Culture of Poland

Periods

Middle Ages Renaissance Baroque Enlightenment Romanticism Positivism Young Poland Interbellum World War II Socialist Realism Modern Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x609, 132 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Jan Kochanowski, a leading poet and writer of Polish Renaissance, and one of the most eminent Slavic poets. ... Polish baroque started in the late 16th century. ... The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later then in the Western Europe, as Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Freedoms) were in deep crisis. ... Romanticism in Poland was eventually followed with the period known as positivism in Poland. ... For other meanings of positivism, see Positivism. ... Young Poland (Polish Młoda Polska) is a modernist period in Polish art, literature and music, covering roughly the years between 1890 and 1918. ...

Arts

Literature Music Theater Poland — Polish literature Writers and novelists Main article: List of Polish language authors Writers in chronological order of birth: Jan Potocki (1761–1815) Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887) Eliza Orzeszkowa (1841–1910) Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916) Bolesław Prus (1847–1912) Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925) Władysław Reymont (1867–1925) Zofia Nałkowska... Artists from Poland, including famous composers like Chopin or Penderecki and traditional, regionalized folk musicians, create a lively and diverse music scene, which even recognizes its own music genres, such as poezja Å›piewana and disco polo. ... The great strength of Polish dramatic theatre is the high quality of its actors. ...

Artists

Authors Composers Painters Poets List of Polish language authors This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... List of Polish composers: // 15th century Mikołaj Radomski (fl. ... This is an alphabetical listing of Polish painters. ... Poets who have written much of their poetry in the Polish language. ...

The culture of medieval Poland is closely intertwined with the activities of the Catholic Church in Poland, especially during the first centuries of the Polish state's history. Many of the oldest Polish customs and artifacts date from the period of Middle Ages, which in Poland lasted from the late 10th to late 15th century and were followed by Polish Renaissance. The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... In the first centuries of its emergence in the 10th century, the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christendom, created a strong Central European state, and integrated Poland into European culture. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Jan Kochanowski, a leading poet and writer of Polish Renaissance, and one of the most eminent Slavic poets. ...

Early centuries (10-12th)

The christianization of Kingdom of Poland (baptism of Poland) led, as in the rest of Europe, to the supplementation of previous pagan Slavic mythology-based culture of Polanie tribe with new Christian culture of the Kingdom of Poland under the Piast dynasty. By the twelfth century, the ecclesiastical network in Poland was composed of eight dioceses and about one thousand parishes. St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen Ansgar, the 9th century apostle of the North in an 1830 drawing. ... The state formed by Boleslaus I of Poland in 1025 during his coronation. ... Christianization of Poland in 966 by Jan Matejko The Baptism of Poland (Polish: Chrzest Polski) was the event in 966 that signified the beginning of the Christianization of Poland, commencing with the baptism of Mieszko I, who was the first ruler of the Polish state. ... Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to some dispute as to Europes actual borders. ... Pagan may refer to: A believer in Paganism or Neopaganism. ... Slavic mythology and Slavic religion evolved over more than 3,000 years. ... Polans (also Polanes, Polish Polanie) were a Slavic tribe inhabitating the shores of the Warta river in the 8th century. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus Christ. ... The Kingdom of Poland of the first Piasts was the Polish state in the years between the coronation of Bolesław I the Brave in 1025 and the death of Bolesław III the Wrymouth in 1138. ... The Piast dynasty is a line of Kings and dukes that ruled Poland from its beginnings as an independent state up to 1370. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... This article should be transwikied to wiktionary Ecclesiastical means pertaining to the Church (especially Christianity) as an organized body of believers and clergy, with a stress on its juridical and institutional structure. ... Pope Pius XI blesses Bishop Stephen Alencastre as fifth Apostolic Vicar of the Hawaiian Islands in a Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace window. ... A parish is a type of administrative subdivision. ...

"Christianization of Poland in 966" by Jan Matejko

The new customs spread as the Church also acted as the state's educational system. Church run schools with Latin trivium (grammar, rhetoric, dialectic) and quadrivium (mathematics, geometry, astrology, and music) and was helped by various religious orders which estabilished monasteries throughout the countryside. By the end of the thirteenth century over 300 monasteries existed in Poland, spreading Catholcism and Western traditions: for example, the first Benedictine monasteries built in the eleventh century in Tyniec and Lubin spread the new techniques of industry and agriculture of Western origin. Another powerful tool employed by the Church was the skill of writing. Church had the knowledge and the ability to make parchments, and scribes created and copied manuscripts and established libraries. Thus the earliest examples of Polish literature were written in Latin language. Among them are the Gospels from Gniezno and Płock, Codex aureus and Codex aureus Pultoviensis, dating from as early as the second half of the eleventh century. Other notable examples of early Polish books include the Bishop Ciołek'a Latin Missal and Olbracht's Gradual. Also famous are the chronicles of Gallus Anonymus and Wincenty Kadłubek. Christianization of Poland by Jan Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Christianization of Poland by Jan Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Jan Matejko , self-portrait Jan Matejko, also Jan Mateyko (b. ... ... ... The quadrivium comprised the four subjects taught in medieval universities after the trivium. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Tikse monastery in Ladakh, India A monastery is the habitation of monks, derived from the Greek word for a hermits cell. ... A Benedictine is a person who follows the Rule of St Benedict. ... Tyniec - a historic village in Poland on Vistula river, today a borough of Kraków. ... Lubin is a town in south-western Poland, on the Zimnica River. ... see also Creative Writing Writing may refer to two activities: the inscribing of characters on a medium, with the intention of forming words and other constructs that represent language or record information, and the creation of material to be conveyed through written language. ... German parchmenter, 1568 Parchment is a material for the pages of a book or codex, made from fine calf skin, sheep skin or goat skin. ... Illustration of a 15th century scribe This is about scribe, the profession. ... A manuscript (Latin manu scriptus, written by hand), strictly speaking, is any written document that is put down by hand, in contrast to being printed or reproduced some other way. ... A modern-style library in Chambéry In the traditional sense of the word, a library is a collection of books and periodicals. ... Poland — Polish literature Writers and novelists Main article: List of Polish language authors Writers in chronological order of birth: Jan Potocki (1761–1815) Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887) Eliza Orzeszkowa (1841–1910) Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916) Bolesław Prus (1847–1912) Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925) Władysław Reymont (1867–1925) Zofia Nałkowska... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... For the genre of Christian-themed music, see gospel music. ... Motto: none Voivodship Greater Poland Municipal government Mayor Jaromir Dziel Area 40,9 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 71 040 none 1737/km² Founded City rights 8th century 1239 Latitude Longitude 52°32 N 17°36 E Area code +48 61 Car plates PGN Twin towns Anagni, Esztergom, Falkenberg, Saint... Motto: none Voivodship Masovian Municipal government Rada Miasta PÅ‚ock Mayor MirosÅ‚aw Milewski Area 88 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 128 210 - 1456/km² Founded City rights - - Latitude Longitude 52°33 N 19°42 E Area code +48 24 Car plates WP (city) WPL (rest) Twin towns Darmstadt in... Generally a chronicle (Latin chronica) is historical account of facts and events in chronological order. ... Gallus Anonymus (Polish: Gall Anonim) living in 11th and 12th century was the first Polish historian, author of Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum (c. ... Wincenty KadÅ‚ubek, also known as Vincent Kadlubek, Vincent Kadlubo, Vincent Kadlubko, Vincent of Cracow. ...

Although folk music did not diminish, relatively little of the early Polish music ia known. Musical instruments, usually homemade (e.g., fiddles, lutes, zithers, lyres, and horns) were utilised. The Gregorian chorales were brought to Poland at the end of the eleventh century. Religious monodic music was sung in churches and monasteries. Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the common people. ... Poland has a lively and diverse music scene and even its own music genres like the sung poetry and disco polo. ... A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified with the purpose of making music. ... The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ... The lute is a plucked string instrument with a fretted neck and a deep round back. ... A Musima Guitar Zither 45 strings with 21 melody, 24 chords The zither is a musical string instrument, mainly used in folk music. ... A lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity. ... The horn is a brass instrument that consists of tubing wrapped into a coiled form. ... Gregorian chant is also known as plainchant or plainsong and is a form of monophonic, unaccompanied singing, which was developed in the Catholic church, mainly during the period 800-1000. ... A chorale was originally a hymn of the Lutheran church sung by the entire congregation. ...

The architecture of Poland was also transformed. New, monumental style of Romanesque architecture, with well over one hundred buildings preserved to this day, displayed the influence of Cologne in its earliest structures. Among those is the crypt of Saint Leonard at the Wawel Hill in Kraków and the Cathedral of Płock, built in 1144. Many other churches, usually round or square with semicircular apses, can be found throughout Poland, in towns like Ostrów Lednicki or Giecz. Among other magnificent examples are the bronze doors of the Cathedral in Gniezno (ca. 1175), the first major work of art presenting a national theme, depicting in relief eighteen scenes of the life and death of Saint Adalbert. The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, a master builder, from αρχι- chief, leader and τεκτων, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... Interior of the Saint-Saturnin church St-Sernin basilica, Toulouse, 1080 – 1120: elevation of the east end Romanesque sculpture, cloister of St. ... Cologne Cathedral with Hohenzollern Bridge Cologne (German: (help· info) ; Kölsch: Kölle) is Germanys fourth-largest city after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the largest... Wawel (Polish Wzgórze wawelskie or for short Wawel) is the name of a lime hillock situated on the left bank of the Vistula in Kraków, Poland at an altitude of 228 metres above sea level. ... Tomb of Kazimierz the Great St. ... Ostrów Lednicki is a castle in Poland built in mediaeval times on an island on Lake Lednica. ... Giecz is a small village in Poland, in the Greater Polish Voivodship, near Dominowo and Åšroda. ... Assorted ancient bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ... Saint Adalbert may be referring to: Adalbert of Prague Adalbert of Magdeburg This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

S. Andreas Krakow Image File history File links Download high resolution version (432x717, 73 KB) Saint Andreas church in Kraków. ... This article needs cleanup. ...	S. Adalbert, Krakow Image File history File links Krakau_Adalbert. ... This article needs cleanup. ...	S. Nicholas, Cieszyn ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2576x1932, 2693 KB) Description: Rotunda św. ... Cieszyn Coat of Arms Cieszyn is a town in southern Poland with 37,300 inhabitants (1995), situated in the Silesian Voivodship (since 1999), previously in Bielsko-Biala Voivodship (1975-1998). ...	Column of virtues Strzelno Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 85 KB) Romanesque column with personifications of virtues in Holy Trinity church in Strzelno, Poland (end of 12th cent. ...
Inowrocław, St. Mary church, view from east.	Tum church. Tum or tum can refer to: Technische Universität München (Technical University Munich) Ra, the Egyptian god tum, Tumbuka language (ISO 639-2 language code) The Tum ethnic group of Laos Rigoberta Menchú Tum, 1992 Nobel Peace Prize laureate The singular of Tums, an antacid/calcium supplement use for...

Late centuries (13-14th)

From the thirteenth century the culture of Poland was increasingly affected by forces other than the Church, as the nonecclesiastical institutions begun to gain importance. The fourteenth century saw also the important transition from Piast dynasty to Jagiellonian dynasty. The schools began to prepare candidates for careers not only in priesthood but also in law, diplomacy, and administration. Jagiellonian University, one of the oldest universities in the world, was founded in 1364. Polish law begun to develop as legal texts were recorded in secular chancelleries. Polish science also made inroads, as some works of Polish scholars like a chronicle of popes and emperors by Martin of Opava and the treatise on optics by Witelo became known abroad. By the end of the 14th century, over 18,000 students would have been educated by the Jagiellonian university. The faculties of astronomy, law and theology attracted eminent scholars: for example, Stanisław of Skalbmierz, Paweł Włodkowic, Jan of Głogów, and Wojciech of Brudzew, who from 1491 to 1495 was one of techers of Nicholas Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik), who in the coming Polish Renaissance would develop new astronomical theories, bringing about a radical change in man's thinking and in his view of the universe. The Piast dynasty is a line of Kings and dukes that ruled Poland from its beginnings as an independent state up to 1370. ... The Jagiellons were a royal dynasty which reigned in some Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century. ... A priesthood is a body of priests, shamans, or oracles who are thought to have special religious authority or function. ... Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet JagielloÅ„ski, often shortened to UJ) is a university in Krakow, Poland. ... A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and doctor) in a variety of subjects. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 - 1364 - 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 See also: 1364 state leaders Events Foundation of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków The Breton War of Succession... Polish law is a legal system in Poland. ... Chancellery is the office of the chancellor, sometimes also reffered to as the chancery. ... Martin of Opava, also known as Martin of Poland, was an important Dominican chronicler of the 13th century. ... Table of Opticks, 1728 Cyclopaedia Optics (appearance or look in ancient Greek) is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter. ... Witelo - also known as Erazmus Ciolek Witelo, Witelon, Vitellio, Vitello, Vitello Thuringopolonis, Erazm CioÅ‚ek, (born ca. ... Lunar astronomy: the large crater is Daedalus, photographed by the crew of Apollo 11 as they circled the Moon in 1969. ... Law (from the late Old English lagu of probable North Germanic origin) in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules or norms of conduct which mandate, proscribe or permit specified relationships among people and organizations, intended to provide methods for ensuring the impartial treatment of such people, and provide... Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. ... PaweÅ‚ WÅ‚odkowic, Paulus Wladimiri (1370-1435) was a distinguished scholar, lawyer and the rector of the University of Cracow. ... Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ... The Polish Renaissance, whose influence originated in Italy, started spreading in Poland in the 15th and 16th century. ...

Exterior of the St. Mary's Church in Kraków

The ties between Poland other countries also increased, as prospective studends went abroad to University of Padua, University of Paris and elsewhere, and as the royal and ducal courts, through diplomatic visits and matrimonial connections, absorbed cultural influences from other countries. Contacts between Polish royal court and those of neighbouring countries - Hungary, Bohemia, Italy, France, and Germany increased with time. Poland was also affected by the process of German colonization, as German settlers migrated East, brining various knowledge and customs (for example the Magdeburg laws). This linked Polish culture (and especially the urban culture) with that of the Western Europe. Polish culture, influenced by the West, in turn radiated east, with one of the main consequences being the Polish-Lithuanian Union. Gothic Altar by Veit Stoss Interior of the Basilica Exterior of the Basilica St. ... Gymnasivm Patavinum: The Universitys main Bo palace shown in a 1654 woodcut The University of Padua (Università degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD) is one of the most well-renowned universities in Italy. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ... Royal court (as distinguished from a court of law) may refer to a number of institutions: A noble court - the household or entourage of a monarch or other ruler The Royal Court of Jersey - the main court of justice of Jersey The Royal Court of Guernsey - the main court of... Bohemia. ... The Magdeburg Rights (or Magdeburg law) were the laws of the Imperial Free City of Magdeburg during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, and possibly the most important set of Germanic medieval city laws. ... Urban culture is the culture of cities. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... The term Polish-Lithuanian Union refers to a series of acts and alliances between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lead to the creation of the Republic of Both Nations in 1569 and eventually to creation of a unified state in 1791. ...

As happened in the West, Gothic architecture began to gain popularity in Poland and coincided with the growing wealth of Church, the towns and the the intense economic development which occurred during the reign of Kazimierz the Great, with the end result being the hundreds of Gothic buildings which have survived from that prosperous era. Polish masons rebuilt the great cathedrals of Cracow, Wrocław, Gniezno, and Poznań in Gothic style, and built hundreds of basilicas and churches, for example St. Mary's Church in Kraków and the Collegiate Church in Sandomierz. Secular buildings were also numerous, for example in the new towns of Kazimierz and Wiślica. Over 40 new castles, strategically situated along the lines of communication, were raised by Kazimierz, and many city walls and city halls and other buildings were raised. Another example would be Collegium Maius, the seat of the Jagiellonian University. See also Gothic art. ... Gothic Altar by Veit Stoss Interior of the Basilica Exterior of the Basilica St. ... A collegiate church was a church served and administered by a body of canons or prebendaries, similar to a cathedral, although they were not the seat of a bishop. ... Sandomierz is a city in south-eastern Poland with 27,000 inhabitants (1995). ... Jewish children cross a street in Kazimierz sometime before 1939. ... WiÅ›lica is a town on the Nida River in ÅšwiÄ™tokrzyskie Voivodship in Poland. ... The main gatehouse of Harlech Castle, Wales. ... The defensive wall of Braşov, Romania. ... In small towns, the town hall may also incorporate other functions, such as a post office. ...

Sarcophagus of Kazimierz the Great at Wawel Cathedral.

Gothic Altar by Veit Stoss

The architecture was not the only area of arts that was positively affected by that time. The patronage of kings, dukes, magnates, clergymen, and patricians allowed various artists to create masterpieces. Grzegorz of Sanok, Archbishop of Lwów, a poet and patron of literature, gathered scholars and writers who advanced the humanist philosophy of life. The most outstanding among them was Filip Callimachus from Tuscany, who became a tutor to King Kazimierz's sons, a founder of the literary and scientific circle, and a professor at the University. The Gothic buildings were decorated with stone and wood sculptures, paintings, stained glass windows, gold articles, and textiles. Among outstanding works preserved to this day are the sarcophagus of Kazimierz the Great in the Wawel Cathedral and the altar of Saint Catherine's Church in Cracow by Mikołaj Haberschrack. Other artifacts which attest to the flourishing of the decorative arts are the stained glass windows of Saint Nicholas's Church in Toruń, the reliquary for the head of Saint Stanisław, and the chasuble from the benefaction of Piotr Kmita. The influence of Byzantine painting can be seen in the frescoes of the Trinity Chapel in Lublin, and of Italian art in the Franciscan monastery in Cracow. Perhaps the greatest piece of Gothic art in Poland are the works of Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz), who came to Cracow in 1477 and lived there for twenty years. His altar in Saint Mary's Church, carved in wood, is one of the crowning achievements of medieval sculpture. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1300x1908, 697 KB) Summary Kraków (Poland), cathedral church on Wawel Hill, tomb of king Casimir The Great, 14th cent. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1300x1908, 697 KB) Summary Kraków (Poland), cathedral church on Wawel Hill, tomb of king Casimir The Great, 14th cent. ... The Wawel Cathedral is Polands national sanctuary with 1000-year-old history, it was the coronation site of Polish monarchs. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (989x619, 404 KB) Motive-description: Gothic Altar from Veit Stoß in Krakau / Poland Scan/photo by: User:Henryart (who is owner of the original painting/object/photo) Date: August 2004 File links The following pages link to this file: Kraków... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (989x619, 404 KB) Motive-description: Gothic Altar from Veit Stoß in Krakau / Poland Scan/photo by: User:Henryart (who is owner of the original painting/object/photo) Date: August 2004 File links The following pages link to this file: Kraków... Veit Stoss painted by Jan Matejko Veit Stoss (Polish: Wit Stwosz) (ca. ... Filip Callimachus, (lat. ... A poppy field in Tuscany Tuscany (Italian Toscana) is a region in central Italy, bordering on Latium to the south, Umbria and Marche to the east, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria to the north, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ... Stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Merenptah Detail of a stone sarcophagus in the Istanbul Archeological Museum showing a hunting scene Anthropoid sarcophagus discovered at Cádiz A sarcophagus is a stone container for a coffin or body. ... The Wawel Cathedral is Polands national sanctuary with 1000-year-old history, it was the coronation site of Polish monarchs. ... Strictly speaking, stained glass is glass that has been painted with silver stain and then fired. ... A reliquary is a container for holy relics. ... A fiddleback chasuble from the church of Saint Gertrude in Maarheeze in the Netherlands The chasuble is the outermost liturgical vestment worn by clergy for the celebration of the Eucharist among Western-tradition Christian churches that use full vestments, primarily the Roman Catholic Church and high church congregations in the... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... A XIV Century fresco featuring Saint Sebastian Note: Fresco is the NATO reporting name of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. ... Contents // Categories: Art stubs | Art by nationality | Art history | Italian culture ... Veit Stoss painted by Jan Matejko Veit Stoss (Polish: Wit Stwosz) (ca. ...

The origin of Polish music can be traced as far back as the 13th century, from which manuscripts have been found in Stary Sącz, containing polyphonic compositions related to the Parisian Notre Dame School. Other early compositions, such as the melody of Bogurodzica, may also date back to this period. The first known notable composer, however, Mikolaj z Radomia, lived in the 15th century. He was connected with the court of Władysław Jagiełło and wrote polyphonic music renowned for its expression of religious contemplation. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Stary SÄ…cz is one of the oldest towns in Poland, founded in the 13th century. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ... The group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1170 to 1250, along with the music they produced, is referred to as the Notre Dame school, or the Notre Dame School of Polyphony. ... Bogurodzica Bogurodzica (The Mother of God) is the oldest Polish religious hymn. ... ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ...

Church NMP in Poznań Motto: none Voivodship Greater Poland Municipal government Rada miasta Poznania Mayor Ryszard Grobelny Area 261,3 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 578 900 (2002) 850 000 2215/km² Founded City rights 8th century 1253 Latitude Longitude 52°1734 N - 52°3027 N 16°4408 E - 17°04...	Franciscan Church in Kraków Tomb of Kazimierz the Great St. ...	Cathedral in Wrocław Image File history File links Download high resolution version (849x1221, 917 KB) Cathedral church in WrocÅ‚aw, Poland Photo by myself, probably 2002 File links The following pages link to this file: WrocÅ‚aw Tourism in Poland Polish Gothic ... WrocÅ‚aw, (Polish pronunciation: (?), Czech: , German: ( (help· info)), Latin: Wratislavia or Vratislavia) is the capital of Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). ...	Saint Cross church & St. Bartholomeo church, Wrocław
City hall in Wrocław Image File history File links Breslau-rathaus. ...	Psalteria in Poznan	Old market in Poznań	Florian gate in Kraków
Ruins of castle in Kazimierz Dolny Categories: Poland-related stubs ...	Castle at Malbork Malbork Castle 2003. ...	Ruins of a gothic castle in Ogrodzieniec Ogrodzieniec - a small town near Zawiercie in Silesian voivodship, Poland, known for big, picturesque ruins of a medieval castle, which was likely damaged during the Swedish invasion of the years 1655-1660. ...

See also

• History of Poland (966–1385)
• History of Poland (1385-1569)

In the first centuries of its existence, the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christendom, created a strong Central European state, and integrated Poland into European culture. ... The Jagiellon Era 1385-1569, was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke Jagiello. ...

References

• Michael J. Mikoś, Polish Literature from the Middle Ages to the End of the Eighteenth Century. A Bilingual Anthology, Warsaw: Constans, 1999. First chapters online