A system of measurement is a set of units which can be used to specify anything which can be measured. Some quantities are designated as fundamental units meaning all other needed units can be derived from them. In most systems, length (distance), weight, and time are fundamental quantities; or as has been now accepted as better in science and engineering, the substitution of mass for weight, as a better more basic parameter. Some systems have changed to recognize the improved relationship, notably the 1824 legal changes to the Imperial system. For other uses of this word, see Length (disambiguation). ... In the physical sciences, weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object. ... Look up time in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Unsolved problems in physics: What causes anything to have mass? The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. Mass is the property of a physical object that quantifies the amount of matter and energy it is equivalent to. ... In the physical sciences, weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about post-1824 Imperial units, please see also English unit, U.S. customary unit or Avoirdupois. ...

Later science developments showed that either electric charge or electric current must be added to complete the minimum set of fundamental quantities by which all other metrological units may be defined. Other quantities, such as power, speed, etc. are derived from the fundamental set; for example, speed is distance divided by time. Historically a wide range of units were used for the same quantity; for example, in several cultural settings, length was measured in inches, feet, yards, fathoms, rods, chains, furlongs, miles, nautical miles, leagues, with conversion factors which are not simple powers of ten or even always simple fractions. Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ... Electric current is by definition the flow of electric charge. ... Metrology (from Greek metron (measure), and -logy) is the science of measurement. ... In physics, power (symbol: P) is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transferred. ... Speed is the rate of motion, or equivalently the rate of change of position, many times expressed as distance d moved per unit of time t. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... This article is about the unit of measure known as the yard. ... A fathom is the name of a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... A rod is a unit of length, equal to 5. ... As a unit of measurement within the Imperial system, the chain (surveyors chain, Gunters chain) is defined as 22 yards, 66 feet, or four rods. ... The 5 furlong (1006 m) post on Epsom Downs A furlong is a measure of distance within Imperial units and U.S. customary units. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Norwegian/Swedish mil. ... A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Nor were they necessarily the same units (or equal units) between different members of similar cultural backgrounds, the British Empire no longer owned the United States, and of the later British derived societies about half repudiated the British Crown just like the United States did a century-and-a-half earlier. It must be understood by the modern reader that historically, measurement systems were perfectly adequate within their own cultural milieu, and the understanding that a better more universal system (based on more rationale and fundamental units) only gradually spread with the maturation and appreciation of the rigor characteristic of Newtonian physics. Moreover, changing one's measurement system has real fiscal and cultural costs. This topic differs from units of measurement, which see. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as The Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states all of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom, except for Mozambique and the United Kingdom itself. ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen_in_Parliament) legislative power. ... An environment is a complex of external factors that acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence. ... Classical mechanics is a model of the physics of forces acting upon bodies. ...

Once the analysis tools within that field were appreciated and came into widespread use in the nascent sciences, especially in the utilitarian subfields of applied science like civil and mechanical engineering, conversion to a common basis had no impetus. It was only after the appreciation of these needs and the appreciation of the difficulties of converting between numerous national customary systems became widespread could there be any serious justification for an international effort of standardization. Credit the French Revolutionary spirit for taking the first significant and radical step down that road. Applied science is the exact science of applying knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to practical problems. ... The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. ... Mechanical engineers design and build engines and power plants. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

In antiquity, systems of measurement were defined locally, the different units were defined independently according to the length of a king's thumb or the size of his foot, the length of stride, the length of arm or per custom like the weight of water in a keg of specific size, perhaps itself defined in hands and knuckles. The unifying characteristic is that there was some definition based on some standard, however egocentric or amusing it may now seem viewed with eyes used to modern precision. Eventually cubits and strides gave way under need and demand from merchants and evolved to customary units. Cubit is the name for any one of many units of measure used by various ancient peoples. ... A yard (abbreviation: yd) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...

In the metric system and other recent systems, a single basic unit is used for each fundamental quantity. Often secondary units (multiples and submultiples) are used which convert to the basic units by multiplying by powers of ten, i.e., by simply moving the decimal point. Thus the basic metric unit of length is the metre or meter; a distance of 1.234 m is 1234.0 millimetres, or 0.001234 kilometres. The International System of Units (symbol: SI) (for the French phrase Syst me International dUnit s) is the most widely used system of units. ... The decimal separator is used to mark the boundary between the integer and the fractional parts of a decimal numeral. ... The International System of Units (symbol: SI) (for the French phrase Syst me International dUnit s) is the most widely used system of units. ... The metre, or meter (U.S.), is a measure of length. ... The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ...

Metric system

Metric systems of units have evolved since the adoption of the first well-defined system in France in 1791. During this evolution the use of these systems spread throughout the world, first to the non-English-speaking countries, and more recently to the English speaking countries. The International System of Units (symbol: SI) (for the French phrase Syst me International dUnit s) is the most widely used system of units. ... 1791 (MDCCXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Multiples and submultiples of metric units are related by powers of ten; the names for these are formed with prefixes. This relationship is compatible with the decimal system of numbers and it contributes greatly to the convenience of metric units. An SI prefix is a prefix that can be applied to an SI unit to form a decimal multiple (supramultiple or submultiple). ...

In the early metric system there were two fundamental or base units, the metre and the gram, for length and mass. The other units of length and mass, and all units of area, volume, and compound units such as density were derived from these two fundamental units. The metre, or meter (U.S.), is a measure of length. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ...

Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system of measurement introduced to act as compromise between the metric system and traditional measurements. It was used in France from 1812 to 1839. Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system of measurement introduced to act as compromise between metric system and traditional measurements. ... Various meters Measurement is the estimation of a physical quantity such as length, temperature, or time. ... The International System of Units (symbol: SI) (for the French phrase Syst me International dUnit s) is the most widely used system of units. ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

A number of variations on the metric system have been in use. These include gravitational systems, the centimetre-gram-second systems (cgs) useful in science, the metre-tonne-second system (mts) once used in the USSR and the metre-kilogram-second system of units (mks) most commonly used today. The deprecated unit kilogram-force (kgf) or kilopond (kp) is the force exerted by one kilogram of mass in standard Earth gravity (defined as exactly 9. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The metre-tonne-second or mts system of units is a system of physical units introduced in the Soviet Union in 1933, but abolished in 1955. ... Look up si, Si, SI in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The current international standard metric system is the International System of Units (Système international d'unités or SI) It is an mks system based on the metre, kilogram and second as well as the kelvin, ampere, candela, and mole. Look up si, Si, SI in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The metre, or meter (U.S.), is a measure of length. ... The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et... Look up second in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero—the lowest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance—is defined as zero kelvin (0 K). ... Current can be measured by a galvanometer, via the deflection of a magnetic needle in the magnetic field created by the current. ... The candela (symbol: cd) is the SI base unit of luminous intensity (that is, power emitted by a light source in a particular direction, with wavelengths weighted by the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye). ... The mole (symbol: mol) is the SI base unit that measures an amount of substance. ...

The SI includes two classes of units which are defined and agreed internationally. The first of these classes are the seven SI base units for length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance. The second of these are the SI derived units. These derived units are defined in terms of the seven base units. All other quantities (e.g. work, force, power) are expressed in terms of SI derived units. Look up si, Si, SI in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The SI system of units defines seven SI base units: physical units defined by an operational definition. ... SI derived units are part of the SI system of measurement units and are derived from the seven SI base units. ... SI derived units are part of the SI system of measurement units and are derived from the seven SI base units. ...

Imperial and U.S. customary units

Both the Imperial units and U.S. customary units derive from earlier English units. Imperial units were mostly used in the British Commonwealth and the former British Empire. They are still used in common household applications to some extent and so are also sometimes called common units, but have now been mostly replaced by the metric system in commercial, scientific, and industrial applications. The Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of English units, first defined in the Weights and Measures Act of 1824, later refined (until 1959) and reduced. ... U.S. customary units, commonly known in the United States as English units—but see English unit—or standard units, are units of measurement that are currently used in the USA, in some cases alongside units from SI (the International System of Units—the modern metric system). ... English unit is an American term that refers to a unit in one of a number of systems of units of measurement, some obsolete, and some still in use. ... The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as The Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states all of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom, except for Mozambique and the United Kingdom itself. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... The International System of Units (symbol: SI) (for the French phrase Syst me International dUnit s) is the most widely used system of units. ... Commerce is the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information or money between two or more entities. ... For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ...

Contrarily, however, U.S. customary units are still the main system of measurement in the United States. While some steps towards metrication have been made (mainly in the late 1960s and early 1970s), the customary units have a strong hold due to the vast industrial infrastructure and commercial development. The effort is proceeding slowly due to the overwhelming financial cost of converting the existing infrastructure. U.S. companies which trade internationally are more likely to use the metric system due to international standards and certifications such as ISO9000. The metric system is preferred in certain fields such as science, medicine and technology. U.S. customary units, commonly known in the United States as English units—but see English unit—or standard units, are units of measurement that are currently used in the USA, in some cases alongside units from SI (the International System of Units—the modern metric system). ... Metrication or metrification refers to the introduction of the SI metric system as the international standard for physical measurements—a long-term series of independent and systematic conversions from the various separate local systems of weights and measures. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... ISO 9000 specifies requirements for a Quality Management System overseeing the production of a product or service. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... medicines, see medication and pharmacology. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ...

These two systems are closely related. There are, however, a number of differences between them. Units of length and area (the inch, foot, yard, mile etc.) are identical except for surveying purposes. The Avoirdupois units of mass and weight differ for units larger than a pound (lb.). The Imperial system uses a stone of 14 lb., a long hundredweight of 112 lb. and a long ton of 2240 lb. The stone is not used in the U.S. and the hundredweights and tons are short being 100 lb. and 2000 lb. respectively. Both the Imperial and U.S. customary systems of measurement derive from earlier English systems. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... For other uses, see Foot (disambiguation). ... A yard (abbreviation: yd) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Norwegian/Swedish mil. ... The avoirdupois system is a system of weights defining terms such as pound and ounce. ... Officially the pound is the name for at least three different units of mass: The pound (avoirdupois). ... Hundred weight or hundredweight is a unit of measurement for mass in both the system of measurement used in the United Kingdom (and previously throughout the British Commonwealth), and in the system used in the United States. ... Look up ton in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Where these systems most notably differ is in their respective units of volume. A U.S. fluid ounce (fl. oz.) is slightly larger than its Imperial equivalent (the former being approximately 29.6 millilitres (ml) and the latter 28.4 ml). However, as there are 16 U.S. fl. oz. to a U.S. pint as opposed to the 20 Imperial fl. oz. per Imperial pint, these pints are quite different in volume. The same is true of quarts, gallons, etc. Six U.S. gallons are a little less than five Imperial gallons. A fluid ounce is a unit of volume in both the Imperial system of units and the U.S. customary units system. ... The millilitre is the equivalent of a cubic centimetre. ... The pint is a unit of volume or capacity. ... A quart is a unit of measurement for volume. ... The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is a unit of volume. ...

Mentioned above was the Avoirdupois system which has served as the general system of mass and weight. In addition to this there are the Troy and the Apothecaries' systems. Troy weight was customarily used for precious metals, black powder and gemstones. The troy ounce is the only unit of the system in current use; it is used for precious metals. Although the troy ounce is larger than its Avoirdupois equivalent, the pound is smaller. The obsolete troy pound was divided into twelve ounces opposed to the sixteen ounces per pound of the Avoirdupois system. The Apothecaries' system; traditionally used in pharmacology, now replaced by the metric system; shares same pound and ounce as the troy system but with different further subdivisions. The avoirdupois system is a system of weights defining terms such as pound and ounce. ... Troy weight is a system of units of mass customarily used for precious metals, black powder, and gemstones. ... The apothecaries system of mass is an obsolete system formerly used by apothecaries (now called pharmacists or chemists) in English-speaking countries. ... A gold nugget A precious metal is a rare metallic chemical element of high economic value. ... Black powder was the original gunpowder and practically the only known propellant and explosive until the middle of the 19th century. ... A selection of gemstone pebbles made by tumbling rough rock with abrasive grit, in a rotating drum. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how substances interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ...

Natural units

Natural units are physical units of measurement defined in terms of universal physical constants in such a manner that some chosen physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of a particular set of natural units. Natural units are natural because the origin of their definition comes only from properties of nature and not from any human construct. Various systems of natural units are possible below are listed some examples. In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement defined in terms of universal physical constants in such a manner that some chosen physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of a particular set of natural units. ... Physics (Greek: (phúsis), nature and (phusiké), knowledge of nature) is the science concerned with the fundamental laws of the universe. ... The former Weights and Measures office in Middlesex, England. ... In science, a physical constant is a physical quantity whose numerical value does not change. ... Galunggung in 1982, showing a combination of natural events. ...

• Geometric unit systems are useful in relativistic physics. In these systems the base physical units are chosen so that the speed of light and the gravitational constant are set equal to unity.
• Planck units are a form of geometric units obtained by also setting Boltzmann's constant, the Coulomb force constant and Dirac's constant to unity. They might be considered unique in that they are based only on properties of free space rather than any prototype, object or particle.
• Stoney units are similar to Planck units but set the elementary charge to unity and allow Dirac's constant to float.
• "Schrödinger" units are also similar to Planck units and set the elementary charge to unity too but allow the speed of light to float.
• Atomic units (au) are a convenient system of units of measurement used in atomic physics, particularly for describing the properties of electrons. The atomic units have been chosen such that the fundamental electron properties are all equal to one atomic unit. They are similar to "Schrödinger" units but set the electron mass to unity and allow the gravitational constant to float. The unit energy in this system is the total energy of the electron in the Bohr atom and called the Hartree energy. The unit length is the Bohr radius.
• Electronic units are similar to Stoney units but set the electron mass to unity and allow the gravitational constant to float. They are also similar to Atomic units but set the speed of light to unity and allow Dirac's constant to float.
• Quantum electrodynamical units are similar to the electronic system of units except that the proton mass is normalised rather that the electron mass.

In physics, especially in the general theory of relativity, geometrized units or geometric units constitute a physical unit system in which all physical quantities are identified with geometric quantities such as areas, lengths, dimensionless numbers, path curvatures, or sectional curvatures. ... Two-dimensional analogy of space-time curvature described in General Relativity. ... A line showing the speed of light on a scale model of Earth and the Moon The speed of light in a vacuum is an important physical constant denoted by the letter c for constant or the Latin word celeritas meaning swiftness. ... According to the law of universal gravitation, the attractive force between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. ... In physics, Planck units are physical units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of the five universal physical constants shown in the table below in such a manner that all of these physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of these units. ... The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is the physical constant relating temperature to energy. ... Coulombs torsion balance In physics, Coulombs law is an inverse-square law indicating the magnitude and direction of electrostatic force that one stationary, electrically charged object of small dimensions (ideally, a point source) exerts on another. ... Plancks constant, denoted h, is a physical constant that is used to describe the sizes of quanta. ... In physics, free space is a concept of electromagnetic theory, corresponding roughly to the vacuum, the baseline state of the electromagnetic field, or the replacement for the electromagnetic aether. ... In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement defined in terms of universal physical constants in such a manner that some chosen physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of a particular set of natural units. ... The elementary charge (symbol e or sometimes q) is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron. ... In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement defined in terms of universal physical constants in such a manner that some chosen physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of a particular set of natural units. ... Atomic units (au) form a system of units convenient for electromagnetism, atomic physics, and quantum electrodynamics, especially when the focus is on the properties of electrons. ... Atomic physics (or atom physics) is the field of physics that studies atoms as isolated systems comprised of electrons and an atomic nucleus. ... e- redirects here. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... e- redirects here. ... The Bohr model of the atom The Bohr Model is a physical model that depicts the atom as a small positively charged nucleus with electrons in orbit at different levels, similar in structure to the solar system. ... A Hartree (symbol Eh) is the atomic unit of energy and is named after physicist Douglas Hartree. ... In the Bohr model of the structure of an atom, put forward by Niels Bohr in 1913, electrons orbit a central nucleus. ... In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement defined in terms of universal physical constants in such a manner that some chosen physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of a particular set of natural units. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement defined in terms of universal physical constants in such a manner that some chosen physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of a particular set of natural units. ... // For alternative meanings see proton (disambiguation). ...

Non-standard units

Non-standard measurement units, sometimes found in books etc., include: Strange and whimsical units are sometimes used by scientists, especially physicists and mathematicians, and other technically-minded people such as engineers and programmers, as bits of dry humor combined with putative practical convenience. ...

• A ton of TNT, and its multiples the kiloton and the megaton and the gigaton. Often used in stating the power of very energetic events such as explosions and volcanic events and earthquakes and asteroid impacts. A gram of TNT as a unit of energy has been defined as 1000 thermochemical calories = roughly 4184 joules.
• The Hiroshima atom bomb. Its force is often used in the public media and popular books as a unit of energy. (Its yield was roughly 13 kilotons.)
• The weight of an elephant. It is often used as a unit of weight in popular books about very big animals such as dinosaurs. This unit needs to be defined, as the real weight of elephants varies much with age, sex and species.
• The (American) football field, which has a playing area 120 yards long by 53 1/3 yards wide. This is often used by the American public media for the sizes of large buildings or parks: easily walkable but non-trivial distances. Note that it is used as a unit of length (120 yards) or area (6400 yards²). British media also frequently uses the football pitch for equivalent purposes, although Association Football (Soccer) pitches are not of a fixed size, but instead can vary within defined limits (100-130 yards long, and 50-100 yards wide, giving an area of 5000 to 13,000 yards²).

R-phrases S-phrases Related Compounds Related compounds picric acid hexanitrobenzene Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. ... A megaton or megatonne is a unit of mass equal to 1,000,000 metric tons, i. ... A megaton or megatonne is a unit of mass equal to 1,000,000 metric tons, i. ... A gigaton (or gigatonne) is a Metric Unit of mass, equal to 1,000,000,000 (1 billion) Metric tons, 1,000,000,000,000 (1 trillion) kilograms, or 1 quadrillion grams. ... This article is about volcanoes in geology. ... Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998. ... 253 Mathilde, a C-type asteroid. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... A calorie refers to a unit of energy. ... The joule (symbol J, also called newton metre, or coulomb volt) is the SI unit of energy and work. ... For other uses, see Hiroshima (disambiguation). ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945 lifted nuclear fallout some 18 km (60,000 feet) above the epicenter. ... The public media is the sum of the public mass distributors of news and entertainment: the newspapers, and television and radio broadcasting, and suchlike. ... [1]#redirect Book ... Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus † Elephas beyeri † Elephas celebensis † Elephas cypriotes † Elephas ekorensis † Elephas falconeri † Elephas iolensis † Elephas planifrons † Elephas platycephalus † Elephas recki † Stegodon † Mammuthus † Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea... Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ... United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ... A yard (abbreviation: yd) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... A football field (or pitch) is the playing surface for a game of association football. ... Football (soccer) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Units of currency

A unit of measurement that applies to money is called a unit of account. This is normally a currency issued by a country or a fraction thereof; for instance, the U.S. dollar and U.S. cent (1/100 of a dollar), or the euro and euro cent. Economics offers various definitions for money, though it is now commonly defined as any good or token that functions as a medium of exchange that is socially and legally accepted in payment for goods and services and in settlement of debts. ... A unit of account is a standard numerical unit of measurement for the market value of goods, services, and other transactions. ... In political geography and international politics a country is a geographical entity, a territory, most commonly associated with the notions of state or nation. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory[1], the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ... For other uses, see Euro (disambiguation) or EUR (disambiguation). ...

Historical systems of measurement

Main article: History of measurement

Prior to the widespread adoption of the metric system many different systems of official measurement had been in use, many of these remain today, at least in part, in traditional or customary use. Many of these were related to some extent or other. Often they were based on the dimensions of the human body. When the world turned to trade between city-states better systems were needed to enable that merchantile activity. Overtime, the evolution continued as transportation continued to shrink the world, and so what was once an artifact of a pocket kingdom matured into something that was at least workable. Despite the growth and adoption of modern systems like SI around the world for business and governance, such customary systems are still commonly used in day to day life for everyday ordinary household tasks around the world, most notably, in cooking and cookbooks. Units of measurement were among the earliest tools invented by humans. ... A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. ... Look up si, Si, SI in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Cooking is the act of applying heat to food in order to prepare it for ingestion. ... A cookbook is a book that contains information on cooking, and a list of recipes. ...

Throughout the history of measurement, many of the units that have been used in Europe and around the Mediterranean are variations on older systems originating in the ancient Near East. Units of measurement were among the earliest tools invented by humans. ... This article is very long. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Overview map of the Ancient Near East The term Ancient Near East or Ancient Orient encompasses the early civilizations predating Classical Antiquity in the region roughly corresponding to that described by the modern term Middle East (Egypt, Iraq, Turkey), during the time roughly spanning the Bronze Age from the rise...

Middle Eastern systems of measurements

• Arabic ^[1]
• Egyptian
• Hebrew
• Maltese
• Mesopotamian
• Persian

The Arabic system of measurement is based on the Persian system. ... Weight Reduced to English troy-weight, the Hebrew weights were: Gerah (Lev. ... Originally Ancient Mesopotamian weights and measures came from a collection of city states loosely organized by family, tribe and occupation. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

South Asian systems of measurement

• Harappan
• Hindu

This article does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Time in Hindu mythology be merged into this article or section. ...

East Asian systems of measurement

• Chinese
• Japanese

Greco-Roman systems of measurement

• Greek
• Roman

The Roman system of measurement was built on the Greek system with Egyptian influences. ...

Medieval European measurements

Medieval European systems of measurement evolved during the Middle Ages (or European Dark Ages) due to the agriculture-intensive way of life. These systems may also be referred to as feudal measurement systems. The measurements were approximate and variable. The measures can be categorized by ever expanding commercial, political and religious spheres of influence. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European Dark Age. From Cycle of Famous Men and Women, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargillac, c. ...

Eastern European

In Eastern Europe traditional standards of measure were predominantly of Greek origin

• Polish system
• Romanian system
• Russian system
• Tatar system

Ancient Polish weights and measures included: Garniec [1] Grzywna [2] and [3] Kamień [4] Korzec [5] Krok [6] Kwarta [7] Kwartnik [8] Łan [9] Łaszt [10] Ławka [11] Łokieć [12] Łut [13] Morga [14] Pacierz [15] Piędź [16] Skojec [17] Staje [18] Stopa [19] Wiardunek [20] Zdrowaśka [21... Obsolete Russian weights and measures were used in Imperial Russia and after the Russian Revolution until they were replaced in the Soviet Union by a metric system in 1924. ... Obsolete Tatar weights and measures were used by Tatars until 1924, when they were replaced in the Soviet Union by the SI units. ...

Western and Northern European

In Western and Northern Europe traditional standards of measure were predominantly of Roman origin:

• Danish system
• Dutch system
• English system
• Finnish system
• French system
• German system
• Norwegian system
• Scottish system
• Spanish system
• Swedish system

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... English unit is an American term that refers to a unit in one of a number of systems of units of measurement, some obsolete, and some still in use. ... In Finland, approximate units of measure derived from body parts and were used for a long time, some being later standardised for the purpose of commerce. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... As in the case of the Danes the Norwegians earliest standards of measure can be derived from their ship burials. ... Several native system of weights and measures were used in Scotland. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Other historical systems of measurement

• Pegu

See also

• Megalithic yard
• Pseudoscientific metrology
• Weights and measures
• Units of measurement

The megalithic yard (sometimes abbreviated to MY) is a theoretical unit of prehistoric measurement first suggested by the Scottish engineer, Alexander Thom in 1955. ... There are many approaches in the branch of historic metrology which must be qualified as pseudoscience. ... Weights and measures is a term used by legal authorities in English speaking countries such as the United Kingdom for a function related to units of measurement in trade. ... The former Weights and Measures office in Middlesex, England. ...

Conversion tables

• Conversion of units
• Approximate conversion of units

Conversion of units refers to conversion factors between different units of measurement for the same quantity. ... Approximate conversion of units often needs to be done without calculator or computer. ...

References

External links

• Dictionary of Units of Measurement
• The Unified Code for Units of Measure
• CLDR - Unicode localization of currency, date, time, numbers
• Old units of measure
• Measures from Antiquity and the Bible
• A utiliy to Convert Different Units