Elections in Peru provides information pertaining to the election process and the results of Peruvian presidencial elections. ... Ajegroup Alicorp Banco de Credito del Peru Cementos Lima Cemento Pacasmayo Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles del Peru Wong (supermarket) Saga Falabella Telefonica del Peru Category: ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... The Central Reserve Bank of Peru (Spanish: ) is the Peruvian central bank. ... The sol (plural: soles) (S/.) is the monetary unit (currency) of Peru. ... // Inca economy was mainly agricultural, although it reached some animal husbandry and mining development. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Peruvian Art. ... Peruvian cuisine is usually considered one of the most diverse in the world and is on par with French, Chinese and Indian cuisine. ... Almost half of all Peruvians are Amerindian, or 45 percent of the total population. ... In the history of Peruvian literature, the oral indigenous tradition and the technical resources of writing (incorporated by Spaniards) converge in each other. ... Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on the Perus Andean musical roots and Spanish musical influences. ... This is an incomplete list of public holidays in Peru. ... This is a list of famous Peruvians: // Diego Bertie Henry Ian Cusick Christian Meier Pietro Sibille Silvana Arias Gianella Neyra Santiago Magill Flor Castillo Vanessa Jeri Stephanie Cayo Fiorella Cayo Angie Shrimplin Constanza Chaparro Mery Faveron Ricky Tosso Directors Luis Llosa, film director Painters Carlos Enrique Polanco, painter Fernando De... The following are international rankings of Peru. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... View of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu (sometimes called the Lost City of the Inca) is a well preserved Pre-Columbian town located on a high mountain ridge (at an elevation of about 6,750 feet) above the Urubamba valley in modern-day Peru. ... Culture of South America: South America, a continent, has its own unique culture. ... Image File history File links South_America. ...

Sovereign states
Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama* · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago* · Uruguay · Venezuela This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... The Culture of Trinidad and Tobago reflects the influence of African, Indian, French, Amerindian, Chinese, British, Spanish, Portuguese, Venezuelan, Caribbean, and American culture. ...

Dependencies
Aruba* (Netherlands) · Falkland Islands (UK) · French Guiana (France) · Netherlands Antilles* (Netherlands) · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK)
* Territories also in or commonly reckoned elsewhere in the Americas (North America). A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... Falklanders are very much into good food, being well known all over the southern half of South America and the Antarctic territories for their excellent wurstels. ... A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

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