? Tree fern (Cyatheales)
Dicksonia antarctica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pteridophyta Class: Pteridopsida Subclass: Cyatheatae Order: Cyatheales
Familes and Genera
Cyatheaceae     Alsophila     Cnemidaria     Cyathea     Sphaeropteris     Trichipteris Dicksoniaceae     Calochleana     Cibotium     Culcita     Cystodium     Dicksonia     Thyrsopteris Losophoriaceae     Lophosoria Loxomaceae     Loxoma     Loxsomopsis Metaxyaceae     Metaxya Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 846 KB) Ferns (Dicksonia antarctica) in Nunniong, Australia v File links The following pages link to this file: Fern User:Fir0002/Fir0002 gallery Wikipedia:Reference desk archive/July 2005 ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum (a fern... Classes Marattiopsida Osmundopsida Gleicheniopsida Pteridopsida A fern, or pteridophyte, is any one of a group of some twenty thousand species of plants classified in the Division Pteridophyta, formerly known as Filicophyta. ... Subclasses Subclass: Cyatheatae Subclass: Schizaeatae Subclass: Pteriditae Subclass: Polypoditae The Pteridopsida is a class of plants in the Division Pteridophyta that includes the modern ferns. ... Genera Alsophila Cnemidaria Cyathea Sphaeropteris The Cyatheaceae is a family of fern that includes the worlds tallest tree ferns, which reach heights up to 20 m. ... Species about 25, including Cnemidaria alatissima Cnemidaria amabilis Cnemidaria apiculata Cnemidaria bella Cnemidaria chocoensis Cnemidaria cruciata Cnemidaria ewanii Cnemidaria horrida Cnemidaria mutica Cnemidaria nervosa Cnemidaria spectabilis Cnemidaria tryoniana Cnemidaria uleana Cnemidaria is a genus of small tree ferns in the family Cyatheaceae. ... Species See text Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales. ... Genera Calochlaena Cibotium Culcita Cystodium Dicksonia Thysopteris The Dicksoniaceae are a family of tropical, subtropical and warm temperate ferns. ... Cibotium is a family of perhaps a dozen tropical tree fern species - subject to much confusion and revision - distributed fairly narrowly in Hawaii, Southeast Asia and the cloud forests of Central America. ... Species See text Dicksonia is a genus of tree ferns in the order Cyatheales. ...

The order Cyatheales is a taxonomic division of the fern (Division Pteridophyta) subclass, Cyatheatae, which includes the Tree ferns. Taxonomy (from Greek ταξινομία from the words taxis = order and nomos = law) may refer to either a hierarchical classification of things, or the principles underlying the classification. ... Classes Marattiopsida Osmundopsida Gleicheniopsida Pteridopsida A fern, or pteridophyte, is any one of a group of some twenty thousand species of plants classified in the Division Pteridophyta, formerly known as Filicophyta. ... Classes Marattiopsida Osmundopsida Gleicheniopsida Pteridopsida A fern, or pteridophyte, is any one of a group of some twenty thousand species of plants classified in the Division Pteridophyta, formerly known as Filicophyta. ...

In general, any fern that grows with a trunk elevating the fronds (leaves) above ground level can be called a tree fern. However, the plants formally known as tree ferns compose a group of large ferns belonging to the families Dicksoniaceae and Cyatheaceae in the order Cyatheales. Classes Marattiopsida Osmundopsida Gleicheniopsida Pteridopsida A fern, or pteridophyte, is any one of a group of some twenty thousand species of plants classified in the Division Pteridophyta, formerly known as Filicophyta. ... A fern with simple (lobed or pinnatifid) blades, the dissection of each blade not quite reaching to the rachis. ... Genera Calochlaena Cibotium Culcita Cystodium Dicksonia Thysopteris The Dicksoniaceae are a family of tropical, subtropical and warm temperate ferns. ... Genera Alsophila Cnemidaria Cyathea Sphaeropteris The Cyatheaceae is a family of fern that includes the worlds tallest tree ferns, which reach heights up to 20 m. ...

Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas, including cool to temperate rainforests in Australia, New Zealand and neighbouring regions (e.g. Malaysia, Lord Howe Island, etc.); a few genera extend further, such as Culcita in southern Europe. Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores developed in sporangia on the undersides of the fronds. Rainforest on Fatu-Hiva, Marquesas Islands A rainforest is a forested biome with high annual rainfall due to the Intertropical convergence zone. ... Lord Howe Island showing Mts Lidgbird and Gower. ... World map showing location of Europe When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... The term spore has several different meanings in biology. ... A sporangium (pl. ...

Tasmanian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica) in an English garden. The trunk is 60 cm high.

The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large and multiple-pinnate. At least one type, however, has entire (undivided) fronds. The fronds of tree ferns also exhibit circinate vernation, meaning the young fronds emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow. Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica) in an English garden. ... Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica) in an English garden. ... A pinnate fern frond (Blechnum appendiculatum). ... This Australian tree fern is producing a new frond by the process of circinate vernation Vernation (from vernal, since that is when leaves spring forth in Temperate regions) is the formation of new leaves or fronds. ...

Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form new woody tissue in their trunk as they grow. Rather, the trunk is supported by a fibrous mass of roots that expands as the tree fern grows. Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ...

Some tree fern genera, e.g. Dicksonia and Cibotium, but not Cyathea, can be transplanted by severing the top portion from the rest of the trunk and replanting it elsewhere. If the transplanted top part is kept moist, it will regrow a new root system over the next year. The success rate of transplantation increases to about 80% if the roots are dug up intact. If the crown of the Tasmanian Tree Fern, Dicksonia antarctica (the most common species in gardens) is damaged, it will inevitably die because that is where all new growth occurs. But other clump-forming tree fern species, such as D. squarrosa and D. youngiae, can regenerate from basal offsets or from "pups" emerging along the surviving trunk length. Tree ferns often fall over in the wild, yet manage to re-root from this new prostrate postion and begin new vertical growth. A crown is the top of the head. ... Binomial name Dicksonia antarctica Tasmanian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica) is an evergreen tree fern native to parts of Australia, namely New South Wales, Tasmania, and Victoria. ...

It is not certain how many species of tree fern there are, but it is likely to be around a thousand. New Guinea produces new species with each botanical survey. On the other hand, many species have become extinct in the last century as forest habitats have come under pressure from human intervention. In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of taxons. ...

Other tree ferns

Outside of the Cyatheales, a few ferns in other groups could be considered tree ferns, such as several ferns in the family Osmundaceae, which can achieve short trunks under a metre tall, and a few species in the genera Blechnum, Leptopteris, Sadleria and Todea could also be considered tree ferns in a liberal interpretation of the term.

The families that constitute Cyatheales have been relatively firmly established as a monophyletic clade by DNA sequencing and morphological studies. The order Plagiogyriales, which contains the family Plagiogyriaceae, is most closely related to the Cyatheales, not to the Osmundales as had been previously supposed. Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and many viruses). ...

Transplanted Dicksonia antarctica tree ferns at Combe Martin Wildlife and Dinosaur Park, North Devon, England

. Tree Ferns at Combe Martin Wildlife and Dinosaur Park, North Devon, England. ... Tree Ferns at Combe Martin Wildlife and Dinosaur Park, North Devon, England. ...

References

• Pryer, K.M., A.R. Smith, and J.E. Skog. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of extant ferns based on evidence from morphology and rbcL sequences. American Fern Journal 85: 205-282.
• Braggins, John E. and Large, Mark F. Tree Ferns. Timber Press (2004).

External link

• Community: Care and propagation of Treeferns (german/english)