NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cytosine

Cytosine is one of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... Download high resolution version (1014x1357, 5 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine ... For a non-technical introduction to the topic, please see Introduction to genetics. ... A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring [1]. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine. ... Heterocyclic compounds are substances which contain a ring structure as found in benzene and the aromatic compounds, or aromatic hydrocarbons, but in which other atoms than carbon, such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen are found as part of the ring. ... An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. ... The general structure of an amine Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ... Ketone group A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ... Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase (often reffered to simply as bases) to a ribose ring. ... Cytidine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. ... Guanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA; the others being adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. ...

History

Cytosine was first discovered in 1894 when it was isolated from calf thymus tissues. A structure was proposed in 1903, and was synthesized (and thus confirmed) in the laboratory in the same year. Thymus, see Thyme. ...

Cytosine recently found use in quantum computation. The first time any quantum mechanical properties were harnessed to process information took place on August 1st in 1998 when researchers at Oxford implemented David Deutsch's algorithm on a two qubit NMRQC (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum Computer) based on the cytosine molecule. Molecule of alanine used in NMR implementation of error correction. ... In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is an indivisible entity of energy. ... The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... David Deutsch (born 1953) is a physicist at Oxford University. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it more accessible, this article needs a better explanation of technical details or more context regarding applications or importance to make it more accessible to a general audience, or at least to technical readers outside this specialty. ... Pacific Northwest National Laboratorys high magnetic field (800 MHz, 18. ... In science, a molecule is a group of atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds. ...

Chemical reactions

Cytosine can be found as part of DNA, RNA, or as a part of a nucleotide. As cytidine triphosphate (CTP), it can act as a co-factor to enzymes, and can transfer a phosphate to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). A nucleotide is a chemical compound that consists of a heterocyclic base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide primarily known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ...

In DNA and RNA, cytosine is paired with guanine. However, it is inherently unstable, and can change into uracil (spontaneous deamination). This can lead to a point mutation if not repaired by the DNA repair enzymes such as uracil glycosylase, which cleaves a uracil in DNA. Guanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA; the others being adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. ... Uracil is a pyrimidine which is common and naturally occurring. ... Deamination is the removal of an amine group from a molecule. ... A point mutation, or substitution, is a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide. ... DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomes DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ...

Cytosine can also be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase. Methylation refers to the replacement of a hydrogen atom (H) with a methyl group (CH3), regardless of the substrate. ... 5-methylcytosine is the methylated form of cytosine. ... DNA methyltransferase is an enzyme whose function is to catalyze the transfer of methyl groups between molecules, in this case, DNA. There are two main types of methyltransferases, de novo and maintenance. ...

External links

PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ... PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ... The EINECS number (for European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) is a registry number given to each chemical substance commercially available in the European Union between 1 January 1971 and 18 September 1981. ...

Categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2007 | All articles lacking sources | Pyrimidines Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... Peptides (from the Greek Ï€ÎµÏ€Ï„Î¿Ï‚, digestible), are the family of short molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various Î±-amino acids. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... A polyunsaturated triglyceride. ... Many terpenes are derived from conifer resins, here a pine. ... The orange ring surrounding Grand Prismatic Spring is due to carotenoid molecules, produced by huge mats of algae and bacteria. ... Polypyrrole A Polypyrrole (PPy) is a chemical compound formed from a number of connected pyrrole ring structures. ... A cofactor is any substance that needs to be present in addition to an enzyme to catalyze a certain reaction. ... Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... Molecular structure of flavone The term flavonoid refers to a class of plant secondary metabolites based around a phenylbenzopyrone structure. ... Diagram of Ephedrine An alkaloid, strictly speaking, is a naturally-occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ... Polyketides are secondary metabolites from bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. ... A glycoside is a molecule where a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to a nonsugar group by either an oxygen or a nitrogen atom. ... A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. ... Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For the similarly-spelled vitamin compound, see Thiamine Thymine, also known as 5-methyluracil, is a pyrimidine nucleobase. ... Uracil is a pyrimidine which is common and naturally occurring. ... Guanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA; the others being adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. ... Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. ... Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring [1]. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine. ... Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase (often reffered to simply as bases) to a ribose ring. ... Adenosine is a nucleoside comprised of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a Î²-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Uridine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when uracil is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. ... The chemical structure of Guanosine Guanosine is a nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a Î²-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Cytidine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. ... The chemical structure of adenosine Adenosine is a nucleoside formed when adenine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. ... The chemical structure of deoxythymidine Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. ... Guanosine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when guanine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Cytidine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. ... A nucleotide is a chemical compound that consists of a heterocyclic base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. ... Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ... Uridine monophosphate, also known as 5-uridylic acid and abbreviated UMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside uridine. ... Guanosine monophosphate, also known as 5-guanidylic acid and abbreviated GMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. ... Cytidine monophosphate, also known as 5-cytidylic acid and abbreviated CMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside cytidine. ... Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ... Uridine diphosphate, abbreviated UDP, is a nucleotide. ... Cytidine diphosphate, abbreviated CDP, is a nucleotide. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide primarily known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is also known as guanosine-5-triphosphate. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide primarily known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Structure of cAMP cAMP represented in three ways, the left with sticks-representation, the middle with structure formula, and the right with space filled representation. ... Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger derived from GTP. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). ... Cyclic ADP Ribose popularly known as cADPR is a cyclic adenine nucleotide (like cAMP) with two phosphate gruops present on 5 OH of the adenosine (like ADP), further connected to another ribose at the 5 position which in turn closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the Nitrogen1 of the... A nucleotide is a monomer or the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA. A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucleobase, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate or polyphosphate group. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Thymidine monophosphate, also known as 5-thymidylic acid and abbreviated TMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine. ... Deoxyguanosine monophosphate is a derivative of the common nucleic acid GTP, or guanosine triphosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). ... Deoxyadenosine diphosphate is a derivative of the common nucleic acid ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). ... Thymidine diphosphate, abbreviated TDP, is a nucleotide. ... Deoxyguanosine diphosphate is a derivative of the common nucleic acid GTP, or guanosine triphosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been removed (hence the deoxy- part of the name). ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Deoxy adenosine triphosphate produces energy within the cells and is the basis for normal functioning of all body systems and organs. ... 3D-Model of thymidine triphosphate Thymidine triphosphate or TTP is one of the four nucleoside triphosphates that make up DNA. It can be used by DNA ligase to create overlapping sticky ends so that protruding ends of opened microbial plasmids maybe closed up. ... The chemical structure of dGTP Deoxyguanosine triphosphate, normally shortened to dGTP has a chemical structure of Na4 â€¢ 3 H2O and a molecular weight of 649. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The life cycle of an mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. ... Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is a class of small RNA molecules that is expressed uniquely in mammalian testes and forms RNA-protein complexes with Piwi proteins. ... It has been suggested that Queuine be merged into this article or section. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. ... A short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn that can be used in gene expression silence. ... Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA, are a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long RNA molecules that interfere with the expression of genes. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ... A locked nucleic acid (LNA) is a modified RNA nucleotide. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms. ... // Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. ... In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a mature mRNA template. ... Figure 1: Schematic drawing of a bacterium with plasmids enclosed. ... A cosmid is a type of plasmid (often used as a cloning vector) constructed by the insertion of cos sequences, DNA-Sequences of the Phage Lambda Virus. ... A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. ... A yeast artificial chromosome (short YAC) is a vector used to clone large DNA fragments (larger than 100 kb and up to 3000 kb). ... A human artificial chromosome (short HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. ... A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. ... GNA is glycol nucleic acid, a chemical similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone. ... PNA is peptide nucleic acid, a chemical similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone. ... TNA is threose nucleic acid, a chemical similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone. ... Morpholino oligos are an antisense technology used to block access of other molecules to specific sequences within nucleic acid molecules. ...

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Chemical reactions

External links

History