NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a molecule that is important in many biological processes; it is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). cAMP is a second messenger, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot get through the cell membrane. Its main purpose is the activation of protein kinases; it is also used to regulate the passage of Ca²⁺ through ion channels. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (878x558, 47 KB) w:Cyclic adenosine triphosphate, drawn in freeware program ACD LABS by me. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (878x558, 47 KB) w:Cyclic adenosine triphosphate, drawn in freeware program ACD LABS by me. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (837x481, 71 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Adenylate cyclase Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Epinephrine Adrenergic receptor ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (837x481, 71 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Adenylate cyclase Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Epinephrine Adrenergic receptor ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ... In chemistry, a molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. Chemical substances are not infinitely divisible into smaller fractions of the same substance: a molecule is generally considered the smallest particle of a pure... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP), discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann,[1] is a multifunctional nucleotide primarily known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... In biology, second messengers are low-weight diffusible molecules that are used in signal transduction to relay signals within a cell. ... In biology, signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. ... A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Glucagon ball and stick model A microscopic image stained for glucagon. ... Epinephrine (INN) or adrenaline (BAN) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. ... A protein kinase is an enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 40. ... Ion channels are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells. ...

cAMP synthesis and decomposition

cAMP is synthesised from ATP by adenylate cyclase which is located at the cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and inhibited by adenosine (via G protein coupled receptors). Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. Adenylate cyclase Adenylate cyclase (EC 4. ... Glucagon ball and stick model A microscopic image stained for glucagon. ... Epinephrine (INN) or adrenaline (BAN) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. ... The chemical structure of adenosine Adenosine is a nucleoside comprised of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a Î²-N9-glycosidic bond. ... In cell biology, G-protein-coupled receptors, also known as GPCR, seven transmembrane receptors, heptahelical receptors, or 7TM receptors, are a class of transmembrane receptors. ...

cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. A phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds. ...

Protein kinase activation

Cyclic AMP is involved in some protein kinases. For example, PKA (protein kinase A, also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase) is normally inactive as a tetrameric holoenzyme, consisting of 2 catalytic and 2 regulatory units (C₂R₂), with the regulatory units blocking the catalytic centers of the catalytic units. In cell biology, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), also known as protein kinase A (PKA, EC 2. ... In biochemistry, holoenzyme may refer either to the complete and operative form of an enzyme with multiple protein subunits or to the combination of an apoenzyme with its cofactor. ... For other meanings, see Catalyst (disambiguation). ...

Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus activating the catalytic units and enabling them to phosphorylate substrate proteins.

Glycogen decomposition regulation

cAMP controls many biological processes, including glycogen decomposition into glucose (glycogenolysis), and lipolysis. Electron micrograph of a section of a liver cell showing glycogen deposits as accumulations of electron dense particles (arrows). ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is the most important carbohydrate in biology. ... Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells. ...

Role of cAMP in bacteria

In bacteria, the level of cAMP varies depending on the medium used for growth. In particular, cAMP is low when glucose is the carbon source. This occurs through inhibition of the cAMP-producing enzyme, adenylate cyclase, as a side effect of glucose transport into the cell. The transcription factor CRP, cAMP receptor protein (or CAP) forms a complex with cAMP and thereby is activated to bind to DNA. CRP-cAMP increases expression of a large number of genes, including some encoding enzymes that can supply energy independent of glucose. Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...

An example of cAMP's function is the positive regulation of the lac operon. In low glucose concentration, cAMP accumluates, it binds to the allosteric site on CRP, a transcription activator protein. The protein assumes its active shape and binds to a specific site beside the lac promoter, this make it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, therefore increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. In high glucose concentration, cAMP concentration decrease, and the CRP disengage from the lac operon. The lac operon is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and some other enteric bacteria. ...

Role of cAMP in Dictyostelium discoideum

The chemotactic movements of the cells are organized by periodic waves of cAMP that propagate through the cell. The waves are the result of a regulated production and secretion of extracellular cAMP and a spontaneous biological oscillator that initiates the waves at centers of territories. Chemotaxis is a kind of taxis, in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. ...

Role of cAMP in human carcinoma

Some research has suggested that a deregulation of cAMP pathways and an aberrant activation of cAMP-controlled genes is linked to the growth of some cancers.

American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-responsive Genes and Tumor Progression)

American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-binding Proteins' Presence in Tumors)

External links

See also

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger derived from GTP. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). ...

Categories: Nucleotides | Signal transduction Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine ... Adenine is one of the two purine nucleobases used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. ... For the similarly-spelled vitamin compound, see Thiamine Thymine, also known as 5-methyluracil, is a pyrimidine nucleobase. ... Uracil is a pyrimidine which is common and naturally occuring. ... Guanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA; the others being adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. ... Cytosine is one of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at... Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. ... Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring [1]. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine. ... Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase (often reffered to simply as bases) to a ribose ring. ... The chemical structure of adenosine Adenosine is a nucleoside comprised of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a Î²-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Uridine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when uracil is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. ... The chemical structure of Guanosine Guanosine is a nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a Î²-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Cytidine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. ... The chemical structure of adenosine Adenosine is a nucleoside formed when adenine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. ... The chemical structure of deoxythymidine Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. ... Guanosine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when guanine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Cytidine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. ... A nucleotide is a chemical compound that consists of a heterocyclic base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. ... Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ... Uridine monophosphate, also known as 5-uridylic acid and abbreviated UMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside uridine. ... Guanosine monophosphate, also known as 5-guanidylic acid and abbreviated GMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. ... Cytidine monophosphate, also known as 5-cytidylic acid and abbreviated CMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside cytidine. ... Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ... Uridine diphosphate, abbreviated UDP, is a nucleotide. ... Cytidine diphosphate, abbreviated CDP, is a nucleotide. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP), discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann,[1] is a multifunctional nucleotide primarily known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide primarily known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is also known as guanosine-5-triphosphate. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide primarily known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Cyclic ADP Ribose popularly known as cADPR is a cyclic adenine nucleotide (like cAMP) with two phosphate gruops present on 5 OH of the adenosine (like ADP), further connected to another ribose at the 5 position which in turn closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the Nitrogen1 of the... Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger derived from GTP. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). ... A nucleotide is a monomer or the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA. A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucleobase, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate or polyphosphate group. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Thymidine monophosphate, also known as 5-thymidylic acid and abbreviated TMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine. ... Deoxyguanosine monophosphate is a derivative of the common nucleic acid GTP, or guanosine triphosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). ... Cytidine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. ... Deoxyadenosine diphosphate is a derivative of the common nucleic acid ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). ... Thymidine diphosphate, abbreviated TDP, is a nucleotide. ... Deoxyguanosine diphosphate is a derivative of the common nucleic acid GTP, or guanosine triphosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Deoxy adenosine triphosphate produces energy within the cells and is the basis for normal functioning of all body systems and organs. ... 3D-Model of thymidine triphosphate Thymidine triphosphate or TTP is one of the four nucleoside triphosphates that make up DNA. It can be used by DNA ligase to create overlapping sticky ends so that protruding ends of opened microbial plasmids maybe closed up. ... The chemical structure of dGTP Deoxyguanosine triphosphate, normally shortened to dGTP has a chemical structure of Na4 â€¢ 3 H2O and a molecular weight of 649. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers. ... Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers. ... The life cycle of an mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. ... Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA chain (74-93 nucleotides) that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ... A short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn that can be used in gene expression silence. ... Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA, are a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long RNA molecules that interfere with the expression of genes. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ... A locked nucleic acid (LNA) is a modified RNA nucleotide. ... For other uses, see DNA (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see DNA (disambiguation). ... // Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. ... In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a mature mRNA template. ... Figure 1: Schematic drawing of a bacterium with plasmids enclosed. ... A cosmid is a type of plasmid (often used as a cloning vector) constructed by the insertion of cos sequences, DNA-Sequences of the Phage Lambda Virus. ... A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. ... A yeast artificial chromosome (short YAC) is a vector used to clone large DNA fragments (larger than 100 kb and up to 3000 kb). ... A human artificial chromosome (short HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. ... Schematic diagram of a double-stranded nucleic acid. ... GNA is glycol nucleic acid, a chemical similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone. ... PNA is peptide nucleic acid, a chemical similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone. ... TNA is threose nucleic acid, a chemical similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone. ... Morpholino oligos are an antisense technology used to block access of other molecules to specific sequences within nucleic acid molecules. ...

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