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A cyanide is any chemical compound that contains the cyano group C≡N, with the carbon atom triple-bonded to the nitrogen atom. Inorganic cyanides contain the highly toxic cyanide ion CN-, and are the salts of the acid hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Organic cyanides contain the cyano group single-bonded to another carbon atom, and are also known as nitriles. The cyano group is also known as the nitrile group. A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ...
Properties An atom (Greek άτομον from ά: non and τομον: divisible) is a submicroscopic structure found in all ordinary matter. ...
A chemical bond is the phenomenon of atoms being held together in molecules, crystals or in solid metal. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ...
Salt Crystals (http://www. ...
An acid (from Arabic Azait meaning oil, often represented by the generic formula AH) is typically a water-soluble, sour-tasting chemical compound. ...
Hydrogen cyanide is a chemical compound with chemical formula HCN. A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water is called hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...
Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain carbon. ...
A nitrile is any organic compound which has a -CN functional group. ...
Appearance and odour
Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas with a faint, bitter, almond-like odour. Nearly 40 percent of the population is unable to smell cyanide at all because they lack the necessary gene for smelling the odour. Sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN) are both white solids or powder with a bitter, almond-like odour in damp air. Binomial name Prunus dulcis (Mill. ...
Sodium cyanide is a highly toxic chemical compound, also known as sodium salt of hydrocyanic acid and cyanogran. ...
Potassium cyanide or KCN is the salt of potassium and hydrogen cyanide. ...
Occurrence and uses Cyanides can be produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and algae, and are found in a number of foods and plants. In plants, cyanides are usually bound to sugar molecules in the form of cyanogenic glycosides. Cassava roots (aka manioc), an important potato-like food grown in tropical countries, contain cyanogenic glycosides and must be processed prior to consumption (usually by extended boiling). Fruits that have a pit, such as cherries and apricots, often contain either cyanides or cyanogenic glycosides in the pit. Apple seeds do as well. Bitter almonds, from which almond oil and flavouring is made, also contain a cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin. Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...
Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...
A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the branches are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. ...
A glycoside is a molecule where a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to a nonsugar group by either an oxygen or a nitrogen atom. ...
Binomial name Manihot esculenta Crantz The cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta) is a woody perennial shrub of the spurge family, that is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrate. ...
Fruit stall in Barcelona, Catalonia. ...
Species Several, including: Prunus apetala Prunus avium Prunus campanulata Prunus canescens Prunus cerasus Prunus concinna Prunus conradinae Prunus dielsiana Prunus emarginata Prunus fruticosa Prunus incisa Prunus litigiosa Prunus mahaleb Prunus maximowiczii Prunus nipponica Prunus pensylvanica Prunus pilosiuscula Prunus rufa Prunus sargentii Prunus serrula Prunus serrulata Prunus speciosa Prunus subhirtella Prunus...
Binomial name Prunus armeniaca L. The Apricot (Prunus armeniaca, syn. ...
Binomial name Malus domestica Borkh. ...
Binomial name Prunus dulcis (Mill. ...
Amygdalin (from the Greek amugdale, almond), C20H27NO11, is a glucoside isolated from bitter almonds by H. E. Robiquet and A. F. Boutron-Charlard in 1830, and subsequently investigated by Liebig and Wöhler, and others. ...
Hydrogen cyanide is contained in vehicle exhaust and in tobacco smoke. Because the smoke of some burning plastics contains hydrogen cyanide, house fires often result in cyanide poisonings of the inhabitants. A deep blue pigment called Prussian blue, used in the making of blueprints, is iron (III) ferrocyanide (hence the name cyanide, from cyan, a shade of blue). It produces hydrogen cyanide when exposed to acids. Species N. glauca N. longiflora N. rustica N. sylvestris N. tabacum Ref: ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005 Tobacco (, L.) refers to a genus of broad-leafed plants of the nightshade family indigenous to North and South America, or to the dried and cured leaves of such plants. ...
For other uses, see Blue (disambiguation) Blue is one of the three primary additive colors; blue light has the shortest wavelength range (about 420–490 nanometers) of the three additive primary colors. ...
Prussian blue (Preussisch Blau, Berliner Blau) is a dark blue pigment used in paints and formerly in blueprints. ...
Modern blueprint of the French galleon La Belle. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...
Cyan is a pure spectral color, but the same hue can also be generated by mixing equal amounts of green and blue light. ...
Gold and silver cyanides are among the very few soluble forms of the metals, and thus are used in mining, electroplating, metallurgy and jewelry for chemical gilding, buffing, and extraction of gold. (See also below under Mining.) It has been suggested that Gold Bar be merged into this article or section. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solution. ...
The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine This article is about mineral extraction. ...
Electroplating is the coating of an electrically conductive item with a layer of metal using electrical current. ...
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and of materials engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements and their mixtures, which are called alloys. ...
Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ...
Gilding is the art of spreading gold, either by mechanical or by chemical means, over the surface of a body for the purpose of ornament. ...
Furthermore, cyanides and hydrogen cyanide are used in the production of chemicals including plastics, photographic development, and fumigating ships. The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or fibers. ...
In organic synthesis, cyanides are often used to lengthen the carbon chain:
RX + CN- → RCN (Nucleophilic Substitution) In chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a class of substitution reaction in which an electron-rich nucleophile attacks a molecule and replaces a group or atom, called the leaving group. ...
- RCN + H3O+ → RCOOH (Hydrolysis)
- RCN + LiAlH4 → RCH2NH2 (under reflux in dry ether, followed by addition of H3O+)
- RCN + NaBH4 → RCOH
In the above cases, the number of carbon atoms of the main chain is increased by one. Structure of a carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as COOH. In general, the salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. ...
Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. ...
Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH4), commonly abbreviated to LAH, is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry. ...
Ammonia Amines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. ...
Diagram of typical reflux apparatus. ...
Flash point -45 °C Autoignition temperature 170 °C R/S statement R: 12-19-22-66-67 S: 9-16-29-33 RTECS number KI5775000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydridoborate, has the chemical formual NaBH4. ...
An aldehyde is either a functional group consisting of a terminal carbonyl group or a compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. ...
Potassium ferrocyanide is used to achieve a blue colour on cast bronze sculptures during the final finishing stage of the sculpture. On its own, it will produce a very dark shade of blue and is often mixed with other chemicals to achieve the desired tint and hue. It is applied using a torch and paint brush while wearing the standard safety equipment used for any patina application; rubber gloves, safety glasses and a respirator. The actual amount of cyanide in the mixture varies according to the recipes used by each foundry. Potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O), also known as yellow prussiate of potash, is a coordination compound forming lemon-yellow monoclinic crystals at room temperature and decomposing at its boiling point. ...
Bronze is the most popular metal for cast metal sculptures; a cast-metal sculpture of bronze is often called a bronze. ...
Two cyanide ions can bond to each other via their carbon atoms, forming the gas cyanogen (NC-CN). Cyanogen is a chemical compound (CN)2. ...
Mining Cyanide salts are used in silver and gold mining, called the cyanide process. The high-grade ore is finely ground and mixed with the cyanide solution (concentration of about two kilogram NaCN per tonne (1000 kilograms)); low-grade ores are stacked into heaps and sprayed with cyanide solution (concentration of about one kilogram NaCN per tonne (1000 kilograms)). The precious-metal cations bind to the cyanide anions and form a soluble cyanide. The pregnant liquor is separated from the leftover dirt, which is discarded to a tailing pond or spent (the recoverable gold having been removed) heap. The metal is recovered from the pregnant solution with zincdust that replaces the gold in solution or by absorption onto activated carbon. This process can result in environmental and health problems. Cyanide is highly reactive; it decomposes rapidly in sunlight. It can mobilize some heavy metals like mercury (if mercury is present). Gold can also be associated with arsenopyrite, which is similar to iron pyrite (fool's gold), with iron atoms replaced by arsenic. General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ...
It has been suggested that Gold Bar be merged into this article or section. ...
The Cyanide Process is a mining technique for extracting gold from low-grade ore via the use of cyanide compounds. ...
A cation is an ion with positive charge. ...
An anion is an ion with negative charge. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ...
Fishing Cyanides are illegally used to capture live fish near coral reefs for the aquarium and seafood markets. This fishing occurs mainly in the Philippines, Indonesia and the Caribbean to supply the 2 million marine aquarium owners in the world. In this method, a diver uses a large, needleless syringe to squirt a cyanide solution into areas where the fish are hiding, stunning them so that they can be easily gathered. Many fish caught in this fashion die immediately, or in shipping. Those that survive to find their way into pet stores often die from shock, or from massive digestive damage. The high concentrations of cyanide on reefs so harvested has also resulted in cases of cyanide poisioning among local fishermen and their families. Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef. ...
A 335,000 U.S. gallon (1. ...
...
Environmental organizations decry the practice, as do responsible aquarists and aquarium dealers.
To prevent the trade of illegally-caught aquarium fish, the Marine Aquarium Council (Headquarters: Honolulu, Hawaii) has created a certification in which the tropical fish are caught legally with nets only. To ensure authenticity, "MAC-Certified marine organisms bear the MAC-Certified label on the tanks and boxes in which they are kept and shipped." MAC Certification.
Toxicity
Absorption The most usual route of absorption is by inhalation of hydrogen cyanide gas, which can be formed from alkaline cyanides and certain complex cyanides by the action of acid. Hydrogen cyanide poisoning is also common as a result of smoke inhalation after house fires.
Ingestion is equally dangerous, although this route of absorption is usually deliberate (suicidal or criminal). Absorption through the skin is also possible, though rare.
Mechanism of toxicity Cyanide ions bind to the iron atom of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondria of cells. This deactivates the enzyme and breaks the electron transport chain, meaning that the cell can no longer use the oxygen which is available to it. Ribbon diagram of the catalytically perfect enzyme TIM. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes, or speeds up, a chemical reaction. ...
Cytochrome c oxidase The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (PDB 2OCC, EC 1. ...
In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ...
The electron transport chain (also called the electron transfer chain, ETC, e-train, or simply electron transport), is any series of protein complexes and lipid-soluble messengers that convert the reductive potential of energized electrons into a cross-membrane proton gradient. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ...
Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. This article or section should be merged with aerobic metabolism. ...
A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ...
Clinical symptoms It is difficult to give dose figures in this section due to the rapid metabolism of cyanide in the human body. Animal studies are of little help, as different species have widely different sensitivities to cyanide: it is quite possible that there is also a considerable range of sensitivity among human individuals. The Regulatory information section below may give some guidance. Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος (metabolismos), the Greek word for change, or overthrow (Etymonline)), is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. ...
Acute poisoning Inhalation of high concentrations of hydrogen cyanide causes a convulsive coma with apnea and cardiac arrest, with death following in a matter of minutes. This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Apnea (British spelling - apnoea) (Greek απνοια, from α-, privative, πνεειν, to breathe) is a technical term for suspension of external breathing. ...
At lower doses, loss of consciousness may be preceded by headaches, vertigo and perceived difficulty in breathing. At the first stages of unconsciousness, breathing is often sufficient or even rapid, although the state of the victim progresses towards a deep coma, sometimes accompanied by pulmonary edema, and finally cardiac arrest. A headache (medically known as cephalgia) is a condition of mild to severe pain in the head; sometimes upper back or neck pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ...
Vertigo can refer to a number of things: Vertigo is a form of dizziness often associated with balance disorder. ...
Pulmonary edema is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the lungs. ...
Subacute poisoning At doses insufficient to cause rapid loss of consciousness, the most widely reported symptoms are vertigo, inebriety, confusion and a feeling of tightness around the chest.
The situation is complicated by the non-specific nature of the symptoms and by notoriety of the product. In many cases, such symptoms are psychosomatic, caused by anxiety at working with cyanides, and this is accentuated by the characteristic odor of hydrogen cyanide, detectable by healthy, undesensitized subjects at levels far below those which are believed to be toxic (odor threshold < 1 ppm). This is not to say that such symptoms should be taken lightly: if the patient is a truely a victim of cyanide poisoning, their clinical state may deteriorate rapidly; while if the symptoms are psychosomatic, they will surely reoccur unless the anxieties about the safety procedures are addressed. A psychosomatic illness is one with physical manifestations and supposed psychological cause, often diagnosed when any known or identifiable physical cause was excluded by medical examination. ...
Chronic exposure Exposure to lower levels of cyanide over a long period (e.g., after use of cassava roots as a primary food source in tropical Africa) results in increased blood cyanide levels. These may result in weakness of the fingers and toes, difficulty walking, dimness of vision, deafness, and decreased thyroid gland function, but chemicals other than cyanide may contribute to these effects. Skin contact with cyanide can produce irritation and sores. Binomial name Manihot esculenta Crantz The cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta) is a woody perennial shrub of the spurge family, that is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrate. ...
Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ...
The thyroid gland and its relations In anatomy, the thyroid (IPA θaɪɹoɪd) is an endocrine gland. ...
It is not known whether cyanides can directly cause birth defects in people. Birth defects were seen in rats that ate diets of cassava roots. Effects on the reproductive system were seen in rats and mice that drank water containing sodium cyanide.
Diagnosis of poisoning There are medical tests to measure blood and urine levels of cyanide; however, small amounts of cyanide are not always detectable in blood and urine. Tissue levels of cyanide can be measured if cyanide poisoning is suspected, but cyanide is rapidly cleared from the body, so the tests must be done soon after the exposure. An almond-like odor in the breath may alert a doctor that a person was exposed to cyanide but not all people are able to smell HCN.
Treatment of poisoning and antidotes The United States standard cyanide antidote kit first uses a small inhaled dose of amyl nitrite followed by intravenous sodium nitrite. This converts a portion of the hemoglobin's iron from ferrous iron to ferric iron, converting the hemoglobin into methemoglobin. Cyanide is more strongly drawn to methemoglobin than to the cytochrome oxidase of the cells, effectively pulling the cyanide off the cells and onto the methemoglobin. Once bound with the cyanide, the methemoglobin becomes cyanmethemoglobin. Therapy with nitrites is not innocuous. The doses given to an adult can potentially cause a fatal methemoglobinemia in children or may cause profound hypotension. Treatment of children affected with cyanide intoxication must be individualized and is based upon their body weight and hemoglobin concentration. The next part of the cyanide antidote kit is sodium thiosulfate, which is administered intravenously. The sodium thiosulfate and cyanmethemoglobin become thiocyanate, releasing the hemoglobin, and the thiocyanate is excreted by the kidneys. An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. ...
The chemical compound amyl nitrite (here referring to isoamyl nitrite) is an Alkyl nitrite. ...
FerrLink titleMedia:Example. ...
Ferric is a term used for the iron with the oxidation number +3. ...
Methemoglobin (also hemiglobin) is a type of hemoglobin that is produced by the oxidation of the ferrous iron contained in hemoglobin to ferric iron which doesnt have the capacity for carrying oxygen. ...
ÓAn oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation/reduction reaction. ...
Methemoglobinemia, also known as met-H, is a usually genetic blood disorder characterized by the presence of a higher than normal level of methemoglobin in the blood. ...
Basic Information Flash point Non flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
Thiocyanate (also known as sulphocyanate or thiocyanide) is a functional group consisting of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen: N-(triple bond)-C-S- It has a charge of 1-. It is analogous to the cyanate ion, with oxygen replaced by sulfur. ...
Alternative methods of treating cyanide intoxication are used in other countries. For example, the method in France is to use hydroxycobalamin (a form of vitamin B12), which combines with cyanide to form the harmless vitamin B12a cyanocobalamin. Cyanocobalamin is eliminated through the urine. Hydroxycobalamin works both within the intravascular space and within the cells to combat cyanide intoxication. This contrasts with methemoglobin, which acts only within the vascular space as an antidote. Administration of sodium thiosulfate improves the ability of the hydroxycobalamin to detoxify cyanide poisoning. This treatment is considered so effective and innocuous that it is administered routinely in Paris to victims of smoke inhalation to detoxify any associated cyanide intoxication. However it is relatively expensive and not universally available. Cobalamin or vitamin B12 is a chemical compound that is also known as cyanocobalamine. ...
Basic Information Flash point Non flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
4-Dimethylaminophenol (4-DMAP) has been proposed in Germany as a more rapid antidote than nitrites and with (reportedly) lower toxicity. It is used currently by the German military and by the civilian population. In humans, intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg of 4-DMAP will produce 35 percent methemoglobin levels within 1 minute.
Cobalt salts have also been demonstrated as effective in binding cyanide. One current cobalt-based antidote available in Europe is dicobalt-EDTA, sold as Kelocyanor®. This agent chelates cyanide as the cobalticyanide. This drug provides an antidote effect more quickly than formation of methemoglobin, but a clear superiority to methemoglobin formation has not been demonstrated. Cobalt complexes are quite toxic, and there have been accidents reported in the UK where patients have been given dicobalt-EDTA by mistake based on a false diagnoses of cyanide poisoning. General Name, Symbol, Number cobalt, Co, 27 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 4, d Appearance metallic with gray tinge Atomic mass 58. ...
Salt Crystals (http://www. ...
A complex in chemistry is a reversible association of molecules, atoms, or ions through weak non-covalent chemical bonds. ...
The International Programme on Chemical Safety issued a survey (IPCS/CEC Evaluation of Antidotes Series) which lists the following antidotal agents and their effects: Oxygen, sodium thiosulfate, amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, 4-dimethylaminophenol, hydroxocobalamin, and dicobalt edetate ('Kelocyanor'), as well as several others[1]. Other commonly-recommended antidotes are 'solutions A and B' (a solution of ferrous sulphate in aqueous citric acid, and aqueous sodium carbonate) and amyl nitrite. Iron(II) sulfate (FeSO4) is an example of an ionic compound. ...
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ...
Sodium carbonate or soda ash, Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ...
The chemical compound amyl nitrite (here referring to isoamyl nitrite) is an Alkyl nitrite. ...
Britain's Health and Safety Executive has recommended against the use of solutions A and B because of their limited shelf life, potential to cause iron poisoning, and limited use (effective only in cases of cyanide ingestion, whereas the main modes of poisoning are ingestion and skin contact). The HSE has also questioned the usefulness of amyl nitrate due to storage/availability problems, risk of abuse, and lack of evidence of significant benefits, instead recommending Kelocyanor[2]. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE), reporting to the Health and Safety Commission, is the British government body responsible for the regulation of risks to health and safety in the UK. It was created as a result of the Health and Safety at Work, etc, Act 1974, and has since...
Glucose There is evidence from animal experiments that coadministration of glucose protects against cobalt toxicity associated with the antidote agent dicobalt edetate. For this reason, glucose is often administered alongside this agent (e.g. in the formulation 'Kelocyanor'). Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide, is one of the most important carbohydrates. ...
It has also been anecdotally suggested that glucose is itself an effective counteragent to cyanide, reacting with it to form less toxic compounds that can be eliminated by the body. One theory on the apparent immunity of Grigory Rasputin to cyanide was that his killers put the poison in sweet pastries and madeira wine, both of which are rich in sugar; thus, Rasputin would have been administered the poison together with massive quantities of antidote. One study found a reduction in cyanide toxicity in mice when the cyanide was first mixed with glucose[3]. However, as yet glucose on its own is not an officially acknowledged antidote to cyanide poisoning. Rasputin Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin (Russian: Григо́рий Ефи́мович Распу́тин) (January 23, 1871 – December 16, 1916 (O.S.)) was a Russian mystic with an influence in the later days of Russias Romanov dynasty. ...
Madeira is a fortified wine made in the Madeira Islands of Portugal, which is prized equally for drinking and cooking; the latter use including the dessert plum in madeira. ...
Poison use The cyanide ion, if used as poison, is generally delivered in the form of gaseous hydrogen cyanide or in the form of potassium cyanide (KCN) or sodium cyanide (NaCN). The skull and crossbones symbol traditionally used to label a poisonous substance. ...
Hydrogen cyanide is a chemical compound with chemical formula HCN. A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water is called hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid. ...
Potassium cyanide or KCN is the salt of potassium and hydrogen cyanide. ...
Sodium cyanide is a highly toxic chemical compound, also known as sodium salt of hydrocyanic acid and cyanogran. ...
Zyklon B, the poison gas used in Nazi gas chambers during the Holocaust, works by delivering hydrogen cyanide gas. Cyanide is also the compound used in U.S. gas chambers for execution. Zyklon B label — Note that “Gift” translates as “poison” Zyklon B was the tradename of a pesticide ultimately used by Nazi Germany in some Holocaust gas chambers. ...
Early detection of chemical agents Sociopolitical climate of chemical warfare While the study of chemicals and their military uses was widespread in China, the use of toxic materials has historically been viewed with mixed emotions and some disdain in the West (especially when the enemy were doing it). ...
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...
The gas chamber once used at San Quentin State Prison in California for the purpose of capital punishment. ...
Child survivors of the Holocaust filmed during the liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp by the Red Army. ...
Motto: E pluribus unum (1789 to 1956) (Latin: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government • President • Vice President Federal republic George...
The gas chamber once used at San Quentin State Prison in California for the purpose of capital punishment. ...
Cyanides were stockpiled in both the Soviet and the United States chemical weapons arsenals in the 1950s and 1960s. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union was thought to be planning to use hydrogen cyanide as a "blitzkrieg" weapon to clear a path through the opposing front line, knowing that the harmful gas itself would dissipate and allow unprotected access to the captured zone. However, as a military agent, cyanide was not considered very effective, since cyanide is lighter than air and requires a significant dose in order to incapacitate or kill. State motto (Russian): Пролетарии вÑех Ñтран, ÑоединÑйтеÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Socialist republics/ Communist state Area - Total - % water Largest on the planet 22,402,200 km² ?% Population - Total - Density 3rd before collapse 293,047,571 (July...
Dressing the wounded during a gas attack by Austin O. Spare, 1918. ...
// Events and trends This map shows two essential global spheres during the Cold War in 1959. ...
The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ...
For the generic term for a high-tension struggle between countries, see cold war (war). ...
Blitzkrieg relies on close co-operation between infantry and panzers (tanks). ...
Suicide Cyanide salts are sometimes used as fast-acting suicide devices. When they reach the stomach acids, cyanide ions are released; therefore they work faster on an empty stomach. Famous cyanide salt suicides include: Gastric acid is, together with several enzymes and the intrinsic factor, one of the main secretions of the stomach. ...
Some spy agents also carried glasses with cyanide in the frames. If they were caught by the enemy, they could casually chew the frame, releasing the cyanide, and die before being tortured or having information extracted from them. Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel or Rommel for short ( ▶ (help· info)) (November 15, 1891 – October 14, 1944) was one of the most distinguished German Field Marshals, and perhaps one of the greatest military leaders of all time. ...
▶ (help· info) (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 to his death by suicide. ...
The front cover of Time magazine, May 7, 1945. ...
Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels (October 29, 1897 – May 1, 1945) was Adolf Hitlers Propaganda Minister (see Propagandaministerium) in Nazi Germany. ...
Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also Goering in English) (January 12, 1893 – October 15, 1946) was an early member of the Nazi party, founder of the Gestapo, and one of the main leaders of Nazi Germany. ...
Heinrich Himmler ▶ (help· info) (October 7, 1900 – May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ...
Alan Turing is often considered the father of modern computer science. ...
Odilo Globocnik (April 21, 1904 - May 31, 1945) was a prominent Austrian Nazi and later an SS leader. ...
Houses in Jonestown Alternate uses: See Jonestown (disambiguation) Jonestown was a town in Guyana established by Peoples Temple cult leader Jim Jones. ...
In fiction Poisoning by cyanide also figures prominently in crime fiction, for example Agatha Christie's Sparkling Cyanide (also entitled Remembered Death); cyanide is the instrument of one murder in The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler. See also: Victims of poisoning. Crime Fiction, a feature-length independent film slated for release in 2006, tracks the rise and fall of struggling crime novelist James Cooper. ...
Agatha Christie Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, DBE (September 15, 1890 – January 12, 1976), was a British crime fiction writer. ...
Sparkling Cyanide (published in 1945), also known as Remembered Death is a detective fiction novel by Agatha Christie. ...
The Big Sleep is a 1939 novel by Raymond Chandler, with two film versions, one filmed in 1946, and one filmed in 1978. ...
Raymond Chandler Raymond Thornton Chandler (July 23, 1888 – March 26, 1959) was an American author of crime stories and novels. ...
Viktor Yushchenko as he appeared in July 2004 (left) and as he appeared in November 2004 (right) after dioxin poisoning This is a List of poisonings in alphabetical order of victim. ...
See also
Sources - Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1997). "Cyanure d'hydrogène et solutions aqueuses". Fiche toxicologique n° 4, Paris:INRS, 5pp. (PDF file, in French)
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1997). "Cyanure de sodium. Cyanure de potassium". Fiche toxicologique n° 111, Paris:INRS, 6pp. (PDF file, in French)
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