Dutch culture or culture of the Netherlands is diverse, reflecting regional differences as well as the foreign influences thanks to the merchant and exploring spirit of the Dutch and the influx of immigrants. The Netherlands and Dutch people have played an important role for centuries as a culturally liberal and tolerant center, with the Dutch Golden Age regarded as the zenith. Dutch Cuisine is shaped by the agricultural produce and history of the Netherlands. ... The Dutch have a code of etiquette, the code that governs the expectations of social behaviour, and it is considered very important. ... The population of the Netherlands is concentrated on a limited territory. ... Holidays in the Netherlands: Categories: | | ... The Netherlands is a civil law country. ... Logo of the Dutch police The Dutch police is a government agency charged with upholding the law and public order and providing aid. ... The Netherlands has multiple musical traditions, mostly related to nearby German and Belgian forms. ... The Politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democracy, a constitutional monarchy and a decentralised unitary state. ... The drug policy of the Netherlands is based on 2 principles: Drug use is a public health issue, not a criminal matter A distinction between hard drugs and soft drugs exists It is a pragmatic policy. ... In 2002 Netherlands legalized euthanasia. ... Pillarisation (Verzuiling in Dutch, Pilarisation in French) is a term used to describe the way the Dutch and Belgians used to deal with their multicultural (but not multiethnic) societies. ... Prostitution in the Netherlands is legal and common. ... The Netherlands has allowed same-sex marriage since April 1, 2001, the first country to do so. ... Rembrandt The Nightwatch (1642) The Golden Age (1584-1702) was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. ...

Language

Main article: Languages of the Netherlands

Map illustrating the area in which Dutch is spoken

The main language is Dutch, while Frisian is also a recognized language and it is used by the government in the province of Friesland. Several dialects of Low Saxon (Nedersaksisch in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east and are recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Map illustrating the area in which Dutch is spoken. ... Image File history File links Dutcharea. ... Image File history File links Dutcharea. ... This article is about the Frisian languages, as spoken in the north of the Netherlands and Germany. ... Capital Leeuwarden Queens Commissioner drs. ... Low Saxon (in Low Saxon, Nedersaksisch, Neddersassisch, Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch) is any of a variety of Low German dialects spoken in northern Germany and the Netherlands. ...

Another Dutch dialect granted the status of regional language is Limburgish, which is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg. Limburgish, or Limburgian or Limburgic (Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois) is a group of Franconian varieties, spoken in the Limburg and Rhineland regions, near the common Dutch / Belgian / German border. ... Capital Maastricht Queens Commissioner L.J.P.M. (Leon) Frissen Religion (1999) Roman Catholic 80% Protestant 3% Area  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water   2,153 km² (9th) 56 km² Population (2006)  â€¢ Total  â€¢ Density 1,131,938 (6th) 526/km² (4th) Inclusion 1839 Anthem In t Bronsgroen Eikenhout ISO NL-LI Official website...

Calvinism has been known at times for its simple, unadorned churches and lifestyles, as depicted in this painting by Emmanuel de Witte c.1660

However, both Low Saxon and Limburgish spread across the Dutch-German border and belong to a common Dutch-Low German dialect continuum. Download high resolution version (659x800, 113 KB)Interior of a Church, by Emmanuel de Witte c. ... Download high resolution version (659x800, 113 KB)Interior of a Church, by Emmanuel de Witte c. ... Emmanuel de Witte (1617-1692) was a Dutch painter. ... Low Saxon (in Low Saxon, Nedersaksisch, Neddersassisch, Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch) is any of a variety of Low German dialects spoken in northern Germany and the Netherlands. ... Limburgish, or Limburgian or Limburgic (Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois) is a group of Franconian varieties, spoken in the Limburg and Rhineland regions, near the common Dutch / Belgian / German border. ... Low German (also called Niederdeutsch, Plattdeutsch or Plattdüütsch) is a name for the regional language varieties of the West Germanic languages spoken mainly in Northern Germany where it is officially called Niederdeutsch (Low German), and in Eastern Netherlands where it is officially called Nedersaksisch (Low Saxon). Low refers to... A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. ...

Religion

Main article: History of religion in the Netherlands

Calvinism became the theological system of the majority in the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years War. Other religions were tolerated, but could not practice their religion in public. The Netherlands today is one of the most secular countries in Europe. An estimated 40% of the population (1998) call themselves non-religious. The remaining are 31% Roman Catholic, 21% Protestant, and 4.4% Muslim. Protestantism used to be the largest religion in the Netherlands, but there has always been a high percentage of Roman Catholics, who were strongly predominating in the southern provinces, but also considerably present in the northern ones. However, over the past century the older Protestant churches have been in decline. Islam has begun to gain a foothold and mosques are being built. The Netherlands is also home to a significant Hindu minority, mostly made up of migrants who came from former colony Suriname after its independence. Historically the Netherlands is characterized by multitude of religions. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Calvinism is... Combatants Dutch rebels Spanish Empire The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years War or The Revolt of the Netherlands (1568[1]–1648), was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries against the Spanish (Habsburg) Empire. ... The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt from 1568 to 1648 was the secession war in which the proto-Netherlands first became an independent country. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... The Dutch Islamic population is very diverse. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...

Science, technology and research

Hugo Grotius - Portrait by Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt, 1631

The young Christiaan Huygens

Johannes Diderik van der Waals

Most important and internationally awarded scholars and scientists are: Image File history File links Size of this preview: 503 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (839 × 1000 pixel, file size: 185 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hugo Grotius Atonement... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 503 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (839 × 1000 pixel, file size: 185 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hugo Grotius Atonement... Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt is a census-designated place in Lawsonville. ... // Events February 5 - Roger Williams emigrates to Boston. ... Image File history File links Christiaan_Huygens-painting. ... Image File history File links Christiaan_Huygens-painting. ... Download high resolution version (1000x1131, 75 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (1000x1131, 75 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...

• 15th Century:
• Laurens Janszoon Coster, (1370-1440), printer
• 16th Century:
• Desiderius Erasmus, (1466/1469–1536), humanist
• 17th Century:
• Baruch de Spinoza, (1632–1677), philosopher
• Herman Boerhaave, (1668-1738), physician
• Ludolph van Ceulen, (1540-1610), mathematician
• Cornelius Drebbel, (1572-1633), inventor & engineer
• Hugo de Groot (Hugo Grotius), (1583–1645), jurist & philosopher
• Christiaan Huygens, (1629-1695), mathematician, astronomer & physicist
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek, (1632-1723), scientist
• Simon Stevin, (1548-1620), mathematician & engineer
• Jan Swammerdam, (1637-1680), scientist
• 18th century;
• Daniel Bernoulli, (1700-1782), mathematician & physicist
• 19th century:
• C.H.D. Buys Ballot, (1817-1890), chemist & meteorologist
• Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, (1856-1894), mathematician
• 20th Century:
• Tobias Asser, (1838–1913), jurist [Nobel Prize 1911]
• Nico Bloembergen, (1920-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1981]
• Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881-1966), mathematician
• Hendrik Casimir, (1909-2000), physicist
• Paul J. Crutzen, (1933-), atmospheric chemist [Nobel Prize 1995]
• Peter Debye, (1884-1966), chemist [Nobel Prize 1936]
• Eugène Dubois, (1858-1944), paleontologist & anatomist
• Christiaan Eijkman, (1858-1930), physician & pathologist [Nobel Prize 1929]
• Willem Einthoven, (1860-1927), physician, [Nobel Prize 1924]
• Anthony Fokker, (1890-1939), aviation engineer
• Arend Heyting, (1898-1980), mathematician
• Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, (1852-1911), chemist [Nobel Prize 1901]
• Gerardus 't Hooft, (1946-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1999]
• Johan Huizinga, (1872-1945), historian
• Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, (1853-1926), physicist [Nobel Prize 1913]
• Jacobus Kapteyn, (1851-1922), astronomer
• Willem Hendrik Keesom, (1878-1956), physicist
• Tjalling Koopmans, (1910–1985), economist 1975 [Nobel Prize 1975]
• Willem Kolff, (born 1911), physician & inventor
• Hendrik Lorentz, (1853-1928), physicist [Nobel Prize 1902]
• Simon van der Meer, (1925-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1984]
• Jan Oort, (1900-1992), astronomer
• Jan Tinbergen, (1903-1994), economist [Nobel Prize 1969]
• Nico Tinbergen, (1907-1988), ecologist [Nobel Prize 1975]
• Martinus J. G. Veltman, (1931-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1999]
• Hugo de Vries, (1848-1937), geneticist
• Johannes Diderik van der Waals, (1837-1923), physicist [Nobel Prize 1910]
• Pieter Zeeman, (1865-1943), physicist [Nobel Prize 1902]
• Frits Zernike, (1888-1966), physicist [Nobel Prize 1953]
• Hendrik Zwaardemaker, (1857-1930), scientist

Statue of Laurens Janszoon Coster on the Grote Markt in Haarlem, where he was born. ... “Erasmus” redirects here. ... Baruch Spinoza Benedictus de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 _ February 21, 1677), named Baruch Spinoza by his synagogue elders and known as Bento de Spinoza or Bento dEspiñoza in the community in which he grew up. ... Herman Boerhaave (December 31, 1668 - September 23, 1738) was a Dutch humanist and physician of European fame. ... Ludolph van Ceulen (28 January 1540 – 31 December 1610) was a German mathematician. ... Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel (Alkmaar, 1572 - London, November 7, 1633) was the Dutch inventor of the first navigable submarine in 1620. ... Hugo Grotius Hugo Grotius (Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; 10th April 1583 - 28th August 1645) worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic and laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. ... Hugo Grotius (Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; Delft, 10 April 1583 – Rostock, 28 August 1645) worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic and laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. ... Christiaan Huygens (pronounced in English (IPA): ; in Dutch: ) (April 14, 1629 – July 8, 1698), was a Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist; born in The Hague as the son of Constantijn Huygens. ... Anton van Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723, full name Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek (pronounced Layewenhook) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. ... Simon Stevin Simon Stevin (1548/49 – 1620) was a Flemish mathematician and engineer. ... Jan Swammerdam (February 12, 1637 - February 17, 1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. ... Daniel Bernoulli Daniel Bernoulli (February 8, 1700 – March 17, 1782) was a Dutch-born mathematician who spent much of his life in Basel, Switzerland where he died. ... C.H.D. Buys Ballot Christophorus Henricus Diedericus Buys Ballot (also Christoph Heinrich Diedrich Buys Ballot) (October 10, 1817-February 3, 1890) Dutch chemist and meteorologist after whom Buys-Ballots law and the Buys Ballot table are called. ... Thomas Joannes Stieltjes (December 29, 1856 – December 31, 1894) was a Dutch mathematician. ... Tobias Michael Carel Asser (April 28, 1838 - July 29, 1913) was a Dutch jurist, cowinner (with Alfred Fried) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1911 for his role in the formation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the first Hague peace conference (1899). ... Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer (February 27, 1881 - December 2, 1966), usually cited as L. E. J. Brouwer, was a Dutch mathematician, a graduate of the University of Amsterdam, who worked in topology, set theory, measure theory and complex analysis. ... Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir (July 15, 1909 – May 4, 2000) was a Dutch physicist. ... Paul J. Crutzen (December 3rd, 1933 - ) is a Dutch nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist. ... Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debije (March 24, 1884 – November 2, 1966) was a Dutch physical chemist. ... Eugene Dubois (January 28, 1858 - December 16, 1940) was a Dutch anatomist, who earned world-wide fame with the discovery of Homo erectus in Java in 1891. ... Christiaan Eijkman (August 11, 1858—November 5, 1930) was a Dutch physician and pathologist whose demonstration that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the discovery of vitamins. ... Willem Einthoven Willem Einthoven (May 21, 1860 – September 29, 1927) was a Dutch doctor and physiologist. ... Anton Herman Gerard Anthony Fokker (April 6, 1890 – December 23, 1939), was born in Kediri (Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia) and became a Dutch aircraft manufacturer. ... Arend Heyting (May 9, 1898 – July 9, 1980) was a Dutch mathematician and logician. ... Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff (August 30, 1852 - March 1, 1911) was a Dutch physical and organic chemist and the winner of the inaugural Nobel Prize in chemistry. ... Gerard t Hooft at Harvard University Gerardus (Gerard) t Hooft [ut-hooft] (The prefix ’t is pronounced as ‘ut’ and stands for ‘het’) (born July 5, 1946) is a professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, The Netherlands. ... Johan Huizinga (b. ... Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (September 21, 1853 – February 21, 1926) was a Dutch physicist. ... Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn, (January 19, 1851 – June 18, 1922) was a Dutch astronomer, best known for his extensive studies of the Milky Way and as the first discoverer of evidence for galactic rotation. ... Willem Hendrik Keesom (1876-1956) was a Dutch scientist who, in 1926, invented a method to solidify helium. ... Tjalling Charles Koopmans (s-Graveland, August 28, 1910 – New Haven, February 26, 1985) was the joint winner, with Leonid Kantorovich, of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Economics. ... Willem Kolff (born February 14, 1911 in Leyden, Netherlands) is the inventor of the kidney dialysis machine. ... Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (July 18, 1853, Arnhem – February 4, 1928, Haarlem) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and elucidation of the Zeeman effect. ... Simon van der Meer (born November 24, 1925) is a Dutch physicist. ... Jan Hendrik Oort (April 28, 1900 – November 5, 1992) was an internationally famous Dutch astronomer. ... Jan Tinbergen Jan Tinbergen (The Hague, April 12, 1903 – June 9, 1994 The Hague), Dutch economist, was awarded the first Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1969, which he shared with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis... Nikolaas Niko Tinbergen (April 15, 1907 – December 21, 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals. ... Martinus J.G. Veltman (Tini for short) (born June 27, 1931, Waalwijk) is a 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics, work done at Utrecht University, The Netherlands. ... Hugo Marie de Vries (16th February 1848-21st May 1935), a Dutch biologist, was one of three men - see also Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak - who in 1900 rediscovered Gregor Mendels work on genetics. ... Johannes Diderik van der Waals (November 23, 1837 – March 8, 1923) was a Dutch scientist and thermodynamicist famous for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids which describe the relation between the pressure, volume, and temperature of fluids (gases and liquids). ... Pieter Zeeman (May 25, 1865 – October 9, 1943) (pronounced zāmän) was a physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect. ... Frederik Zernike (Amsterdam, July 16, 1888 – March 10, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel prize for physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the... An illustration of Zwaardemakers olfactometer. ...

Literature

Eduard Douwes Dekker, also known as Multatuli

Some of the most important and internationally awarded writers are: Image File history File links Eduard_Douwes_Dekker_-_001. ... Eduard Douwes Dekker, also known as Multatuli Eduard Douwes Dekker (Amsterdam, 2 March 1820 - 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli, was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860) in which he denounced the abuses of colonialism in the colony of the Dutch...

• 16th Century: Desiderius Erasmus
• 17th Century: Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Joost van den Vondel
• 19th Century: Multatuli
• 20th Century: Louis Couperus, Martinus Nijhoff, Simon Vestdijk, Willem Frederik Hermans, Gerard Reve, Harry Mulisch, Jan Wolkers, Cees Nooteboom

“Erasmus” redirects here. ... Sculpture of P.C. Hooft in the castle Muiderslot Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft (* March 16, 1581 - † May 21, 1647), was a Dutch historian, poet and playwright from the period known as the Dutch Golden Age. ... Joost van den Vondel (1587-1679) was born in the Große Witschgasse in Cologne. ... Eduard Douwes Dekker, also known as Multatuli Eduard Douwes Dekker (Amsterdam, 2 March 1820 - 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli, was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860) in which he denounced the abuses of colonialism in the colony of the Dutch... Louis Marie-Anne Couperus was a Dutch novelist and poet of the late 19th and early 20th Century. ... Martinus Nijhoff (b. ... Simon Vestdijk (October 17, 1898-March 23, 1971) was a Dutch writer. ... The Dutch writer Willem Frederik Hermans (September 1, 1921–April 27, 1995) is considered one of the three most important authors in the Netherlands in the postwar period, along with Harry Mulisch and Gerard Reve. ... Gerard Kornelis van het Reve (born December 14, 1923 in Amsterdam, Netherlands – died April 8, 2006 in Zulte, Belgium) was a Dutch writer publishing first under the names Simon van het Reve, Darger Taveherven (an anagram) and his official name, although he became known as Gerard Reve. ... Harry Mulisch Harry Mulisch (born July 29, 1927) is a Dutch author. ... Jan Hendrik Wolkers (born Oegstgeest, 26 October 1925) is a Dutch author and artist. ... Cees Nooteboom, born Cornelis Johannes Jacobus Maria Nooteboom, July 31, 1933, in the Hague, Netherlands is a Dutch author. ...

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of the Netherlands

See also: Dutch Golden Age

The first significant period of Dutch architecture was during the Dutch Golden Age roughly beginning at the start of the 17th century. Due to the thriving economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls and storehouses were built. Merchants who had made a fortune ordered a new house built along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around various cities and towns (for defense and transport purposes), a house with an ornamented facade that befitted their new status. In the countryside new country houses were built, though not in the same numbers. Some well known architects of the period were Jacob van Campen (1595-1657), Lieven de Key (c. 1560-1627) and Hendrik de Keyser (1565-1621). Waag van Amsterdam (Weigh House) The first significant period of Architecture of the Netherlands was during the Dutch Golden Age roughly beginning at the start of the 17th century. ... Rembrandt The Nightwatch (1642) The Golden Age (1584-1702) was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. ... This article is about building architecture. ... Rembrandt The Nightwatch (1642) The Golden Age (1584-1702) was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. ... Mauritshuis Jacob van Campen (1596 - 1657) was a Dutch artist and architect. ... Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time. ... Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ... The Vleeshal at the Grote Markt in Haarlem is a prime example of the work of Lieven de Key. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ... Events A Dutch ship makes the first recorded sighting of the coast of South Australia. ... Hendrick de Keyser (born: 15th May 1565 - died: 15th May 1621) was a Dutch sculptor and architect born in Utrecht, Spanish Habsburg, which is now in the Netherlands. ... // Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ... 1621 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Koninklijk Paleis (Royale Palace) by Jacob van Campen

Hilversum City Hall by Willem Marinus Dudok

At the end of the 19th century there was a remarkable neo-gothic stream or Gothic Revival both in church and in public architecture, notably by the Roman-Catholic Pierre Cuypers, who was inspired by the Frenchman Viollet le Duc. The Amsterdam Rijksmuseum (1876-1885) and Amsterdam Centraal Station (1881-1889) belong to his main buildings. During the 20th century Dutch architects played a leading role in the development of modern architecture. Out of the early 20th century rationalist architecture of Berlage, architect of the Beurs van Berlage, three separate groups developed during the 1920’s, each with their own view on which direction modern architecture should take. Expressionist architects like M. de Klerk and P.J. Kramer in Amsterdam (See Amsterdam School). Functionalist architects (Nieuwe Zakelijkheid or Nieuwe Bouwen) like Mart Stam, L.C. van der Vlugt, Willem Marinus Dudok and Johannes Duiker had good ties with the international modernist group CIAM. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 1614 KB) Taken by me, Robert Scarth, Koninlijk Paleis (Royal Palace), Amsterdam. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 1614 KB) Taken by me, Robert Scarth, Koninlijk Paleis (Royal Palace), Amsterdam. ... Mauritshuis Jacob van Campen (1596 - 1657) was a Dutch artist and architect. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 710 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 710 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Willem Marinus Dudok (1884 Amsterdam - April 6, 1974 Hilversum, the Netherlands), Dutch modernist architect. ... Neo-gothic architecture is an American branch of the Gothic revival style that was imported from England in the 1830s. ... Victoria Tower at the Palace of Westminster, London: Gothic details provided by A.W.N. Pugin The Gothic revival was a European architectural movement with origins in mid-18th century England. ... Petrus Josephus Hubertus (Pierre) Cuypers (May 16, 1827, Roermond – March 3, 1921, Roermond) was a Dutch architect. ... Eug ne Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (Paris, January 27, 1814 - Lausanne 1879) was a French architect, famous for his restorations of medieval buildings. ... The Rijksmuseum Rembrandt van Rijn: The Night Watch 1642 Johannes Vermeer: Milkmaid 1658-1660 Frans Hals: Portrait of a Young Couple The Rijksmuseum (IPA: ; Dutch for National Museum) is a national museum of the Netherlands, located in Amsterdam on the Museumplein. ... Amsterdam Centraal station at night Amsterdam Centraal (Asd) is the Centraal Station (Central Station) of Amsterdam. ... Hendrik Petrus Berlage Hendrik Petrus Berlage, Amsterdam, February 12, 1856 — The Hague August 12, 1934, was a prominent Dutch architect. ... Beurs van Berlage The Beurs van Berlage is a building on the Damrak, in the center of Amsterdam. ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ... ... Mart Stam (1899 - 1986) was a Dutch architect, urban planner, and chair designer. ... Willem Marinus Dudok (1884 Amsterdam - April 6, 1974 Hilversum, the Netherlands), Dutch modernist architect. ... The Congrès Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM) (International Congresses of Modern Architecture) existed as an organisational body and a series of meetings intended to promote the ideas of the Modern movement and International style in architecture. ...

A third group came out of the De Stijl movement, among them J.J.P Oud and Gerrit Rietveld. Both architects later built in a functionalist style. De Stijl redirects here. ... Gerrit Thomas Rietveld (Utrecht, June 24, 1888 – Utrecht, June 26, 1964), was a Dutch designer, architect and cabinet maker. ...

During the 50’s and 60’s a new generation of architects like Aldo van Eyck, J.B. Bakema and Herman Hertzberger, known as the ‘Forum generation’ (named after a magazine called Forum) formed a connection with international groups like Team 10. Aldo van Eyck was born in Driebergen, Holland in 1918. ... Jacob Berend Bakema (8 March 1914 – 20 February 1981) was a Dutch architect, notable for his involvement in the reconstruction of Rotterdam after the Second World War. ... Team X (or Team 10) is an architects group. ...

From the 80’s to the present Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) became one of the leading world architects. With him, formed a new generation of Dutch architects working in a modernist tradition. Seattle Central Library, designed by OMA Rem Koolhaas (born November 17, 1944 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch architect, former journalist and screenwriter who studied architecture at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. ... The Office for Metropolitan Architecture, in short OMA, is the Rotterdam based architecture firm of Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas. ... The abbreviation OMA may refer to: Open Mobile Alliance Opsoclonus Myoclonus Ataxia The IATA airport code for Eppley Airfield, the major airport serving Omaha, Nebraska USA. Sonys ATRAC3 audio format (referring to the file extension). ...

Art

See also: List of Dutch painters.

See also: Movie theaters in the Netherlands

See also: Cinema of the Netherlands

See also: Dutch comics

This is a list of painters who were born and/or were primarily active in the Netherlands. ... Theater Tuschinski in Amsterdam Rialto in Amsterdam There are ca. ... The Dutch film industry has long been renowned for its documentaries. ... Dutch comics are comics made in the Netherlands. ...

Flemish or Dutch

Until 1830, the Dutch and Flemish were generally seen as one people. Due to religious wars and the Eighty Years War, a split slowly started to take place. Therefore, historical Flemish and Dutch art are hard to separate. Most artists of the period (like Bruegel) are described as Flemish, even though they might have been born in the present day Netherlands. Some of the most famous indisputably Dutch artists from before the 17th century are Hieronymus Bosch, a painter, and the brothers de Limbourg, three miniaturists who are most famous for their work for the Duke of Berry. For other uses, see Flanders (disambiguation). ... The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt from 1568 to 1648 was the secession war in which the proto-Netherlands first became an independent country. ... Brueghel or Bruegel was the name of several Flemish painters from the same family line: Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. ... Hieronymus Bosch, (latinized, actually Jheronimus Bosch; his real name Jeroen van Aken) (c. ... Très riches heures du Duc de Berry: Aout (August) (1412-16) Illumination on vellum, 22,5 x 13,6 cm Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry The Limbourg brothers, or in Dutch Gebroeders van Limburg (Herman, Pol, and Jean; 1385. ... Arms of the ducs de Berry (after 1376) The title of Duke of Berry (Duc de Berry) in the French nobility was frequently created for junior members of the French royal family. ...

Johannes Vermeer, View of Delft (Mauritshuis, The Hague) 1660-1661

Vincent van Gogh, The Red Vineyard, 1888, Pushkin Museum, Moscow

This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Mauritshuis The Mauritshuis is a museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ... Red Vineyards near Arles (1888), the only painting Vincent van Gogh sold during his lifetime. ... Red Vineyards near Arles (1888), the only painting Vincent van Gogh sold during his lifetime. ... The Red Vineyard was the only painting Vincent van Gogh sold during his lifetime. ... Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev (1847-1913) The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts (Russian: Музей изобразительных искусств им. А.С. Пушкина) is the largest museum of European art in Moscow, located in the Volkhonka street, just opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

Golden Age

In the late 16th century, many painters from Flanders fled to the Northern Netherlands, for religious reasons and because the Netherlands were growing economically. Both regions had a golden age of painting in this period. The most famous Dutch painter was Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, but other painters such as Johannes Vermeer and Frans Hals are nowadays world famous as well. Some more great Dutch painters of the 17th century are: This article is about the Dutch painter. ... “Vermeer” redirects here. ... Frans Hals (c. ...

• Hendrick Avercamp
• Ferdinand Bol
• Aelbert Cuyp
• Gerard Dou
• Carel Fabritius
• Govert Flinck
• Pieter de Hooch
• Jan Lievens
• Nicolaes Maes
• Adriaen van Ostade
• Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael
• Pieter Jansz Saenredam
• Jan Steen
• Willem van de Velde
• Jan Baptist Weenix.

Fun on the ice Hendrick Avercamp, (1585 - May 15, 1634) was a Dutch painter. ... Ferdinand Bol (born in June 24, 1616 in Dordrecht - died August 24, 1680 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch artist, etcher, and draftsman. ... The Negro Page Aelbert Jacobsz Cuyp (Dordrecht October 20, 1620 - Dordrecht November 15, 1691) was one of the leading Dutch landscape painters of the 17th century. ... Gerard Dou (spelling variants Gerrit, Douw, Dow) (April 7, 1613–February 9, 1675) was a Dutch painter. ... Self-portrait by Fabritius(1654) Carel Fabritius (1622-1654) was a Dutch painter and one of Rembrandts most gifted pupils. ... Landscape Govert (or Govaert) Teuniszoon Flinck (January 25, 1615 - February 2, 1660) was a Dutch painter of the Dutch Golden Age. ... Musical Party in a Courtyard (1677) Pieter de Hooch (pronounced , also spelled Hoogh or Hooghe) (baptized December 20, 1629 – 1684) was a genre painter during the Dutch Golden Age. ... Magdelana by Jan Lievens Jan Lievens (1607–1674) was a painter and an excellent visual artist from Leiden. ... Old Woman Dozing by Nicolaes Maes (1656) Oil on canvas, 135 x 105 cm. ... Peasants in a Tavern by Adriaen van Ostade (c. ... Bentheim Castle (1653) Jacob Izaaksoon van Ruysdael (or Ruisdaal) (c. ... Pieter Jansz Saenredam (1597 - 1665) was a Dutch painter, a contemporary compatriot of Rembrandt, noted chiefly for his surprisingly modern paintings of chrurches. ... // Steen was born in Leiden, where his well-to-do, Catholic family had run the tavern The Red Halbert for several generations. ... Willem van de Velde was the name of two Dutch painters, father and son, both specialized in sea-pieces: Willem van de Velde, the elder (c. ... Ancient Ruins by Jan Baptist Weenix Jan Baptist Weenix (1621-1660), Dutch painter, the son of an architect, was born in Amsterdam. ...

19th and 20th Century

The Dutch artists of the 18th century are less well-known. The most important paintings were the land- and seascapes (or marines). Only at the end of the 19th century did an internationally very important painter, Vincent Van Gogh, appear. van Gogh redirects here. ...

In the 20th century, the Netherlands produced many fine painters and artists, including Piet Mondriaan and some of the members of the COBRA movement, including Karel Appel and Corneille. Piet Mondrian (March 7, 1872 - February 1, 1944) was a Dutch painter and an important contributor of the De Stijl art movement, which was founded by Theo van Doesburg. ... COBRA (or CoBrA) was a European avant-garde movement active from 1949 to 1952. ... Karel Appel (born April 25, 1921) is a painter, born in Amsterdam. ... Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo (born 1922), better known under his pseudonym Corneille, is a Dutch artist. ...

Piet Mondriaan, Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Red, 1921, oil on canvas, 72.5 x 69 cm, Tate Gallery, London

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (772x814, 63 KB)Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue 1921. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (772x814, 63 KB)Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue 1921. ... The Tate Gallery in the United Kingdom is a network of four galleries: Tate Britain (opened 1897), Tate Liverpool (1988), Tate St Ives (1993), Tate Modern (2000), with a complementary website Tate Online (1998). ...

Music and dance

For more details on this topic, see Music of the Netherlands.

For more details on this topic, see Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles.

For more details on this topic, see Dance in the Netherlands.

The Netherlands have multiple musical traditions ranging from folk and dance to classical music and ballet. In the 21st century Dutchmen and women with an African or Middle Eastern background have also had a profound effect, most notably in hip hop and rap. Much more so than most non-English speaking European countries, the Netherlands has remained closely in tune with American and British trends ever since the 50's. The Netherlands has multiple musical traditions, mostly related to nearby German and Belgian forms. ... Aruba and the five main islands of the Netherlands Antilles are part of the Lesser Antilles island chain. ... There is great variety in dance in the Netherlands. ... A tradition is a story or a custom that is memorized and passed down from generation to generation, originally without the need for a writing system. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Aruba and the five main islands of the Netherlands Antilles are part of the Lesser Antilles island chain. Their music is a mixture of native, African and Dutch elements, and is closely connected with trends from neighboring islands like Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe, as well as the mainland former Dutch possession of Suriname, which has exported kaseko music to great success on the islands. Curacao and Bonaire likely have the most active and well-known music scenes. Curacao is known for a kind of music called tumba, which is named after the conga drums that accompany it. Location of the Lesser Antilles (green) in relation to the rest of the Caribbean Islands of the Lesser Antilles The Lesser Antilles, also known as the Caribbees,[1] are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas and Greater Antilles form the West Indies. ... The term indigenous people has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... Tumba is also a musical form native to Curaçao. ...

Cabaret

The Dutch also have their own distinct version of cabaret. Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue — a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ...

Media

Main article: Media of the Netherlands

The media of the Netherlands consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines. It is characterized by a tradition of pillarization, and increasing commercialization. The media in the Netherlands – television, radio, newspapers, magazines – are characterized by a tradition of pillarization on the one hand and an increasing degree of commercialization on the other. ... Pillarization is a term used to describe the way their dutch and belgians dealt with the multicultural societies. ... The process of introducing a new product into the market is called commercialization. ...

Comics

The Dutch have a distinct comic tradition as well. Even though there is an abundance of Flemish, Franco-Belgian, and American comics, they also created their own tradition, with a more literary kind of comics. The most prominent author was Marten Toonder and his creations Tom Poes and Heer Bommel (Tom Puss / Oliver B. Bumble series). Comics (or, less commonly, sequential art) is a form of visual art consisting of images which are commonly combined with text, often in the form of speech balloons or image captions. ... Tintin, one of the most famous Belgian comics Franco-Belgian comics are comics written in Belgium and France. ... Marten Toonder (May 2, 1912 – July 27, 2005) was a Dutch comic writer, born in Rotterdam. ... Tom Puss is a fictional anthropomorphic cat and one of the two main characters of an originally Dutch series of comic books with the same name created by Marten Toonder. ... Oliver B. Bumble ( in Dutch language) is a fictional anthropomorphic bear and one of the two main characters, the other being Tom Puss (Tom Poes in Dutch), of an originally Dutch series of comic books bearing the name of either one main characters in their name, written by Marten Toonder. ...

Cuisine

Main article: Dutch cuisine

Dutch cuisine is characterized by its somewhat limited diversity; however, it varies greatly from region to region. The southern regions of the Netherlands for example share dishes with Flanders and vice versa. Dutch food is traditionally characterized by the high consumption of vegetables when compared to the consumption of meat. Dairy products are also eaten to great extent, Dutch cheeses are world renowned with famous cheeses such as Gouda, Edam and Leiden. Dutch pastry is extremely rich and is eaten in great quantities. When it comes to alcoholic beverages wine has long been absent in Dutch cuisine (but this is changing during the last decades); traditionally there are many brands of beer and strong alcoholic liquor such as jenever and brandewijn. The Dutch have all sorts of pastry and cookies (the word "cookie" is in fact derived from Dutch), many of them filled with marzipan, almond and chocolate. A truly huge amount of different pies and cakes can be found, most notably in the southern provinces, especially the so called Limburgish vlaai. Dutch Cuisine is shaped by the agricultural produce and history of the Netherlands. ... This page includes English translations of several Latin phrases and abbreviations such as . ... Country of origin The Netherlands Region, town Gouda Source of milk Cows Pasteurized Yes Texture semi-hard Aging time 4-18 months Certification  ?? Gouda cheese is a yellowish Dutch cheese named after the city of Gouda. ... Edam is a Dutch cheese that is traditionally sold as spheres with pale yellow interior and a coat of red or yellow paraffin. ... Leidse cheese, which is also known as Komijnekaas or Boeren-Leidsekaas in Dutch, is a spiced cheese made in the Netherlands from partly skimmed cows milk to which color is added. ... For other uses, see Beer (disambiguation). ... Jenever (also known as genever or jeniever), is the juniper-flavored and strongly alcoholic traditional liquor of the Netherlands and Flanders, from which gin has evolved. ... For other uses, see Brandy (disambiguation). ... This article is about the food. ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cake (disambiguation). ... Limburgish, or Limburgian or Limburgic (Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois) is a group of Franconian varieties, spoken in the Limburg and Rhineland regions, near the common Dutch / Belgian / German border. ...

Traditions

The Dutch St. Nicholas on his arrival in the town of Sneek in November 2005

One of the most characteric festivities in the Netherlands is the feast of Saint Nicholas or Sinterklaas. It is celebrated especially in families with little children. In the United States the original figure of Dutch Sinterklaas has merged with Father Christmas into Santa Claus. In the Netherlands, gift-bringing at Christmas has recently gained some popularity too, but Sinterklaas is still more common. Image File history File links DutchSinterklaas2005. ... Image File history File links DutchSinterklaas2005. ... Sneek (Frisian Snits) is a municipality and a city in Fryslân in the northern Netherlands. ... For other uses, see Nicholas. ... A typical depiction of Santa Claus. ...

References

Ad Welschen, 2000-2005: Course Dutch Society and Culture, International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam.

External links

• Architecture: ArchiNed
• NL Planet - Dutch Culture

See also

• Dutch people
• List of Dutch people
• Calvinist Church