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Daylight saving time (DST), often referred to as daylight 'savings' time, is a widely used system of adjusting the official local time forward, usually one hour, from its official standard time for the duration of the spring and summer months. This is intended to provide a better match between the hours of daylight and the active hours of work and school. The "saved" daylight is spent on evening activities which get more daylight, rather than being "wasted" while people sleep past dawn. Universal Time (UT) is a timescale based on the rotation of the Earth. ...
DST is most commonly used in temperate regions, due to the considerable variation in the amount of daylight versus darkness across the seasons in those regions. Italic text For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology). ...
Governments often tout it as an energy conservation measure, on the grounds that it allows more effective use of natural sunlight resource in summer time. (People go to bed and wake up earlier, which reduces use of electric lights.) Some opponents reject this argument (see below, Criticism). For the physical concepts, see conservation of energy and energy efficiency. ...
Daylight saving time (DST), often referred to as daylight savings time, is a widely used system of adjusting the official local time forward, usually one hour, from its official standard time for the duration of the spring and summer months. ...
Europeans commonly refer to the system as summer time: Irish Summer Time, British Summer Time, and European Summer Time. This is reflected in the time zones names as well, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST). British Summer Time (BST), known in Ireland as Irish Summer Time (IST), is the daylight saving time in effect in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland between the last Sunday in March and the last Sunday in October each year. ...
British Summer Time (BST), known in Ireland as Irish Summer Time (IST), is the daylight saving time in effect in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland between the last Sunday in March and the last Sunday in October each year. ...
European Summer Time is the daylight saving time practised in Europe, the period during which clocks are advanced by one hour in relation to the official time observed during the rest of the year. ...
Central European Time (CET) is one of the names of UTC+1 time zone, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ...
Central European Summer Time (CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ...
Origin
It is sometimes asserted that DST was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the editors of the Journal of Paris. Read the full text. However, the article was humorous; Franklin was not proposing DST, but rather that people should get up and go to bed earlier. Benjamin Franklin by Jean-Baptiste Greuze 1777 Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most prominent of the Founders and early political figures and statesmen of the United States. ...
It was first seriously proposed by William Willett in the "Waste of Daylight", published in 1907, but he was unable to get the British government to adopt it despite considerable lobbying. William Willett (August 10, 1856 - March 4, 1915) is the inventor of Daylight saving time. ...
The Houses of Parliament, seen over Westminster Bridge The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ...
Lobbying is the practice of private advocacy with the goal of influencing a governing body by promoting a point of view that is conducive to an individuals or organizations goals. ...
The idea of daylight saving time was first put into practice by the German government during the First World War between April 30 and October 1, 1916. Shortly afterward, the United Kingdom followed suit, first adopting DST between May 21 and October 1, 1916. Then on March 19, 1918, the U.S. Congress established several time zones (which were already in use by railroads and most cities since 1883) and made daylight saving time official (which went into effect on March 31) for the remainder of World War I. It was observed for seven months in 1918 and 1919. The law, however, proved so unpopular (mostly because people rose and went to bed earlier than in current times) that the law was later repealed. Combatants Allies: • Serbia, • Russia, • France, • Romania, • Belgium, • British Empire and Dominions, • United States, • Italy, • ...and others Central Powers: • Germany, • Austria-Hungary, • Ottoman Empire, • Bulgaria Casualties Military dead: 5 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 8 million Full list Military dead: 3 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 6 million Full...
April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ...
October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 - The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ...
May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ...
October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 - The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ...
March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
Congress in Joint Session. ...
See also List of time zones Time zones are areas of the Earth that have adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ...
March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining. ...
Observation of DST Daylight saving time is generally a temperate zone practice; day lengths in the tropics do not vary enough to justify DST. Hawaii, the only U.S. state in the tropics, does not observe DST. The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ...
Official language(s) Hawaiian and English Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 43rd 28,337 km² n/a km 2,450 km 41. ...
The amount of the time shift varies, but one hour is the most common. The dates of the beginning and ending of DST also vary by country. With a few exceptions, switchovers between standard time and daylight saving time generally occur in the early morning hours of a Sunday morning, presumably because doing so then causes less disruption than a change on a weekday would.
DST commonly begins in the northern hemisphere on either the first Sunday in April or the last Sunday in March, and ends on the last Sunday in October. However, beginning in 2007, the United States will begin observing DST on the second Sunday of March until the first Sunday in November, but if no energy savings can be shown from the extension after the U.S. Department of Energy completes a study of impact of the change, Congress may revert back to the schedule set in 1986 under Section 110 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Since 2002, the European Union has fixed the last Sunday in March and the last Sunday in October as start and end dates (European Summer Time). The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ...
It has been suggested that Energy Policy Act of 2005 Vote be merged into this article or section. ...
In the southern hemisphere, the beginning and ending dates are switched; therefore, the time difference between the United Kingdom and Chile may be three, four, or five hours, depending on the time of year.
Usage and history by location
Africa
Egypt Egypt operates Daylight-Saving Time between the last Friday in April and the last Thursday in September when the clocks are 3 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+3). Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time Eastern African Time Category: ...
Namibia Namibia Daylight Saving Time begins on the first Sunday in September, and ends on first Sunday in April.
Asia
China The People's Republic of China experimented with DST from 1986, but abandoned it in the 1990s. The PRC now uses one universal time zone for all of the nation from Urumqi in the northwest to Fujian in the southeast; the size of the nation was a major factor why DST was not considered practical in China. Ürümqi (Uyghur: ئۈرۈمچى; Uyghur Latin script: Ürümqi; Chinese: 烏魯木齊; Pinyin: Wūlǔmùqí; population about 1. ...
Fujian (Chinese: ç¦å»º; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal System Pinyin: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kià n) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of China. ...
India India used DST briefly during its wars with Pakistan and China.
Iran As of 2006, Iran does not observe DST [1]. In previous years, DST in Iran started on the first day of Farvardin (21-22 March) and ended on the first day of Mehr (23-24 September), in the Iranian calendar. The Iranian calendar (also known as Persian calendar or the Jalaali Calendar) is a solar calendar currently used in Iran and Afghanistan. ...
Israel Israel observes DST starting on the last Friday before April 2 and ending on the Saturday (2AM Sunday) between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Until 2005, the schedule was variable – the only requirement was that there be at least 150 days per year of DST – and was set out each year by the Ministry of the Interior. [2]
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan voted to stop observing it since 2005.
Pakistan Pakistan experimented with DST in 2002 going from +5:00 to +6:00. It has not used DST since then.
Australasia
Australia In Australia, daylight saving time is a state/territory-based initiative. Some states/territories implement it and some do not.
New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and South Australia apply daylight saving time. Tasmania starts DST earlier than the others, usually near the beginning of October. Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: Peace and Prosperity Nickname: Garden State, The Place To Be Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Nickname: The Apple Isle Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: Pro Rege, Lege et Grege (For the Queen, the Law and the People) Nickname: (none) Other Australian states and territories Capital Canberra Government Administrator Chief Minister Const. ...
Motto: United for the Common Wealth Nickname: Festival State Other Australian states and territories Capital Adelaide Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Nickname: The Apple Isle Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland do not have daylight saving. Queensland experimented with it for a year or two in the early 1970s, and again in the 1990s, but it was not popular and was abandoned. Motto: Cygnis Insignis (Distinguished by its swans) Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: None Nickname: ? Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Administrator Chief Minister Const. ...
Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Nickname: Sunshine State/Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Governor Premier Const. ...
See the Australian time zones article or this site for maps and further information on standard and daylight saving time in Australia. In Australia, the keeping of standard time is divided into three time zones: Australian Eastern Standard Time, Australian Central Standard Time and Australian Western Standard Time. ...
New Zealand - Main article: Time in New Zealand
In New Zealand, daylight saving time begins at 2am (standard time) on the first Sunday in October each year, and ends at 2am (standard time) on the third Sunday of March. On November 2, 1868, New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed nationally, and was perhaps the first country to do so. ...
Europe All countries in Europe but Iceland observe daylight-saving time and change on the same date and time: moving clocks forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and back one hour on the last Sunday in October. In the West European (UTC), Central European (CET, UTC+1), and East European (UTC+2) time zones the change is simultaneous: on both dates the clocks are changed everywhere at 01:00 UTC, i.e. from local times of 01:00/02:00/03:00 to 02:00/03:00/04:00 in March, and vice versa in October[1]. (See also: European Summer Time). World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ...
European Summer Time is the daylight saving time practised in Europe, the period during which clocks are advanced by one hour in relation to the official time observed during the rest of the year. ...
In Russia, however, although the changeover dates are the same, clocks are moved forward or back at 02:00 winter time in all zones. Thus in Moscow (local time = UTC+3 in winter, UTC+4 in summer), daylight-saving time commences at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ends at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October.
Iceland With Iceland observing UTC all year round, despite being at a longitude which would indicate UTC-1, the country may be said to be on continuous DST. Polar or near-polar locations such as Iceland often opt out, as summer in these locations usually brings nearly uninterrupted daylight.
North America North America generally follows the same procedure, going by local time in each zone, each time zone switching at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April*, and again from 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October*. World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...
* In 2007, the starting and ending dates for DST will change in the United States and parts of Canada (see below).
The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador is an exception in that the time changes take place at 00:01 local standard time and 00:01 local daylight time respectively. Also, in 1988, they experimented with Double Daylight Time, when the clocks went ahead by two hours, instead of the usual one hour. Manitoba begins DST at 02:00, but switches back to standard time in October at 03:00. Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Latin: Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Official languages None Capital St. ...
Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Official languages English (some French services are provided, but French does not have official status at the provincial level) Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 14 6 Area Total...
Canada In Canada, time is under provincial and territorial jurisdiction, not federal. The governments of British Columbia, Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Alberta have pledged to change their daylight saving rules to match the new U.S. rules. In 2007, their DST will start on the second Sunday of March, and return to standard time on the first Sunday in November. The remaining provinces and territories will continue to change time on the first Sunday of April and last Sunday of October unless they change their legislation. Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Official languages none stated in law; English is de facto Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 36 6 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 5th 944,735...
Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English (French has some legal status) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 106 24 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked...
Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Official languages English (some French services are provided, but French does not have official status at the provincial level) Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 14 6 Area Total...
Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 1st 1,542,056 km² 1,183,128 km² 176,928...
Motto: Parva Sub Ingenti (Latin: The small under the protection of the great) Official languages None Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Lieutenant-Governor J. Léonce Bernard Premier Pat Binns (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 4 4 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 13th 5,660 km...
Motto: Spem reduxit (Hope restored) Official languages English, French Capital Fredericton Largest city Saint John Lieutenant-Governor Herménégilde Chiasson Premier Bernard Lord (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 10 10 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 11th 72 908 km² 71 450 km² 1 458 km...
Motto: Fortis et Liber (Latin: Strong and free) Official languages English Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong Premier Ralph Klein (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 28 6 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 6th (provinces and territories) 661,848 km² 642,317 km² 19...
Saskatchewan The province of Saskatchewan is the largest part of the country that does not use DST, that is, it does not adjust clocks in spring and fall. Saskatchewan is bisected by the 105° West meridian, the central meridian of the Mountain Standard Time Zone (UTC-7), yet clocks are kept at UTC-6 all year long. (This policy was implemented when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in 1966, to solve the problems that arose when time zones varied from town to town.) Thus, in the summer months Saskatchewan is in sync with Mountain Daylight Time and in the winter months it is in sync with Central Standard Time. Observationally, this is equivalent to the province being on Mountain Daylight Time year-round, or Central Standard Time year-round. Officially the province is considered to be part of the Central time zone. The charter of the city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta boundary, gives it a special exception (among areas in Saskatchewan) to use DST. Lloydminster and its immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan use the same timekeeping routine used by Alberta, DST with Mountain Standard Time. Saskatchewan Government Relations gives further details on Saskatchewan's time policies. Local custom in Denare Beach and Creighton, SK, is to observe DST, thereby keeping the same time as nearby Manitoba communities. Motto: Multis E Gentibus Vires (Latin: From many peoples, strength) Official languages English (but legally required to provide some services in French) Capital Regina Largest city Saskatoon Lieutenant-Governor Lynda M. Haverstock Premier Lorne Calvert (NDP) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 14 6 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total...
Mountain Standard Time ...
Central Standard Time ...
Lloydminster is a Canadian city which has the unusual geographic distinction of straddling a provincial border. ...
Motto: Fortis et Liber (Latin: Strong and free) Official languages English Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong Premier Ralph Klein (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 28 6 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 6th (provinces and territories) 661,848 km² 642,317 km² 19...
MST is UTC-7 The Mountain Standard Time Zone (MST) is a geographic region that keeps time by subtracting seven hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), resulting in UTC-7. ...
Quebec The eastern reaches of Quebec's North Shore, east of 63° West longitude, are in the Atlantic Time Zone, but do not observe DST (see exception, below). The effect is that in summer, their clocks match those of the rest of the province, which observes Eastern Daylight Time. In October, their clocks are rejoined by their Atlantic Standard Time neighbors. Although places east of 63° West are officially on Atlantic Time, local custom is to use Eastern Time as far east as the Natashquan River. Those communities observe DST, including all of Anticosti Island, which is bisected by the 63rd meridian.
British Columbia Most of BC observes DST, but there is a large tract in east-central BC which does not, and it all falls in the Mountain Time Zone (most of BC is on Pacific Time). This includes Fort St. John, Charlie Lake, Taylor and Dawson Creek. Creston in the East Kootenays (southeastern BC) also keeps standard time year-round.
Nunavut Southampton Island is on Eastern Standard Time, and likes to keep it that way. So in summer, its clocks match those on Central Daylight Time. The folks up north in Eureka also ignore DST.
Ontario Secluded in the heart of northwestern Ontario, Pickle Lake and New Osnaburgh have no use for daylight saving time. To the south, Atikokan also ignores it, using Eastern Standard Time year-round, effectively adopting Central Daylight Time in summer.
Cuba Since April 2004, Cuba has remained on DST. Cuba will end DST on October 29, 2006 and begin DST again on March 2007.
Mexico Mexico has adopted DST nationwide, even in its tropical regions, because of its increasing economic ties to the United States. The Mexican state of Sonora does not observe DST because it borders on the U.S. state of Arizona, which also does not observe DST. Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ...
United States Through the end of 2006, the United States starts its DST on the first Sunday in April (April 2, 2006), and changes back to standard time on the last Sunday in October. Beginning in 2007, it will start DST on the second Sunday in March, and change back to standard time on the first Sunday in November. Under Section 110 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the U.S. Department of Energy is required to study the impact of the daylight saving extension no later than nine months after the change takes effect. Congress has retained the right to revert back to the daylight saving schedule set in 1986 if it cannot be shown that there are significant energy savings from an extension of daylight saving time. The first Sunday in April falls on April 2, 2006 this year. ...
April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ...
It has been suggested that Energy Policy Act of 2005 Vote be merged into this article or section. ...
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ...
Daylight saving time was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve resources. This remained in effect until World War II began winding down and the requirement was removed on September 30, 1945. During this period, the official designation "War Time" was used for the year-round DST. February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
This article is about the year. ...
Combatants Allies: • Poland, • UK & Commonwealth, • France, • Soviet Union, • United States, • China, ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Italy, • Japan, ...and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total: 50 million Full list Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total: 12 million Full list World War II, also...
September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 92 days remaining. ...
1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...
From 1945 to 1966, U.S. federal law did not address daylight saving time. States and localities were free to observe daylight saving time or not, but the predominant national pattern was that the states and localities that did observe daylight saving time did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September. In the mid-1950s, many states and localities in the northeastern United States began extending daylight saving time to the last Sunday in October. The absence of federal standardization resulted in a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset one's clock several times during a relatively short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles). Moundsville is a city located in Marshall County, West Virginia. ...
Steubenville is a city located in Jefferson County, Ohio, along the Ohio River. ...
The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act of 1966 mandated that daylight saving time begin nationwide on the last Sunday of April and end on the last Sunday of October, effective in 1967. Any state that wanted to be exempt from daylight saving time could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempt the entire state. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law which amended the starting date of daylight saving time to the first Sunday in April, to take effect the following year. In the United States, the Uniform Time Act is a federal law, enacted in 1966, whose effect was to simplify the official pattern of where and when Daylight saving time (DST) is applied within the U.S. Previous to this law, each state worked out its own scheme for the...
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ...
In response to the 1973 energy crisis, daylight saving in the United States was begun earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. (Redirected from 1973 energy crisis) United States, drivers of vehicles with odd numbered license plates were allowed to purchase gasoline only on odd-numbered days of the month, while drivers with even-numbers were limited to even-numbered days. ...
January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
Starting March 11, 2007, daylight saving time will be extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. The change was introduced by the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even further from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be. (See this article, for example.) 11 March is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ...
2007 (MMVII) will be a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
It has been suggested that Energy Policy Act of 2005 Vote be merged into this article or section. ...
The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ...
The barrel is the name of several units of measurement. ...
Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold or Texas Tea, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ...
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ...
The extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children traveling to school in the dark before the late sunrise. In addition, the airline industry was especially concerned if daylight saving time was extended through to the last Sunday in November, as this is very often the Sunday after Thanksgiving. The Sunday after Thanksgiving is one of the busiest travel days at American airports, and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day.
If the original proposal to extend daylight saving time through the last Sunday in November had been adopted, the entire United States, with the exception of the states that exempted themselves, would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November.
An additional issue raised by this extension is that it may require the reconfiguration of some computers. Many computers are programmed to adjust automatically for DST, but do so based on static tables stored directly on the computer itself. In order to change the dates and times at which the automatic jump to or from DST occurs, these tables must be modified, or the user must manually specify that the computer's clock should operate in Daylight Saving Time mode. One potential issue related to this (though difficult to quantify) is the amount of labor and money that may be spent correcting errors that arise due to a failure to update computers. Certain types of information systems (those that schedule future events with reference to UTC, for example) may encounter problems arising from a lack of synchronization unless both computers and databases are carefully updated. UTC also stands for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Coordinated Universal Time or UTC, also sometimes referred to as Zulu time, the basis for civil time, differs by an integral number of seconds from atomic time and a fractional number of seconds from UT1. ...
Arizona Arizona does not observe DST. However, the large Navajo Indian Reservation, which extends from Arizona into two adjacent states, does. The Hopi Indian Reservation, surrounded by the Navajo reservation but entirely in Arizona, does not. This has effects including, among other things, added confusion when communicating with friends and relatives in other states, as well as altering of television schedules. While most cable television services are nation-wide and observe DST, stations local to Arizona do not shift, leading to a shift of show schedules relative to each other. Official language(s) None Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 6th 295,254 km² 500 km 645 km 0. ...
Navajo blanket Navajo Nation (Navajo: Naabeehó Dineé) is the name of a sovereign Native American nation established by the Diné. The Navajo Indian Reservation covers about 27,000 square miles (70,000 square kilometres) of land, occupying all of northeastern Arizona, and extending into Utah and New Mexico, and is...
Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl Part of a Hopi pueblo Hopi House near Grand Canyon, stereoptical view c. ...
The reasons are simple: Having everyone come home from work an hour earlier to turn on or turn down their apartment or home's central air conditioner would cost the state a prohibitively large amount of money. However, many homes on the reservations have only a swamp cooler, if even that. Note: in the broadest sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning. ...
Swamp coolers (also called evaporative coolers or Air coolers) are air conditioners used to cool buildings in dry climates. ...
Hawaii Hawaii does not observe DST.
Indiana DST has been a long-standing controversy in Indiana: not only is it a largely agricultural state, but it is also divided between the Eastern and Central time zones, and includes suburbs of cities in other states in both zones. Being out of sync with neighboring states and the national changing of clocks, supporters argued, had a negative economic impact on the state. Some supporters claimed that some businesses had located out-of-state due to time-related confusion. Opponents claimed that daylight saving time creates costs and inconvenience associated with changing clocks twice a year, and has little or no real value. Official language(s) English Capital Indianapolis Largest city Indianapolis Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 38th 94,321 km² 225 km 435 km 1. ...
From 1991 until April 1, 2006, the state has had three time-zone/DST situations: April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
- 77 counties — most of the state — were on Eastern Standard Time and did not use DST.
- 5 northwestern counties near Chicago, Illinois, and 5 southwestern counties near Evansville, Indiana, were on Central Time and did use DST.
- 2 counties near Cincinnati, Ohio, and 3 counties near Louisville, Kentucky, were on Eastern time and not allowed to observe DST under the Uniform Time Act, but nevertheless did observe DST unofficially in order to remain synchronized with Louisville and Cincinnati.
On April 29, 2005, the Indiana legislature voted to begin observing daylight saving time statewide in 2006. The bill[3] to observe DST also required the governor to request federal review of the time zone divisions in the state. As a result of the review, the United States Department of Transportation has moved eight more counties to the Central time zone, effective when DST begins on April 2, 2006. These are Starke and Pulaski Counties in the northwest; Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Pike in the southwest. Currently, Pulaski and Martin counties reconsidered their bid to join the Central time zone and decided to formally request to be in the Eastern time zone. Pulaski County Commissioners and County Council both voted unanimously on Monday, February 6, 2006, to declare "home rule" and stay on Eastern time if a federal agency did not grant an appeal to change the time-zone ruling; however, the county conceded on Monday, March 27, 2006, accepting Central time[4]. The Eastern Standard Time Zone is a geographic region that keeps time by subtracting five hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). ...
Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Official website: http://egov. ...
For other places named Evansville see Evansville (disambiguation). ...
Nickname: The Queen City Official website: http://www. ...
Nickname: Derby City, River City, Falls City Official website: http://www. ...
April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Established October 15, 1966 Activated April 1, 1967 Secretary Norman Mineta Deputy Secretary Maria Cino Budget $58 billion (2004 estimate) Employees 58,622 (2004 estimate) The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) is a Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with transport. ...
April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (87th in Leap years). ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This Indiana Time Zone Map (a 13 KB PDF file) shows a graphical overview of what counties are on Central and Eastern Time Zones in the State of Indiana. Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB PDF file) has some history, public comments from each county, the final DOT determination, and the resulting time zone boundary. See also What Time is it in Indiana?
South America
Chile Chile switches to DST at 24:00 (Midnight) on the second Saturday in October and reverts to Local Standard Time (LST) at 24:00 (Midnight) on the second Saturday the following March. The current law which affects the entire country was enacted in 1970, but it had observed the practice as early as 1927 when the country had been divided into two distinct time zones. In specific years the starting and ending dates have been modified for political or climatic reasons. Time zones are areas of the Earth that have adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ...
Brazil Brazil adopted DST for the first time in 1931, but uninterruptedly since 1985 in southern states (south, southeast regions and states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul). Starting and ending dates are variable: normally, Brazilian DST starts at 00:00 on an October (rarely November) Sunday and ends at 00:00 on a February Sunday. Flag of Goiás See other Brazilian States Capital Goiânia Largest City Goiânia Area 341 289 km² Population - Total - Density 4 848 725 14. ...
Flag of Mato Grosso do Sul See other Brazilian States Capital Campo Grande Largest City Campo Grande Area 358,158. ...
Rationales for DST One of the major reasons given for observing DST is energy conservation. Theoretically, the amount of residential electricity needed in the evening hours is dependent both on when the sun sets and when people go to bed. Because people tend to observe the same bedtime year-round, by artificially moving sunset one hour later, the amount of energy used is theoretically reduced[citation needed]. United States Department of Transportation studies showed that DST reduces the country's electricity usage by one percent while it is in effect[citation needed]. For the physical concepts, see conservation of energy and energy efficiency. ...
Established October 15, 1966 Activated April 1, 1967 Secretary Norman Mineta Deputy Secretary Maria Cino Budget $58 billion (2004 estimate) Employees 58,622 (2004 estimate) The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) is a Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with transport. ...
Part of the reason that it is normally observed in the late spring, summer, and early autumn is because during the winter months the amount of energy saved by moving sunset one hour later is negated by the increased need for morning lighting by moving sunrise by the same amount. During the summer most people would wake up after the sun rises, regardless of whether daylight saving time is in effect or not, so there is no increased need for morning lighting to offset the afternoon drop in energy usage[citation needed].
Another perceived benefit of DST is increased opportunities for outdoor activities. Most people plan outdoor activities during the increased hours of sunlight. Other benefits cited include prevention of traffic injuries (by allowing more people to return home from work or school in daylight), and crime reduction (by reducing people's risk of being targets of crimes that are more common in dark areas)[citation needed].
When the U.S. went on extended DST in 1974 and 1975 in response to the 1973 energy crisis, Department of Transportation studies found that observing DST in March and April saved 10,000 barrels of oil a day, and prevented about 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 fatalities saving about U.S. $28 million in traffic costs. (Stats from this article). (Redirected from 1973 energy crisis) United States, drivers of vehicles with odd numbered license plates were allowed to purchase gasoline only on odd-numbered days of the month, while drivers with even-numbers were limited to even-numbered days. ...
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...
Criticism of DST DST is not universally accepted and many localities do not observe it. Opponents claim that there is not enough benefit to justify the need to adjust clocks twice every year. The disruption in sleep patterns associated with setting clocks either forward or backward correlates with a spike in the number of severe auto accidents, as well as lost productivity as sleep-disrupted workers adjust to the schedule change.[citation needed] It is also noted that much effort is spent reminding everyone twice a year of the change, and thousands are inconvenienced by showing up at the wrong time when they forget.[citation needed] Since DST exchanges morning daylight for evening daylight, late sunrises occur when DST is in effect either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox and darkness in the morning can be undesirable for early risers like schoolchildren and workers who begin their workday at 8:00 AM or earlier. Illumination of Earth by Sun on the day of equinox The vernal equinox (or spring equinox) marks the beginning of astronomical spring. ...
Illumination of Earth by Sun on the day of equinox The autumnal equinox (or fall equinox) occurs during the month of September in the Northern Hemisphere, and during March in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
The 12-hour clock is a timekeeping convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods called ante meridiem (AM, Latin for before noon) and post meridiem (PM, Latin for after noon). Each period consists of 12 hours numbered 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...
There is also a question whether the decrease in lighting costs justifies the increase in summertime air conditioning costs. While many people use more sunlight under DST, most people also experience more heat, which prompts many people to turn on the air conditioner during the warmer afternoon hours. When air conditioning was not widely available, the change did save energy; however, air conditioning is much more widespread now than it was several decades ago. Air conditioning often uses more energy than artificial lighting. It was for this reason that Arizona rejected DST and opted to stay on standard time all year [citation needed].
It is also speculated that one of the benefits—more afternoon sun—would also actually increase energy consumption as people get into their cars to enjoy more time for shopping and the like.
No formal studies have been performed, but an enormous amount of time has been spent by software developers to deal with the fact that 2400 hours past 2pm is not necessarily 2pm 100 days later.
For example, during a North American time change, a fall night where clocks are reset from 3 AM summer to 2 AM winter time, times between 2 AM and 3 AM will occur twice, causing confusion in transport schedules, payment systems, etc. On a more trivial note, this also means that people born during one of those two hours have no way to know which one it really was unless someone like their parents bothers to make an according note in their baby photo album since birth certificates normally don't pay attention to this aspect. Aside from astrologists this doesn't actually cause harm to anybody, but it's a bother to people who would like to know their (almost) exact time of birth and have the bad luck to be born on such dates. On a more serious note, in the UK, Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: "Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins and the first child was born 10 minutes before 3 o'clock British Summer Time. ... the time of birth of the two children would be reversed. ... Such an alteration might conceivably affect the property and titles in that House." Astrology refers to any of several systems, traditions or beliefs in which knowledge of the apparent positions of celestial bodies is held to be useful in understanding, interpreting, and organizing knowledge about human affairs and events on earth. ...
Some studies do show that changing the clock increases the traffic accident rate.[2] Following the spring shift to daylight saving time (when one hour of sleep is lost) there is a measurable increase in the number of traffic accidents that result in fatalities.
Some campaigners in Britain would like the country to stay on British Summer Time (BST) all year round, or in other words, adopt Central European Time and abolish BST. Alternatively, some would like Britain to adopt Central European Time and jump forward another hour during the summer (adopting a Single/Double Summer Time from Britain's perspective). This would make winter evenings longer, thereby reducing traffic accidents and cases of seasonal affective disorder. Opponents point to the longer hours of darkness on winter mornings, especially in Scotland, the north of England and Northern Ireland which might well cause an increase in road accidents. In response to this, there have been proposals to introduce legislation to put Scotland on a different time-zone to England & Wales. [5] Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, also known as winter depression is an affective, or mood disorder. ...
Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ...
Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my [birth]right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages English (de facto) Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked...
Dieu et mon droit (Royal motto) (French for God and my right)2 Northern Irelands location within the UK Main language English Other recognised languages Irish, Ulster Scots Capital and largest city Belfast First Minister Office suspended Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Hain MP Area - Total Ranked...
DST is particularly unpopular among people working in agriculture because the animals do not observe it, and thus the people are placed out of synchronization with the rest of the community, including school times, broadcast schedules, and the like.
Other critics suggest that DST is, at its heart, government paternalism and that people rise in the morning as a matter of choice because many people enjoy nighttime hours and their jobs do not require them to make the most of daylight. Different people start their day at different times (office workers start their day later than factory workers, who start their day later than farm workers), regardless of daylight saving time. Image of traditional cultural paternalism: Father Junipero Serra in a modern portrayal at Mission San Juan Capistrano, California Paternalism refers usually to an attitude or a policy stemming from the hierarchic pattern of a family based on patriarchy, that is, there is a figurehead (the father, pater in Latin) that...
Mnemonic The mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead, fall back") tells us how to reset clocks when the time changes, regardless of hemisphere (although it has to be remembered that spring and autumn occur during different months in the northern and southern hemispheres). This uses the word "fall" to mean "autumn"; while this usage has died out in British English, it is still very common in North American English. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Autumn (also fall in North American English) is one of the four temperate seasons, the transition from summer into winter. ...
British English (BrE) is a term used to differentiate between the form of the English language used in the United Kingdom and those used elsewhere. ...
North American English is a collective term to describe the varieties of the English language that are spoken in the United States and Canada. ...
Associated practices Fire safety officials in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States encourage citizens to use the two annual time changes as a reminder to check the batteries in home and office fire alarms and smoke detectors. For example, the Country Fire Authority of Victoria in Australia has been running a program called "Change Your Clock, Change Your Smoke Alarm Battery" for several years. This is especially important in autumn, just before the heating season causes an increase in home fires.
Computer systems Most modern computer operating systems include the capability to automatically change the local time when daylight saving starts and finishes. See the Time zone article for general information on time zones and computer systems. See also List of time zones Time zones are areas of the Earth that have adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ...
Microsoft Windows The time zone database in Windows based computer systems only stores a single start and end rule for each zone, and daylight saving information is stored in the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREMicrosoftWindows NTCurrentVersionTime Zones, under the TZI registry value. For example, DST ends on the last Sunday in October, regardless of year. When the actual rule changes (e.g. Australian DST ending one week later than usual in 2006, or DST being extended in the USA from 2007) a patch needs to be applied. In the case of a single year anomaly, a new time zone is created and used. Before the following year, the time zone will have to be switched back to the original. For permanent rule changes, the rule definition for the time zone can be changed without requiring a new time zone to be set up. Microsoft Windows is a series of popular proprietary operating environments and operating systems created by Microsoft for use on personal computers and servers. ...
In computing, the Windows registry is a database which stores settings and options for the operating system for Microsoft Windows 32-bit versions and Windows Mobile. ...
One of the problems of this approach is that software which uses time zone information will get incorrect results if referring to a year with rules that are different from those currently in the database. A good example is the Lotus Notes calendar system, which stores event times in UTC. Events created with calendar dates near DST start and end dates can have their local time interpretation changed after the time zone database is updated (i.e. after the OS patch is applied). Another issue was highlighted when the Australian government changed daylight saving time to end on April 2 instead of March 26 for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Microsoft did not modify the start and end rule for the time zones affected, but instead added new timezones with the words "(Commonwealth Games)" [3] which caused various issues with many software applications, including Microsoft Outlook[4] and several accounting packages. Workarounds for the issue were to use the Microsoft utility timezone to modify the start and finish of each effected timezone, then either reboot the computer or go into Date and Time in the Control Panel, click on the Time Zone tab and click on OK to force Windows to refresh its daylight saving time information. IBM Lotus Notes 6. ...
Coordinated Universal Time or UTC, also sometimes referred to as Zulu time or Z, is an atomic realization of Universal Time (UT) or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the astronomical basis for civil time. ...
April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ...
The 2006 Commonwealth Games were held in Melbourne, Australia between March 15 and March 26. ...
Screenshot of Outlook 2003 Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, and is part of the Microsoft Office suite. ...
Unix Unix systems (including Linux and Mac OS X) allow a single time zone to have multiple DST rules to handle changes from year to year. As soon as a rule change is announced, it can be safely added to the system. All the standard library routines which calculate times access this database, so software that queries whether a particular date will have daylight saving in effect (for the time zone of the process) will get the correct answers as long as the time zone rule is correct for the year in question. Wikibooks has more about this subject: Guide to Unix Unix or UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T Bell Labs employees including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Douglas McIlroy. ...
Java Java uses a similar database to Unix, so rules for multiple years (not just the current year) can be represented. This database is separate from the underlying operating system time zone database, so it must also be updated when daylight saving rules change. The Java Platform is the name for a computing environment, or platform, from Sun Microsystems which can run applications developed using the Java programming language and set of development tools. ...
The name In the normative form of the name, "daylight saving" is a compound adjective (part of which is a gerund) that modifies "time." A common variant is daylight savings time, which appears in some dictionaries, including The American Heritage Dictionary. In this form, the singular noun savings forms a compound adjective with daylight, in analogy with phrases like "retirement savings plan". Although this alternate form is frequently heard in speech, some consider it to be nonstandard. Sometimes compound adjectives are joined with a hyphen, but "daylight-saving time" is not a common usage, except in AP Style, a stylebook used by many journalists in the United States. A compound is a word composed of more than one free morphemes. ...
In linguistics, a gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exists in some languages. ...
A hyphen ( -, or †) is a punctuation mark. ...
A slightly outdated edition of the Stylebook The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, usually simply called the AP Stylebook and nicknamed the journalists bible, is the primary guide of style and usage for most newspapers and newsmagazines in the United States. ...
Notes - ↑ Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. EU.int. URL accessed on 2006-03-27.
- ↑ Ferguson, S.A. et al. (1995) Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. American Journal of Public Health 85, 92–95.
- ↑ Microsoft Download: Australian Daylight Savings Changes for Microsoft Products for the Year 2006; & MS-KB article 909915, "Microsoft products do not reflect Australian daylight saving time changes for the year 2006" - February 27, 2006
- ↑ Aussie Microsoft calendar mess. Office Watch, volume 11 no. 5, 25 January 2006.
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (87th in Leap years). ...
See also British Summer Time (BST), known in Ireland as Irish Summer Time (IST), is the daylight saving time in effect in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland between the last Sunday in March and the last Sunday in October each year. ...
European Summer Time is the daylight saving time practised in Europe, the period during which clocks are advanced by one hour in relation to the official time observed during the rest of the year. ...
Eastern Daylight Time or EDT is equal to Eastern Standard Time + 1, or UTC - 4. ...
The Central Standard Time Zone (CST) is a geographic region that keeps time by subtracting six hours from UTC (UTC-6). ...
In Australia, the keeping of standard time is divided into three time zones: Australian Eastern Standard Time, Australian Central Standard Time and Australian Western Standard Time. ...
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