Česká a Slovenská Federativní/Federatívna Republika Czech and Slovak Federal Republic ← 1990 – 1993 → → Flag Coat of arms Motto Czech/Slovak: Pravda vítězí/víťazí Latin: Veritas Vincit ("Truth prevails"; 1990-1992) Anthem Kde domov můj and Nad Tatrou sa blýska Capital Prague 50°05′N, 14°28′E Language(s) Czech, Slovak Government Republic President  - 1989-1992 Václav Havel Prime Minister  - 1992 Jan Stráský History  - post-Velvet Revolution constitution change April 23, 1990  - dissolution of Czechoslovakia December 31, 1993 Area  - 1992 127,900 km2 49,382 sq mi Population  - 1992 est. 15,600,000       Density 122 /km²  (315.9 /sq mi) Currency Czechoslovak koruna

Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (Czech/Slovak: Česká a Slovenská Federativní/Federatívna Republika, ČSFR) was the official name of Czechoslovakia from April 1990 until December 31, 1992, when the country was dissolved into Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (ÄŒeskoslovenská socialistická republika (ÄŒSSR) in Czech and Slovak) was the official name of Czechoslovakia from 1960 until April 1990. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Czechoslovakia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. ... Motto (Czech) Truth prevails Anthem Czech Republic() – on the European continent() – in the European Union() [] Capital (and largest city) Prague Official languages Czech (de facto)1 Government Republic  -  President Václav Klaus  -  Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek Independence (formed 9th century)   -  October 28, 1918   -  January 1, 1993  Accession to the... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovakia. ... Anthem Nad Tatrou sa blýska Lightning over the Tatras Slovakia() – on the European continent() – in the European Union() [] Capital (and largest city) Bratislava Official languages Slovak Government Parliamentary republic  -  President Ivan GaÅ¡parovič  -  Prime Minister Robert Fico Independence due to dissolution of Czechoslovakia   -  Date January 1, 19931  Accession to... Image File history File links Flag_of_Czechoslovakia. ... Image File history File links CoA_CSFRc. ... Categories: Czech Republic | National flags | Stub ... The large CoA (1918-1961) Several Coat of arms were used during Czechoslovakias history, some alongside each other. ... A motto (from Italian) is a phrase or a short list of words meant formally to describe the general motivation or intention of an entity, social group, or organization. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Å kroup‘s score of Kde domov můj Kde domov můj? (Where is My Home?) is the national anthem of the Czech Republic. ... Nad Tatrou sa blýska is the national anthem of Slovakia. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... Nickname: Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: , Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Pavel Bém Area  - City 496 km²  (191. ... in particular, for the archaizing senses of republic, as a translation of politeia or res publica Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose... This is a list of presidents of Czechoslovakia. ... Václav Havel, GCB, CC, (IPA: ) (born October 5, 1936 in Prague) is a Czech writer and dramatist. ... List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia: Karel Kramář: 14 November 1918 - 8 July 1919 Vlastimil Tusar: 8 July 1919 - 15 September 1920 Jan ÄŒerný: 15 September 1920 - 26 September 1921 Edvard BeneÅ¡: 26 September 1921 - 7 October 1922 Antonín Å vehla: 7 October 1922 - 18 March 1926 Jan ÄŒerný: 18... Jan Stráský Jan Stráský (24 December 1940, Plzeň) is a Czech politician. ... Non-violent protesters face armoured policemen The Velvet Revolution (Czech: , Slovak: ) (November 16 – December 29, 1989) refers to a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia is a general term for the dissolution of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, effective January 1, 1993. ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... ISO 4217 Code CSK User(s) Czech Republic Slovakia Inflation 57. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ...

Adoption of the name

After the Velvet Revolution discussions started on how to change the communist name of the state, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Československá socialistická republika, ČSSR). Non-violent protesters face armoured policemen The Velvet Revolution (Czech: , Slovak: ) (November 16 – December 29, 1989) refers to a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there. ... Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (ÄŒeskoslovenská socialistická republika (ÄŒSSR) in Czech and Slovak) was the official name of Czechoslovakia from 1960 until April 1990. ...

While a return to the pre-1960 form Československá republika (Czechoslovak Republic) seemed obvious, Slovak politicians objected that the traditional name subsumed Slovakia's equal stature too much. The first compromise was Constitutional Law 81/1990, which acknowledged the state's nature explicitly as Československá federativní republika (Czechoslovak Federal Republic) in Czech and was passed on 29 March 1990 (coming into force on the same day) only after an agreement on the Slovak form as Česko-slovenská federatívna republika, to be explicitly codified by a future law on state symbols. This was met with general disapproval and another round of haggling, dubbed "the hyphen war" (pomlčková válka / vojna) after Slovaks' wish to insert a hyphen into the name á la Czecho-Slovakia, refused by aggrieved Czechs as too reminiscent of such practice during the "Second Republic" mutilated by the Munich Agreement and slipping toward fascism and final dismemberment. The resultant compromise after much behind-the-scenes negotiation was the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (Constitutional Law 101/1990, passed on 20 April and in force since its declaration on 23 April; unlike the previous one, it also explicitly listed both Czech and Slovak version and stated they were equal). The Hyphen War (in Czech Pomlčková válka, in Slovak Pomlčková vojna — literally Dash War) was the tongue-in-cheek name given to the conflict over what to call Czechoslovakia after the fall of Communism. ... A hyphen ( -, or ‐ ) is a punctuation mark. ... Czecho-Slovakia (in Czech and in Slovak ÄŒesko-Slovensko) was the official short name of the country of Czechoslovakia used instead of the form Czechoslovakia: until 1920 (according to some sources until 1923) then again from late 1938 to early 1939 finally again from April 1990 to the Velvet Divorce... For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy Chamberlain holds the paper containing the resolution to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from Germany in September 1938. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Note that the name breaks the rules of Czech and Slovak orthography which does not use capitalization for proper names' second and further words (see above), nor adjectives derived from them. Thus the correct form would be "Česká a slovenská federat... republika" but Slovaks, having got a word of their own, refused to be deprived of a majuscule, while "Česká a Slovenská f. r." would imply a conjunction of two national republics, each having "federal" in its name; English-style capitalization of every word was adopted to hide this. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ... Capitalization (or capitalisation) is writing a word with its first letter as a majuscule (upper case letter) and the remaining letters in minuscules (lower case letters), in those writing systems which have a case distinction. ...

Few people were happy with the name, however it came into use quickly. Czecho-Slovak tensions, of which this was an early sign, soon became manifest in matters of greater immediate importance which made the country's name a comparatively minor issue and at the same time even more impossible to change, so it stayed until the final dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia is a general term for the dissolution of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, effective January 1, 1993. ...

See also

• History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)

// Main article: Velvet Revolution Although in March 1987 Gustáv Husák nominally committed Czechoslovakia to follow the program of perestroika, he nevertheless cautioned the party in October 1987 not to hasten solutions too quickly so as to minimize the risks that could occur. ...

External link

• Transcription of Federal Assembly proceeding when adopting 81/1990 (in Czech and Slovak)