Cyclamate is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois by graduate student Michael Sveda. A sweetener is a food additive which adds the basic taste of sweetness to a food. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Corner of Main Quad The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, or simply Illinois), is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious campus in the University of Illinois system. ...

Like many artificial sweeteners, the sweetness of cyclamate was discovered by accident. Michael Sveda was working in the lab on the synthesis of anti-fever medication. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench and when he put it back in his mouth he discovered the sweet taste of cyclamate. The patent for cyclamate was purchased by DuPont but later sold to Abbott Laboratories which undertook the necessary studies and submitted a New Drug Application in 1950. Abbott intended to use cyclamate to mask the bitterness of certain drugs such as antibiotics and pentobarbital. In the US in 1958 it was designated GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe). Cyclamate was marketed in tablet form for use by diabetics as an alternative tabletop sweetener, as well as in a liquid form; one such product was named 'Sucaryl' and is still available in non-US markets. Unlit filtered cigarettes. ... For other uses, see Mouth (disambiguation). ... This article is about E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. ... Abbott Laboratories (NYSE: ABT) is a diversified pharmaceuticals and health care company. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... Pentobarbital is a short acting barbiturate that is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol. ... Jan. ... Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) is a United States of America Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements. ...

Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar (depending on concentration; it is not a linear relationship), making it the least potent of the commercially used artificial sweeteners. Some people find it to have an unpleasant aftertaste, but generally less so than saccharin or acesulfame potassium. It is often used synergistically with other artificial sweeteners, especially saccharin; the mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin is common and masks the off-tastes of both sweeteners. It is less expensive than most sweeteners, including sucralose, and is stable under heating. Saccharin[2] is the oldest artificial sweetener. ... Chemical structure of Acesulfame potassium Acesulfame potassium is a calorie-free artificial sweetener, also known as Acesulfame K or Ace K, and marketed under the trade names Sunett and Sweet One. ... Saccharin[2] is the oldest artificial sweetener. ... Sucralose is an artificial sweetener. ...

Chemistry

Skeletal formula of sodium cyclamate

Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid (cyclohexanesulfamic acid). It is prepared by the sulfonation of cyclohexylamine; this can be accomplished by reacting cyclohexylamine with either sulfamic acid or sulfur trioxide. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 399 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 548 pixel, file size: 28 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 399 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 548 pixel, file size: 28 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A skeletal formula is a three-dimensional model of the molecule that demonstrates the molecular shape, including bond angles. ... Cyclamate is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois by graduate student Michael Sveda. ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... This article is about common table salt. ... Cyclamate is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois by graduate student Michael Sveda. ... Chemical structure of sulfonic acid. ... Cyclohexylamine, also called hexahydroaniline, 1-aminocyclohexane, or aminohexahydrobenzene, is an organic chemical, an amine derived from cyclohexane. ... Sulfamic acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3. ... “SO3” redirects here. ...

Cancer

Funny Face drink mix packet from '70-'71 advertising "No Cyclamate, Just Add Sugar"

In 1966, a study reported that some intestinal bacteria could desulfonate cyclamate to produce cyclohexylamine, a compound suspected to have some chronic toxicity in animals. Further research resulted in a 1969 study which found the common 10:1 cyclamate:saccharin mixture to increase the incidence of bladder cancer in rats. The released study was showing that eight out of 240 rats fed a mixture of saccharin and cyclamates, at levels of humans ingesting 350 cans of diet soda per day, developed bladder tumors. Other studies implicated cyclohexylamine in testicular atrophy in mice. On October 18, 1969, the Food and Drug Administration citing the Delaney Amendment banned its sale in the United States and the United Kingdom followed suit the next year. Abbott Laboratories claimed that its own studies were unable to reproduce the 1969 study's results, and in 1973, Abbott petitioned the FDA to lift the ban on cyclamate. This petition was eventually denied in 1980 by FDA Commissioner Jere Goyan. Abbott Labs, together with the Calorie Control Council (a political lobby representing the diet foods industry), filed a second petition in 1982. Although the FDA has stated that a review of all available evidence does not implicate cyclamate as a carcinogen in mice or rats, cyclamate remains banned from food products in the United States. The petition is now held in abeyance (it is not actively being considered) though whether this is at the request of Abbott Labs themselves or because the petition is considered to be insufficient by the FDA is unclear. Cyclamate is approved as a sweetener in more than 55 countries: for example, the brand-name beverage sweetener Sweet'N Low, which contains only dextrose, saccharin, cream of tartar, and calcium silicate in the United States, contains cyclamate in Canada (where saccharin is banned except for diabetic usage). Similarly, Sugar Twin, the brand-name cyclamate sweetener in Canada, contains saccharin in the United States. (October 1969) Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Cyclohexylamine, also called hexahydroaniline, 1-aminocyclohexane, or aminohexahydrobenzene, is an organic chemical, an amine derived from cyclohexane. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... This article is about the urinary bladder. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... This article is about rats. ... Look up testes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the rodent. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... “FDA” redirects here. ... The Delaney Clause is a 1958 amendment to the Food, Drugs, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, named after Congressman James Delaney of New York. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the political effort. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... SweetN Low is a popular brand of artificial sweetener made from granulated saccharin and dextrose. ... A space-filling model of glucose Glucose, a simple monosaccharide sugar, is one of the most important carbohydrates and is used as a source of energy in animals and plants. ... Saccharin[2] is the oldest artificial sweetener. ... Cream of tartar is the potassium salt of tartaric acid, KHC4H4O6. ... Calcium silicate, otherwise known as slag, has a low bulk density and high physical water absorption. ...

Male reproduction

One reported effect in animal studies (mice and primates) is irreversible testicular atrophy and an apparent impact on seminal vesicle function. Testicular atrophy is a medical condition in which the male reproductive organs (the testes, which in humans are located in the scrotum) diminish in size and may be accompanied by ceasing to function. ... The seminal vesicles are a pair of simple tubular glands posterinferior to the urinary bladder of males. ...

However, possible negative impacts on male reproductive ability and/or function may lie outside the remits of committees tasked to determine the safety of a product based only on its expected impact on life expectancy and/or cancer rates. Since a reduction in male testosterone levels is thought to be associated with a reduced incidence of certain cancers (such as testicular cancer), and an increased life expectancy, a substance that damages testosterone production may be easier to be classified as safe when life expectancy and carcinogenicity are the deciding criteria.

Since cyclamates appear to affect cells involved in the production of spermatozoa, the question has also been raised as to whether they may also be capable of damaging male reproductive DNA. There does not yet seem to be any direct evidence either for or against this.

Cyclamate Sweetener Brands

• Assugrin (Switzerland, Brazil)
• Sucaryl
• Sugar Twin (Canada)

References

This article does not cite any references or sources. (September 2007) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...

External links

• http://www.rosalindfranklin.edu/cms/biochem/walters/sweet/cyclamate.html
• http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out53_en.pdf European Commission Revised Opinion On Cyclamic Acid
• http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opa-abey.html US FDA Petitions Currently Held in Abeyance
• http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/chemicals/cn/Cyclohexanesulfamic%A0acid,%A0monosodium%A0salt.html List of other chemical and brand names for cyclamate
• http://www.hermesetas.com/data/en/specialised/sweeteners/history.php A brief history of sweeteners, including the discovery of cyclamate
• http://www.assugrin.ch/daten_f/maison.php Assugrin's website (French)
• http://www.foodcomm.org.uk/press_97_cyclams.htm concerns over potential "testicular wasting" in male users