 Cytochrome c with heme c.
 Cytochrome c, heme shown in red. Cytochrome c, or cyt c (horse heart: PDB 1HRC) is a small heme protein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. It is a soluble protein, unlike other cytochromes, and is an essential component of the electron transfer chain. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction, but does not bind oxygen. It transfers electrons between Complexes III and IV. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1600 × 1600 pixel, file size: 591 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cytochrome Cytochrome c ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1600 × 1600 pixel, file size: 591 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cytochrome Cytochrome c ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1600 × 1600 pixel, file size: 591 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cytochrome Cytochrome c ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1600 × 1600 pixel, file size: 591 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cytochrome Cytochrome c ...
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for 3-D structural data of proteins and nucleic acids. ...
Structure of Heme b A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. ...
A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
Electron micrograph of a mitochondrion showing its mitochondrial matrix and membranes In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) (from Greek μιτος or mitos, thread + χονδÏιον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells. ...
Cytochromes are generally membrane-bound proteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport or catalyse reductive/oxidative reactions. ...
The electron transfer chain (also called the electron transport chain, ETC, e-train, or simply electron transport), is any series of protein complexes and lipid-soluble messengers that convert the reductive potential of energized electrons into a cross-membrane proton gradient. ...
The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ...
Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ...
CoQ Cytochrome c reductase The Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase complex, sometimes called the cytochrome bc1 complex, and at other times Complex III, is the third complex in the electron transfer chain (PDB 1KYO, EC 1. ...
Cytochrome c oxidase The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (PDB 2OCC, EC 1. ...
Variation Cytochrome c is a highly conserved protein across the spectrum of species, found in plants, animals, and many unicellular organisms. This, along with its small size (molecular weight about 12,000 daltons), makes it useful in studies of evolutionary divergence. Its primary structure consists of a chain of 100 amino acids. The unified atomic mass unit (u), or dalton (Da), is a small unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. ...
It has been suggested that Clade be merged into this article or section. ...
Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ...
The cytochrome c molecule has been studied for the glimpse it gives into evolutionary biology. Both chickens and turkeys have the identical molecule (amino acid for amino acid) within their mitochondria, whereas ducks possess molecules differing by one amino acid. Similarly, both humans and chimpanzees have the identical molecule, while rhesus monkeys possess cytochromes differing by one amino acid. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Aythyinae Merginae Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. ...
Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) in the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...
Type species Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 distribution of Species Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Chimpanzee, often shortened to chimp, is the common name for the two extant species in the genus Pan. ...
Binomial name Macaca mulatta Zimmermann, 1780 The Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), often called the Rhesus Monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys. ...
Functions Cytochrome c can catalyze several reactions such as hydroxylation and aromatic oxidation, and shows peroxidase activity by oxidation of various electron donors such as 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2-keto-4-thiomethyl butyric acid and 4-aminoantipyrine. Hydroxylation is any chemical process that introduces one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) into a compound (or radical) thereby oxidising it. ...
In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ...
The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ...
Glutathione Peroxidase 1 A peroxidase (eg. ...
In biochemistry, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) or ABTS is chemical compound used to observe the reaction kinetics of specific enzymes. ...
Role in low level laser therapy Cytochrome c is also suspected to be the functional complex in so called LLLT: Low level laser therapy. In LLLT laser light on the wavelength of 670 nanometer penetrates wounded and scarred tissue in order to increase cellular regeneration. Light of this wavelength appears capable of increasing activity of cytochrome c, thus increasing metabolic activity and freeing up more energy for the cells to repair the tissue. Photobiomodulation, also known as low level laser therapy (LLLT), cold laser therapy, and laser biostimulation, is a controversial medical and veterinary technique in which exposure to low-level laser light is claimed to enhance tissue growth and have other beneficial effects. ...
Role in apoptosis Cytochrome c is also an intermediate in apoptosis, a controlled form of cell death used to kill cells in the process of development or in response to infection or DNA damage. Cytochrome c was identified in 1996 by Xiaodong Wang and coworkers as a critical protein in the apoptotic pathway. [1] A cell undergoing apoptosis. ...
Cytochrome c is released by the mitochondria in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli. The sustained elevation in calcium levels precedes cyt c release from the mitochondria. The release of small amounts of cyt c leads to an interaction with the IP3 receptor (IP3R) on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing ER calcium release. The overall increase in calcium triggers a massive release of cyt c, which then acts in the positive feedback loop to maintain ER calcium release through the IP3Rs. This explains how the ER calcium release can reach cytotoxic levels. This release in turn activates caspase 9, a cysteine protease. Caspase 9 can then go on to activate caspases 3 and 7, which are responsible for destroying the cell from within. General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 40. ...
Inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as Ca2+ channel activated by inositol triphosphate (IP3). ...
The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that is an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae that is responsible for several specialized functions: Protein translation, folding, and transport of proteins to be used in the cell membrane (e. ...
Caspases are a group of cysteine proteases, enzymes with a crucial cysteine residue that can cleave other proteins after an aspartic acid residue, a specificity which is unusual among proteases. ...
Proteases (proteinases, peptidases, or proteolytic enzymes) are enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. ...
References - ^ Liu X, Kim C, Yang J, Jemmerson R, Wang X (1996). "Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: requirement for dATP and cytochrome c". Cell 86 (1): 147-57. PMID 8689682.
Additional images ETC Image File history File links ETC.png‎ A diagram of an ETC gun. ...
| ETC Image File history File links Download high resolution version (990x763, 161 KB) Summary This is the png made of the file Etc2. ...
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See also Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene oxide are polymers of ethylene oxide. ...
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