Chief Taoyateduta, known as Chief Little Crow

Settlers escaping the violence. John Other Day (background left, with rifle and dark coat), a Dakota who lived among the settlers, led this group of around sixty to safety.

The Dakota War of 1862 sometimes known as the The Sioux Uprising (among older, amateur history buffs) was an armed conflict between the United States and several eastern bands of the Dakota people (also called the Santee Sioux) which began on August 17, 1862, along the Minnesota River in southwest Minnesota. Skirmishes in the following weeks claimed hundreds of lives. The number of Native American dead is unknown, while estimates of settlers who died range between 300 and 800—one of the largest tolls on American civilians to ever occur.^[1] The conflict also resulted in the largest mass execution in U.S. history, when 38 Dakota men, convicted of murder and rape, were hanged in Mankato, Minnesota. This was the first major armed engagement between the U.S. and Dakota, though it would not be the last. It is also referred to as the Sioux Uprising, Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict or the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862. Taoyateduta, or Little Crow, a chief of the Dakota sioux. ... Taoyateduta, or Little Crow, a chief of the Dakota sioux. ... Taoyateduta, known as Little Crow Taoyateduta (1810?–July 3, 1863) was a chief of the Mdewakanton Sioux tribe. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 565 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1447 × 1536 pixel, file size: 883 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Title: People escaping from the Indian massacre of 1862 in Minnesota, at dinner on a prairie Right half of stereograph published by Whitneys Gallery... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 565 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1447 × 1536 pixel, file size: 883 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Title: People escaping from the Indian massacre of 1862 in Minnesota, at dinner on a prairie Right half of stereograph published by Whitneys Gallery... Eddie Plenty Holes, a Sioux Indian photographed about 1899. ... {{ethnic group| |group=sioux |hern Iowa, and are often referred to as the Santee or Dakota. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about 1862 . ... The Mendota Bridge crossing the Minnesota River, just above its mouth View of the Minnesota River from Memorial Park; southeast of Granite Falls, MN. The Minnesota River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 332 miles (534 km) long, in the state of Minnesota in the United States. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... In times of armed conflict a civilian is any person who is not a combatant. ... Hanging is the suspension of a person by a ligature, usually a cord wrapped around the neck, causing death. ... Mankato is a city in Blue Earth County¹, Minnesota with a population of 32,427 as of the 2000 census². It is the county seat of Blue Earth County, and is located along a large bend of the Minnesota River at its confluence with the Blue Earth River. ...

Background

In 1851, the U.S. and Dakota leaders negotiated the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and Treaty of Mendota, ceding vast amounts of land in Minnesota Territory. In exchange for money and goods, the Dakota agreed to live on a twenty mile (32  km) wide reservation centered on a 150 mile (240 km) stretch of the upper Minnesota River. The deal immediately began to turn sour as the United States Senate deleted Article 3 of each treaty during the ratification process. Much of the promised compensation never arrived, was lost or was effectively stolen due to corruption in the Bureau of Indian Affairs and wrongful conduct by traders. The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux was a treaty, signed on July 23, 1851, between the United States government and the Sioux Indians who lived in Minnesota at the time. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Minnesota Territory was an organized territory of the United States from March 3, 1849 to May 11, 1858, when Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd state. ... For other uses, see Money (disambiguation). ... Good (accounting) - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... A kilometer (Commonwealth spelling: kilometre), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1,000 metres (from the Greek words χίλια (khilia) = thousand and μέτρο (metro) = count/measure). ... For the song, see Indian Reservation (song) BIA map of reservations in the United States Tribal sovereignty: Map of the United States, with non-reservation land highlighted. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... Ratification is the act of giving official sanction to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution. ... The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the Department of the Interior charged with the administration and management of 55. ...

As Minnesota became a state in 1858, representatives of several Dakota bands led by Chief Taoyateduta (commonly known as Chief Little Crow) traveled to Washington, D.C., to make further negotiations. Again, events did not turn out in the Indians' favor. The northern half of the reservation along the Minnesota River was lost, and rights to the quarry at Pipestone, Minnesota, were also ceded. This was a major blow to the standing of Little Crow in the Dakota community. Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ... Taoyateduta, known as Little Crow Taoyateduta (1810?–July 3, 1863) was a chief of the Mdewakanton Sioux tribe. ... Taoyateduta, known as Little Crow Taoyateduta (1810?–July 3, 1863) was a chief of the Mdewakanton Sioux tribe. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... The Mendota Bridge crossing the Minnesota River, just above its mouth View of the Minnesota River from Memorial Park; southeast of Granite Falls, MN. The Minnesota River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 332 miles (534 km) long, in the state of Minnesota in the United States. ... For other uses, see Quarry (disambiguation). ... Pipestone is a city in Pipestone County, Minnesota, United States. ...

In the meantime, the ceded land was quickly being divided up into townships and individual plots for settlement. The traditional Dakota yearly cycle of farming, hunting, fishing, and gathering wild rice was unalterably interrupted as the forest, prairie, and other wild lands were stripped of timber to make way for new farms plowed by white settlers. In addition, wild game like bison, elk, whitetail deer, and bear had been hunted so intensively that populations were tiny compared to the populations before Euro-American settlement. The Dakota people of southern and western Minnesota relied on the sale of valuable furs to American traders to earn cash needed to buy necessities. A township in the United States refers to a small geographic area, ranging in size from 6 to 54 square miles (15. ... For other uses, see Farm (disambiguation). ... This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. ... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... Species Zizania aquatica Zizania latifolia Zizania palustris Zizania texana Zizania aquatica L. Hitchc. ... This article is about a community of trees. ... For other uses, see Prairie (disambiguation). ... Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Subspecies B. b. ... For other uses, see Elk (disambiguation). ... ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Payments guaranteed by the treaties were not made, due to Federal preoccupation with the American Civil War. Most land in the river valley was not arable, and hunting could no longer support the Dakota community. Losing land to new white settlers, non-payment, past broken treaties, plus food shortages and famine following crop failure led to great discontent among the Dakota people. Tension increased through the summer of 1862. Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... In geography, arable land is a form of agricultural land use, meaning land that can be (and is) used for growing crops. ... <nowiki>Insert non-formatted text hereBold text</nowiki>A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ...

On August 4, representatives of the northern Sisseton and Wahpeton bands met at the Upper Sioux Agency in the northwestern part of the reservation. They successfully negotiated to obtain food. However, when the southern Mdewakanton and Wahpekute Dakota turned to the Lower Sioux Agency for supplies on August 15, they were rejected. Indian Agent (and Minnesota State Senator) Thomas Galbraith managed the area and would not distribute food without payment. At a meeting arranged between the Indians, the government, and local traders, the Dakota asked lead trader Andrew Myrick to support their cause. His response was blunt. "So far as I'm concerned, if they are hungry, let them eat grass or their own dung." The Upper Sioux Indian Reservation is located along the Minnesota River in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota five miles (8 km) south of Granite Falls. ... Mdewakantonwan are one of the sub-tribes of the Isanti (Santee) Sioux. ... The Lower Sioux Indian Reservation is located along the southern bank of the Minnesota River in Redwood County, Minnesota. ... The Minnesota Senate is the upper house in the Minnesota State Legislature. ... Thomas J. Galbraith was an American politician. ... Andrew J. Myrick (died August 18, 1862), was a trader who operated a store in southwest Minnesota near the Minnesota River in the late part of his life. ...

The dehumanizing comment first brought a hush over the group, but they soon began yelling at him. Soon after, with the Civil War keeping the U.S. occupied, some Dakota warriors saw an opportunity. The delayed money for the tribes arrived in St. Paul to the east on August 16, arriving at Fort Ridgely the next day. However, it came too late to prevent violence from erupting. State capitol building in Saint Paul Saint Paul is the capital and second-largest city of the state of Minnesota in the United States of America. ... Fort Ridgely was a U.S. Army outpost (1853-1867) near the Dakota reservation in South-Western Minnesota (located near New Ulm). ...

First events

Most accounts trace the beginning of the Dakota Conflict to the killing of five whites by four young Dakota men on Sunday, August 17, 1862. The Dakotas had been hunting, but ended up stealing food from the settlement of Acton in Meeker County (near present day Grove City). Soon, they had killed several of the settlers, including women. This event caused an uproar among the Santee Sioux living on the reservation, and some warriors convinced a reluctant Chief Little Crow to lead further attacks. is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about 1862 . ... Acton Township is a township located in Meeker County, Minnesota. ... Meeker County is a county located in the state of Minnesota. ... Grove City is a city located in Meeker County, Minnesota. ...

The conflict

Hostilities in South Central Minnesota

On August 18, Chief Little Crow led a group that attacked numerous white settlers at the Lower Sioux Agency. Trader Andrew Myrick was among the first that was killed. He was discovered trying to escape through a second-floor window. Days later, Myrick's body was found—with grass stuffed into his mouth. The stores were taken and several buildings at the site were torched, though this provided enough delay for many people to escape across the river at Redwood Ferry. An initial Minnesota militia force that was sent to suppress the uprising only resulted in a defeat of Minnesota troops in the Battle of Redwood Ferry. At least 44 deaths occurred that day.^[2] Combatants United States of America Santee Sioux Commanders Chief Little Crow Casualties 20 None noted The Battle of Lower Sioux Agency was the initial battle of the Sioux Uprising in August of 1862. ... The Battle of Redwood Ferry was a battle in the Sioux Uprising of 1862. ...

A painting of the attack on New Ulm.

Confident with their initial success, the Sioux would continue on to attack the white settlement of New Ulm on August 19. Dakota warriors decided not to attack the heavily-defended Fort Ridgely along the river, instead turning toward the town and killing many white settlers along the way. By the time New Ulm was attacked, residents had organized defenses in the town center and kept the Dakota at bay, but portions of the town were still burned down.^[3] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Parking meter checker stands by his police vehicle which is imprinted with the German word for police (Polizei). ... Fort Ridgely was a U.S. Army outpost (1853-1867) near the Dakota reservation in South-Western Minnesota (located near New Ulm). ...

The military compound Fort Ridgely was later attacked in the Battle of Fort Ridgely on August 22. White settlers sustained fairly heavy casualties in both cases.^[4][5] This history article needs to be wikified. ...

In the meantime, there were also raids on farms and small settlements throughout the south central part of Minnesota and eastern Dakota Territory. Initial counter-attacks by Minnesota troops resulted in another defeat of white soldiers at Battle of Birch Coulee on September 2. Combatants United States of America Santee Sioux Commanders Major Joseph R. Brown Chiefs Gray Bird, Red Legs, Big Eagle, and Mankato Strength 170 about 200 Casualties 13 soldiers and 90 horses killed 47 soldiers wounded 2 The Battle of Birch Coulee was a battle in the Sioux Uprising in September...

The Battle of Birch Coulee began when a large group of Dakota attacked a detachment of 150 U.S. soldiers at Birch Coulee, 16 miles (26 km) from Fort Ridgely. The detachment had been sent out to find survivors, bury the dead, and report on the location of Dakota fighters. A three-hour firefight began with an early morning assault. Thirteen United States soldiers were killed and 47 were wounded, while two Sioux were killed. A column of 240 soldiers from Fort Ridgely relieved the detachment at Birch Coulee that afternoon. Fort Ridgely was defended by Companies "B" & "C" of the 5th Minnesota Infantry August 20–22, 1862 Combatants United States of America Santee Sioux Commanders Major Joseph R. Brown Chiefs Gray Bird, Red Legs, Big Eagle, and Mankato Strength 170 about 200 Casualties 13 soldiers and 90 horses killed 47 soldiers wounded 2 The Battle of Birch Coulee was a battle in the Sioux Uprising in September...

Hostilities in northwestern Minnesota

Further north, the Sioux attacked several unfortified stage stops and river crossings along the the Red River Trails, a settled trade route between Fort Garry (now Winnipeg) and St. Paul in the Red River Valley in northwestern Minnesota and eastern Dakota Territory. Many settlers and employees of the Hudson Bay Company and other local enterprises in this sparsely populated country took refuge in a prairie "fort" known as Fort Abercrombie, located in a bend of the Red River about 25 miles (40 km) south of present day Fargo, North Dakota. Over a period of six weeks, the Indians launched several attacks on Fort Abercrombie which were repelled by the white defenders and which came to be known as the "Siege at Fort Abercrombie". Steamship and flatboat trade on the Red River came to a halt, and mail carriers, stage drivers and military couriers attempting to reach the Pembina and Fort Garry settlements and St. Cloud and Fort Snelling were killed by the Indians. Eventually the garrison at Fort Abercrombie was relieved by a United States Army company from Fort Snelling and the civilian refugees were removed to St. Cloud. The Red River Trails were a network of ox trails connecting the Red River Colony (Selkirk Settlement) in the Canadian province of Manitoba, with the head of navigation of the Mississippi River at St. ... Upper Fort Garry in the early 1870s Fort Garry also known as Upper Fort Garry was a Hudsons Bay Company trading post at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in what is now downtown Winnipeg. ... For other uses, see Winnipeg (disambiguation). ... For an overview of the Twin Cities metropolitan area, see Minneapolis-Saint Paul. ... The Red River Valley is a region in central North America that is drained by the Red River of the North. ... The Hudsons Bay Company building in Montreal The Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) is the oldest corporation in Canada and is one of the oldest in the world still in existence. ... Fort Abercrombie was an American fort established on August 28, 1858, on the Red River in Dakota Territory by Lieutenant Colonel John J. Abercrombie. ... The Red River drainage basin, with the Red River highlighted The Red River in Greater Grand Forks, as viewed from the Grand Forks side of the river The Red River in Fargo-Moorhead, as viewed from the Fargo side of the river For other things named Red River, see the... Location in North Dakota Coordinates: Country United States State North Dakota County Cass County Founded 1871 Mayor Dennis Walaker Area    - City 98. ... Fort Abercrombie was an American fort established on August 28, 1858, on the Red River in Dakota Territory by Lieutenant Colonel John J. Abercrombie. ... Pembina is a name for several places or features: Pembina, Alberta in Canada Pembina, North Dakota in the United States Pembina County, North Dakota in the U.S. Pembina Township, Minnesota in the U.S. Pembina Valley in Canada There are also two rivers with this name: Pembina River (Alberta... Upper Fort Garry in the early 1870s Fort Garry also known as Upper Fort Garry was a Hudsons Bay Company trading post at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in what is now downtown Winnipeg. ... Saint Cloud or St. ... Fort Snelling is a former military fortification located at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers in Hennepin County, Minnesota. ... Fort Snelling is a former military fortification located at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers in Hennepin County, Minnesota. ... Saint Cloud or St. ...

The Chippewa or Ojibwa Indian bands from Pembina and Red Lake were awaiting a treaty goods shipment for a contemplated land cession of 1862 along a ford of the Red River near the junction with the Red Lake River near present day Grand Forks. The shipment never arrived, and the treaty negotiations were postponed until 1863, when the Treaty of Old Crossing (1863) was consummated near Huot, Minnesota, a ford of the Red Lake River utilized by oxen-drawn Red River carts. The Ojibwe at times were accused of complicity or direct involvement in the attacks, but no evidence exists that any of the atrocities associated with the conflict between Indians, whites, and half-breed settlers of 1862 were perpetrated by anyone other than the various bands of the Sioux Indians.^[6] For other uses of Chippewa, see Chippewa (disambiguation). ... This article is about the native North American people. ... Pembina is a name for several places or features: Pembina, Alberta in Canada Pembina, North Dakota in the United States Pembina County, North Dakota in the U.S. Pembina Township, Minnesota in the U.S. Pembina Valley in Canada There are also two rivers with this name: Pembina River (Alberta... There is also a Red Lake County in Minnesota. ... The Red Lake River is a river located in northwestern Minnesota. ... Downtown area of Grand Forks. ... Huot is a place name for an unincorporated community in Louisville Township, Red Lake County, Minnesota. ... The Red Lake River is a river located in northwestern Minnesota. ... The Red River ox cart was a large, two-wheeled cart made entirely of wood, and usually in the form of oak and pulled by oxen. ...

Continued developments in the south

Due to the Civil War, repeated appeals for help were required before President Abraham Lincoln appointed General John Pope to assemble troops from the Third and Fourth Minnesota Regiments to quell the violence. Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey also instructed Colonel Henry Sibley (the state's first governor) to aid in the effort. Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ... Major General John Pope John Pope (March 18, 1822 &#8211; September 23, 1892) was a career Army officer and general in the American Civil War. ... The 3rd Regiment, Minnesota Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union army during the American Civil War. ... // Service The 4th Minnesota Regiment Volunteer Infantry was mustered into Federal service by companies at Fort Snelling, Minnesota between October 4th and December 23rd, 1861, and moved to Benton Barracks, St. ... The Governor of Minnesota is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the states executive branch. ... Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815 – April 22, 1903) was an American politician. ... Henry Hastings Sibley, first governor of the U.S. state of Minnesota, was born in Detroit, Michigan on February 20, 1811. ...

The fighting lasted for six weeks. The final large-scale fighting took place in the Battle of Wood Lake on Sept 23, 1862. According to the official report of Lt. Col. William R. Marshall of the 7th Minnesota Volunteers (with five companies of the 7th Minn—A, B, F, G, and H, a 6 pounder gun and a company of the 6th Minnesota Infantry) had half his men in rifle pits and the others were in a skirmish line which then charged on a ravine occupied by Indians. The 7th lost 1 man killed; 3 wounded or injured while Indian casualties amounted to 7 killed.^[7] Combatants United States of America Santee Sioux Commanders Col. ... September 23 is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years). ... The 7th Regiment, Minnesota Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army that served in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. ... The 6th Regiment, Minnesota Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that fought in the Union army during the American Civil War. ...

Some Dakota fighters surrendered at Camp Release on September 26. The place was so-named because it was the site where 269 captives of the Dakota were released to the troops commanded by Col. Henry Sibley. The captives included 162 mixed-bloods and 107 whites, mostly women and children. Most of the Dakotas guilty of war crimes left before Sibley arrived at Camp Release.^[8] Camp Release Township is a township located in Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ...

Records conclusively show that more than 500 soldiers and settlers died in the conflict, though many more may have died in small raids or after being captured. Estimates for U.S. losses range up to 800, though there is no accurate accounting of deaths on either side of the conflict.

Trials and mass execution

This drawing of the mass hanging in Mankato, Minnesota was long a familiar icon in Minnesota.

Six weeks later, 303 Sioux prisoners were convicted of murder and rape by military tribunals and sentenced to death. Some trials lasted less than 5 minutes, and the Dakotas had no one to explain the proceedings to them or to represent them. President Lincoln reviewed the trial records and distinguished between those who had engaged in warfare against the United States and those who had committed the crimes of rape or murder of civilians. He approved of the execution of 39 of the latter, and commuted the death sentences of the others.^[6] The 38,^[9] for whom the evidence seemed strongest, were executed by hanging in a single day on December 26, 1862, in Mankato. Download high resolution version (1040x777, 99 KB)Public domain (copyright expired). ... Download high resolution version (1040x777, 99 KB)Public domain (copyright expired). ... Mankato is a city in Blue Earth County¹, Minnesota with a population of 32,427 as of the 2000 census². It is the county seat of Blue Earth County, and is located along a large bend of the Minnesota River at its confluence with the Blue Earth River. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about 1862 . ...

The mass execution was performed for all to see from a single scaffold platform. It was, and still is, the largest execution in the history of the United States. The bodies of the Indians were pronounced dead by the regimental surgeons and then they were buried in a long trench, which was dug in the sand of the riverbank. Before they were buried, however, a “Dr. Sheardown” supposedly removed some of the Indians’ skin.^[10] Little boxes containing the skin were sold in Mankato after the hangings. Over the years, many “souvenir” pieces of skin have continued to be sold, some on eBay. Of course, most are hoaxes and are just hunks of pigskin. eBay headquarters in San Jose eBay North First Street satellite office campus (home to PayPal) eBay Inc. ...

At that time, there was a high demand for anatomical subjects, so several doctors attending the hanging asked for the bodies. One of those was Doctor William Worrall Mayo. The mass grave was re-opened and the bodies removed for distribution. As fate would have it, Mayo received Marpiya Okinajin (He Who Stands in the Clouds or Cut Nose),^[11] with whom he had a confrontation earlier in his career.^[12] The body of Marpiya Okinajin was brought to Le Sueur where Mayo dissected it in the presence of some medical colleagues.^[13] Afterwards, the skeleton was cleaned, dried and varnished; Mayo kept it in an iron kettle in his home office.^[14] The identifiable remains of Marpiya Okinajin and other Native Americans have been returned by the Mayo Clinic to the Dakota Tribe for reburial under the U.S. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.^[15] Dr. W. W. Mayo William Worrall Mayo (May 31, 1819 – March 6, 1911) was an English medical doctor and chemist, best known for founding the Mayo Clinic in the late 19th century with his sons William James Mayo and Charles Horace Mayo in Rochester, Minnesota in the United States. ... Le Sueur is a city located in Le Sueur County, Minnesota. ... Main campus in downtown Rochester, Minnesota. ... The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (or NAGPRA) is a United States federal law passed in 1990 requiring that Native Americans cultural items be returned to their respective peoples if and when they have been excavated, and allows archeological teams a short time for analysis before the remains...

The remaining convicted Indians stayed in prison that winter. The following spring, they were transferred to Rock Island, Illinois (near Davenport, Iowa) where they were held in a prison for almost four years. By the time of their release, one third of the Indians had died of disease. The survivors were sent with their families to Nebraska. Rock Island is a city in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States. ... Motto: Working together to serve you Location in the State of Iowa Coordinates: , Country State County Scott County Incorporated 1839 Government  - Mayor Ed Winborn Area  - City  64. ... Official language(s) English Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Largest metro area Omaha Area  Ranked 16th  - Total 77,421 sq mi (200,520 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 0. ...

The 38 men who were hanged are remembered each year at two separate pow-wows in the state. The Mankato pow-wow, held each year in September, commemorates the lives of the condemned men, but also seeks to reconcile the white and Indian communities. The Birch Coulee pow-wow, held on Labor Day weekend, honors the lives of those who were hanged in the largest mass execution in United States history. There are also several stone statues at the site, in downtown Mankato, where the execution took place. This article is about a Native American gathering. ... Labour Day (or Labor Day) is an annual holiday that resulted from efforts of the labour union movement, to celebrate the economic and social achievements of workers. ... Pre-Colonial America For details, see the main Pre-Colonial America article. ...

Aftermath (Dakota)

As a result of the war, the U.S. government abolished the reservation, declared all previous treaties with the Dakota null and void, and undertook proceedings to expel the Dakota people entirely from Minnesota. To this end, a bounty of $25 per scalp was placed on virtually any Dakota found free within the boundaries of the state. The only exceptions to this were 208 Mdewakanton "friendlies" who sat out and even helped to protect a few white settlers in the conflict. A bounty is often offered by a group as an incentive for the accomplishment of a task by someone usually not associated with the group. ...

1,300 to 1,700 Dakota people were rounded up and held through the winter of 1862–1863 in a compound described as a "log jail" by contemporary observers, and as a "concentration camp" by modern historians. This compound was located on Pike Island below Fort Snelling. In the spring, the camp was moved southwest toward the current site of the Mall of America, prior to the mass removal of these people to Nebraska and South Dakota including the Crow Creek Indian Reservation on the Missouri River on May 4, 1863. More than 130 Dakota died in the camp and subsequent removal. Fort Snelling and Pike Island, 1850 Pike Island, located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is a portion of the 100,000 acres of land purchased from the Mdewakanton Sioux Indians by Zebulon Pike in September of 1805, which later was to become Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, and Saint Paul. ... Fort Snellings round tower A view of the grounds of Fort Snelling taken from the round tower Fort Snelling is a former military fortification located at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers in Hennepin County, Minnesota. ... Mall of America (also MOA, MoA, or the Megamall) is a shopping mall located in the Twin Cities suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota. ... Official language(s) English Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Largest metro area Omaha Area  Ranked 16th  - Total 77,421 sq mi (200,520 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 0. ... Official language(s) English Capital Pierre Largest city Sioux Falls Area  Ranked 17th  - Total 77,163 sq mi (199,905 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 380 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... The Crow Creek Indian Reservation is located on the east bank of the Missouri River in central South Dakota. ... The Missouri River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the United States. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The Minnesota Sioux War of 1862 was the first violent engagement between the Dakota Indians and the United States. It would not be the last, however. The battle of Killdeer Mountain occurred in 1864, Red Cloud's War followed in 1866–1868, and the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876 and Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 also involved the two parties. Killdeer Mountain was a battleground in Alfred Sully’s Expedition against the Sioux in Dakota Territory (1864). ... The Powder River Country, northeast of the Bighorn Mountains and south of the Yellowstone River, is shown in red in the western United States Red Clouds war (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between the Sioux and the United States in the Wyoming Territory... The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custers Last Stand, was an engagement between a Lakota-Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Cavalry of the United States Army that took place on June 25, 1876 near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory. ... Combatants Sioux United States Commanders Big Foot† James W. Forsyth Strength 120 men 230 women and children 500 men Casualties 153 killed 50 wounded 150 missing 25 killed 39 wounded For other uses, see Wounded Knee (disambiguation). ...

Alexander Goodthunder and his wife Snana

Taoyateduta was forced to flee from the fighting about a month after the conflict began. He briefly stayed in Canada, but soon returned to the area. He was killed on July 3, 1863 near Hutchinson, Minnesota while gathering raspberries with his teenage son. The pair had wandered onto the land of white settler Nathan Lamson, who shot at them hoping to collect the bounties. Taoyateduta's skull and scalp were removed from his body, and were set on public display in St. Paul, where they so remained until 1971. Download high resolution version (594x744, 169 KB)Alexander Goodthunder and his wife Snana. ... Download high resolution version (594x744, 169 KB)Alexander Goodthunder and his wife Snana. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Hutchinson is a city in McLeod County, Minnesota, along the South Fork of the Crow River. ... State capitol building in Saint Paul Saint Paul is the capital and second-largest city of the state of Minnesota in the United States of America. ...

Lamson received an additional $500 reward for his efforts; Taoyateduta's son (who was captured in the incident) was at one time condemned to die, but later had that sentence commuted to a prison term.

By the 1880s, a number of Dakota had trickled back to the Minnesota River valley, notably the Goodthunder, Wabasha, Bluestone, and Lawrence families. They were joined by several families from the Wahpekute Dakota who had been living under the protection of Bishop Whipple and the trader Alexander Faribault. The small Lower Sioux Indian Reservation was reestablished at the site of the Lower Sioux Agency near Morton, and in the 1930s an even smaller Upper Sioux Reservation (little more than a square mile in size) was established near Granite Falls. The Lower Sioux Indian Reservation is located along the southern bank of the Minnesota River in Redwood County, Minnesota. ... Morton is a city located in Renville County, Minnesota. ... The Upper Sioux Indian Reservation is located along the Minnesota River in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota five miles (8 km) south of Granite Falls. ... Granite Falls is a city located Yellow Medicine and Chippewa Counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. ...

Many Dakota did not join in the attacks, choosing to aid and protect settlers and to serve with the Minnesota soldiers who responded to the attacks. The Yankton Sioux chief Struck by the Ree deployed his warriors for this purpose. Monuments to their actions were erected in the 1890s on the river bluff opposite the Lower Sioux Agency. Even so, Struck by the Ree's people were not judged "friendly" enough to be allowed to remain in the state after the war. Struck by the Ree Struck by the Ree, also known as Strikes the Ree, was a chief of the Native American Yankton Sioux tribe. ...

A monument in Reconciliation Park across from the Mankato library where the execution occurred, commemorates the 38 Dakota hanged. Mankato is a city in Blue Earth County¹, Minnesota with a population of 32,427 as of the 2000 census². It is the county seat of Blue Earth County, and is located along a large bend of the Minnesota River at its confluence with the Blue Earth River. ...

Aftermath (Euro-American)

The Minnesota River Valley and surrounding upland prairie areas were largely abandoned as a direct result of the war. Many of the surviving families who fled their farms and homes as refugees never returned. Following the end of the Civil War, however, the area was re-settled by European immigrants and United States migrants, and became a flourishing agricultural region by the 1890s. The Mendota Bridge crossing the Minnesota River, just above its mouth View of the Minnesota River from Memorial Park; southeast of Granite Falls, MN. The Minnesota River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 332 miles (534 km) long, in the state of Minnesota in the United States. ... Upland may refer to: Upland, California Upland, Indiana Uplandia Upland (geology) Laurentian Upland Geology Upland Brewing Company This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Prairie (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see War (disambiguation). ...

By the late 1920s, only a handful of eyewitnesses remained to provide a first-hand account of the Sioux Outbreak, and the conflict passed into the realm of oral tradition. Eyewitness accounts were communicated first-hand to individuals who survived into the 1970s and early 1980s. The images of innocent individuals and families of struggling pioneer farmers being killed by marauding bands of Dakota, often in horrific and inhumane ways, have remained in the consciousness of the prairie communities of south central Minnesota. See, for example, the Euro-American family oral histories referred to in Part 4 of the Minnesota Public Radio program referenced in the bibliography, below, and the memories of both Indian and white descendents of participants in the battle at Slaughter Slough in the references, below). Oral tradition or oral culture is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next in a civilization without a writing system. ... Minnesota Public Radio logo Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) is a regional public radio network based in the U.S. state of Minnesota that has been broadcasting since 1967. ... Slaughter Slough was the site of a skirmish in the Dakota War of 1862 near Lake Shetek. ...

Contemporary accounts by percipient (white and mixed-blood) observers or victims of the Uprising included graphic and sensationalistic descriptions of what it was like to witness one's own father, mother, siblings or children slaughtered by "enraged savages". An example is the book-length compilation by Charles Bryant entitled "Indian Massacre in Minnesota", initially published in 1863 and frequently reprinted thereafter. Statements such as the following excerpts no doubt reinforced the perception of diabolical savagery on the part of the Sioux that continued into the 20th century in some parts of rural Minnesota: Charles Gyude Bryant (born January 17, 1949) has been the Chairman of the Transitional Government of Liberia since October 14, 2003. ...

"Mr. Massipost had two daughters, young ladies, intelligent and accomplished. These the savages murdered most brutally. The head of one of them was afterward found, severed from the body, attached to a fish-hook, and hung upon a nail. His son, a young man of twenty-four years, was also killed. Mr. Massipost and a son of eight years escaped to New Ulm." (Bryant, at p. 141). New Ulm is a city located in Brown County, Minnesota. ...

"The daughter of Mr. Schwandt, enciente, was cut open, as was learned afterward, the child taken alive from the mother, and nailed to a tree. The son of Mr. Schwandt, aged thirteen years, who had been beaten by the Indians, until dead, as was supposed, was present, and saw the entire tragedy. He saw the child taken alive from the body of his sister, Mrs. Waltz, and nailed to a tree in the yard. It struggled some time after the nails were driven through it! This occurred in the forenoon of Monday, 18th of August, 1862." (Bryant, at pp. 300-301).

This genre of eyewitness description now requires a preface that explains the extreme prejudice and racist points of view of the victims (see, e.g., the introduction to the Tolzmann reprint of Mary Schwandt's eyewitness account of her family's killing, published in 2002), and is now considered over-done and unreliable. More modern commentators generally omit such viscerally compelling personal recollections of white victims while emphasizing the abuses and neglect perpetrated by the governmental reservation and trading system. These later accounts sometimes fail to convey sufficiently the widespread panic that resulted from attacks suffered by isolated frontier families during the uprising. For with(out) prejudice in law, see Prejudice (law). ... 1. ...

A number of local monuments including the Acton monument to the initial attack on the Howard Baker farm, near Grove City in Meeker County, the Guri Endreson monument in the Vikor Lutheran Cemetery, near Willmar, in Kandiyohi County, and the Brownton monument to the slain White family in McLeod County, serve as permanent reminders of the innocent men, women and children on isolated farms and hamlets who were the initial victims of the Uprising. Acton Township is a township located in Meeker County, Minnesota. ... Grove City is a city located in Meeker County, Minnesota. ... Meeker County is a county located in the state of Minnesota. ... Willmar is a city located in Kandiyohi County, Minnesota. ... Kandiyohi County is a county located in the state of Minnesota. ... Brownton is a city located in McLeod County, Minnesota. ... Mahnomen County is a county located in the state of Minnesota. ...

See also

• Fort Ridgely State Park
• Monson Lake State Park
• Upper Sioux Agency State Park

Fort Ridgely State Park is a Minnesota state park on the Minnesota River south of Fairfax, Minnesota. ... Monson Lake State Park is the smallest Minnesota state park, 187 acres (75 hectares) in area, just west of the town of Sunburg. ... Upper Sioux Agency State Park is a Minnesota state park on the Minnesota River, south of Granite Falls. ...

References

• Anderson, Gary and Alan Woolworth, editors. Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian War of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society Press (1988). ISBN 0-87351-216-2
• Beck, Paul N., Soldier Settler and Sioux: Fort Ridgely and the Minnesota River Valley 1853–1867, Pine Hill Press, Inc. (2000). ISBN 0-931170-75-3
• Bryant, Charles S., and Murch, Abel B., A History of the Great Massacre by the Sioux Indians in Minnesota (Chicago:O.C.Gibbs, 1864), reprinted 2001, ISBN 1-58218-411-1
• Carley, Kenneth. The Dakota War of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society (2001), second edition. ISBN 0-87351-392-4
• Carley, Kenneth. The Sioux Uprising of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society (1976), second edition, ISBN 0-87351-103-4
• Collins, Loren Warren. The Story of a Minnesotan, (private printing) (1912) [NO ISBN].
• Cox, Hank. Lincoln And The Sioux Uprising of 1862, Cumberland House Publishing (2005). ISBN 1-58182-457-2
• Folwell, William W., A History of Minnesota, Vol. 2, pages 102-302, Minnesota Historical Society (1924). [ISBN unknown]]
• Johnson, Roy P. The Siege at Fort Abercrombie, State Historical Society of North Dakota (1957).
• Nix, Jacob. The Sioux Uprising in Minnesota, 1862: Jacob Nix's Eyewitness History, Max Kade German-American Center (1994). ISBN 1-880788-02-0
• Schultz, Duane. Over the Earth I Come: The Great Sioux Uprising of 1862, St. Martin's Press (1992). ISBN 0-312-07051-9
• Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, German Pioneer Accounts of the Great Sioux Uprising of 1862, Little Miami Pub. Co. (April 2002). ISBN 978-0971365766.
• Mark Steil and Tim Post. m/index.shtml Minnesota's Uncivil War. Minnesota Public Radio (September 26, 2002).
• Douglas Linder. The Dakota Conflict Trials of 1862 (1999).
• Yenne, Bill. Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West, Westholme (2005). ISBN 1-59416-016-3

Minnesota Public Radio logo Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) is a regional public radio network based in the U.S. state of Minnesota that has been broadcasting since 1967. ...

Notes

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st Century. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO (1861-1947), an American scout and world travelling adventurer is best known for his service to the British Army in Colonial Africa and for teaching woodcraft (i. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st Century. ... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Minnesota Historical Society is a Minnesota instutution dedicated to preserving the history of the state. ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Parking meter checker stands by his police vehicle which is imprinted with the German word for police (Polizei). ...

External links

• Dakota Blues: The History of The Great Sioux Nation
• Dakota War of 1862 (Dakota Conflict) - Minnesota Historical Society bibliography
• Lower Sioux. April 24, 2006 version of website retrieved from web archive June 3, 2007
• Upper Sioux. May 4, 2006 version retrieved from web archive June 3, 2006
• Detailed history of trials, with documents
• 1862 war site being restored - Slaughter Slough in Murray County
• Dakota Conflict - timeline and links to area museums
• The Dakota Conflict of 1862
• Minnesota Historical Society History Topics: Dakota War of 1862