The Daoguang Emperor (September 16, 1782 – February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 341 × 598 pixels Full resolution (347 × 609 pixel, file size: 490 KB, MIME type: image/png) +/- (All user names refer to en. ... Like the Mongols, the Manchus were simply called by given name but they had their own clan names (hala in Manchu). ... Aisin Gioro (Simplified Chinese: 爱新觉罗; Traditional Chinese: 愛新覺羅; Pinyin: àixÄ«n juéluó; Manchu: ) was the clan name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty (as well as the later short-lived regime in Manchukuo). ... Manchu given names were used solely or with titles but not with clan names. ... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... A Chinese era name (traditional Chinese: 年號, simplified Chinese: 年号, pinyin nían hào) is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperors reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). ... February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Temple names (Traditional Chinese: 廟號 Simplified Chinese: 庙号 Pinyin: miào hào;), are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Vietnamese (such dynasties as Tran,Anterior Lê and Nguyen Dynasty) and most Korean rulers of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties. ... A posthumous name (Traditional Chinese: 諡號/謚號 Simplified Chinese: 谥号; Pinyin: shì hào; Romaji: shigō/tsuigō; Revised Romanization of Korean: siho) is a honorary name given to royalty in some cultures posthumously, that is, after the persons death. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... The Manchu language is a Tungusic language spoken by Manchus in Manchuria; it is the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 70 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Emperor of China (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was the title given to the rulers of China from the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. ... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: MÇŽnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeast China). ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun; Mongolian: Манж Чин), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Early years

He was born in the Forbidden City, Beijing, and was given the name Mianning (綿寧), changed into Minning (旻寧) when he became emperor: the first character of his private name was changed from Mian (綿) to Min (旻) so that his brothers and cousins of the same generation would not have to change the first character of their names (a character identical for all relatives of the same generation), which they should normally have done given that the private name of an emperor is taboo and cannot be written or pronounced. This novelty was introduced by his grandfather the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to have a whole generation of people in the imperial family changing their names on an emperor's accession to the throne. This article is about the Chinese imperial palace in Beijing. ...   (Chinese:  ; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Naming taboo was a taboo of saying or writing names (specifically characters) of the emperors and ancestors in China and neighboring nations in the ancient Chinese cultural sphere. ... The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ...

He was the second son of Yongyan (永琰), who became the Jiaqing Emperor in 1796. His mother, the principal wife of Yongyan, was Lady Hitara of the (Manchu) Hitara clan, who became empress when Jiaqing ascended the throne in 1796. She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoshu Rui (孝淑睿皇后). The Jia Qing Emperor (November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1796 to 1820. ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Reign as emperor and the opium trade

Daoguang inherited a declining empire with Western imperialism encroaching upon the doorsteps of China. During his reign, China experienced major problems with opium, which was imported into China by British merchants. Opium had started to trickle into China during the reign of his great grandfather Emperor Yongzheng but was limited to approximately 200 boxes annually. By Emperor Qianlong's reign, the amount had increased to 1000 boxes, 4000 boxes by Jiaqing's era and more than 30,000 boxes during Daoguang's reign. He made many edicts against opium in the 1820s and 1830s, which were carried out by the famous Lin Zexu. Lin Zexu's effort to halt the spread of opium in China was quite successful, but, with the development of the First Opium War, Lin quickly fell out of favour and the Daoguang emperor suddenly removed Lin's authority and banished him to Xinjiang. Daoguang's decision was a blow to China's effort to halt the influx of opium and deepened the Europeans' resolution to enter the vast Chinese market which eventually led to the First Opium War against Britain. Technologically and militarily inferior to the European powers and hobbled by the incompetence of the Qing government, China lost this war and was forced to surrender Hong Kong at the Treaty of Nanking in August 1842. Henceforth, Daoguang became the first emperor of the Qing dynasty to have lost a portion of its sovereign territories. Depiction of opium smokers in an opium den in the East End of London, 1874. ... The Yongzheng Emperor (born Yinzhen 胤禛 December 13, 1678 - October 8, 1735) was the fourth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1722 to 1735. ... The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711–February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ... An edict is an announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism. ... Depiction of opium smokers in an opium den in the East End of London, 1874. ... Nationalistic independence helped reshape the world during this decade: Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Greek War of Independence (1821-1827). ... Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria... Lin Zexu Lin Zexu (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (August 30, 1785 - November 22, 1850) was a Chinese scholar and official during the Qing dynasty. ... Combatants Qing China British East India Company Commanders Daoguang Emperor Charles Elliot, Anthony Blaxland Stransham The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between Great Britain and the Qing Empire in China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to import British opium. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... The Treaty of Nanjing (Chinese: 南京條約, NánjÄ«ng TiáoyuÄ“) is the agreement which marked the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and China. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Family

• Father: Emperor Jiaqing (嘉庆帝).
• Mother: Empress Xiao Shu Rui (孝淑睿皇后).

The Jiaqing Emperor (November 13, 1760 - September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1796 to 1820. ... Empress Xiao Shu Rui (Chinese: 孝淑睿皇后喜塔拉氏)，? - 1797, came from the Manchu Hitara (Xitala) clan. ...

Consorts

• Empress Xiao Mu Cheng (孝穆成皇后) (? - 1808) of the Niuhuru clan.
• Empress Xiao Shen Cheng (孝慎成皇后) (? - 1833) of the Tunggiya clan.
• Empress Xiao Quan Cheng (孝全成皇后) (1808 - 1840) of the Niuhuru clan.
• Empress Xiao Jing Cheng (孝静成皇后) (1812 - 1855) of the Borjigit clan.
• Imperial Honoured Consort Zhuang Shun (庄顺皇贵妃) (? - 1866) of the Wuya clan, she was the natural birth mother of the First Prince Chun.
• Honoured Consort Tun (彤贵妃) (? - 1877) of the Shumulu clan.
• Consort He (和妃) (? - 1836) of the Nala clan.
• Consort Xiang (祥妃) (? - 1861) of the Niuhuru clan.
• Noble Consort Jia (佳贵妃) (? - 1890) of the Gogiya clan.
• Noble Consort Cheng (成贵妃) (? - 1888) of the Niuhuru clan.
• Consort Chang (常妃) (? - 1860) of the Heseri clan.

Empress Xiao Mu Cheng (孝穆成皇后) ? - 1808, private name: Ling Er (玲儿), was of the Niuhuru clan. ... The Niohuru were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. ... Empress Xiao Shen Cheng (孝慎成皇后) ? - 1833 was the second Empress Consort of the Dao Guang Emperor. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Empress Xiao Quan Cheng, (孝全成皇后)(1808 – 1840), born Lady Niuhuru, was the third Empress Consort of the Daoguang emperor (1782 - 1850). ... Empress Xiao Jing Cheng 孝静成皇后 (1812 - 1855) was the daughter of Hualianga of the Borjigit clan. ... Imperial consort Zhuang Shun 庄順皇貴妃 (? - 1866) came from the Wuya clan. ... Prince Chun (zh: 醇王) was the title created in 1850 by the Xianfeng Emperor for his seventh brother Yixuan. ... Consort He (? - 1836) came from the Manchu Nara clan. ... Consort Xiang (? - 1861) came from the yellow banner Niuhuru clan. ...

Children

Sons

Emperor Daoguang reading

1. First son: Prince Yiwei (奕緯) (16th May, 1808 - 23rd May, 1831), son of He Fei of the Nala clan.
2. Second son: Yikang (奕綱) (22nd November, 1826 - 5th March, 1827), son of Empress Xiaojing Cheng
3. Third son: Yichi (奕繼) (2nd December, 1829 - 22nd January, 1830), son of Empress Xiaojing Cheng
4. Fourth son: Yichu (1831 - 1861), son of Empress Xiao Quan Cheng
5. Fifth son: Yitsung (23rd July, 1831- 18th February, 1889), the second Prince Tun, great-grandfather of Prince Yuyan and son of Imperial Consort Xiang (祥妃) of the Niuhuru clan.
6. Sixth son: Yixin (11th January, 1833 - 29th May, 1898), the Prince Gong. Son of Empress Xiao Jing Cheng.
7. Seventh son: Yixuan, the First (16th October, 1840 - 1st January, 1891) Prince Chun. Father of Zaitian the Guangxu Emperor.
8. Eight son: Yiho (奕詥) (21st February, 1844 - 17th December, 1868), son of the Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
9. Ninth son: Yihui(奕譓) (1845 - 1877) son of the Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... ... ... The Xianfeng Emperor (July 17, 1831 - August 22, 1861) was the eigth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861. ... Empress Xiao Quan Cheng, (孝全成皇后)(1808 – 1840), born Lady Niuhuru, was the third Empress Consort of the Daoguang emperor (1782 - 1850). ... Yicong, 2nd Prince Tun (惇親王奕誴)(1831-1889) was the fifth son of Daoguang Emperor and Xiang Fei. ... Aisin Gioro Yuyan (Chinese:爱新觉罗·毓喦) (1918-1997) was a prince of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in China, born in the Tun Wang-fu Palace in Beijing. ... Prince Gong (Chinese: 恭亲王; Wade-Giles: Prince Kung) (January 11, 1833 - May 29, 1898), commonly known in his days as the Sixth Prince (六王爺), was born Yixin (Chinese: 奕訢; Wade-Giles: I-hsin), of the Aisin-Gioro clan (the Qing Manchu imperial family ruling over China). ... Empress Xiao Jing Cheng 孝静成皇后 (1812 - 1855) was the daughter of Hualianga of the Borjigit clan. ... 1st Prince Chun The 1st Prince Chun (Chinese: 醇賢親王, officially Prince of the First Rank Chun Xian) (October 16, 1840 - January 1, 1891), commonly known in his days as the Seventh Prince (七王爺) was born Yixuan (Chinese: 奕譞; Wade-Giles: I-hsüan), of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro clan (the Qing Dynasty imperial... The Guangxu Emperor (August 14, 1871–November 14, 1908), born Zaitian (載湉), was the tenth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China. ...

Daughters

1. First daughter: Duanmin (端悯固伦公主) (1813 - 1819), daughter of empress Xiaozhen Cheng.
2. Second daughter: (1825), daughter of Xiang Fei.
3. Third daughter: Duanshun (端顺固伦公主) (1825 - 1835), daughter of empress Xiaoquan Cheng.
4. Fourth daughter: Shou-An (寿安固伦公主) (1826- 1860), daughter of empress Xiaoquan Cheng.
5. Fifth daughter: Shou? (寿臧和硕公主) (1829 - 1856), daughter of Xiang Fei.
6. Sixth daughter: Shou-Yen (寿恩固伦公主) (1830 - 1859), daughter of empress Xiaojing Cheng.
7. Seventh daughter: (1840 - 1844), daughter of Tun Kuai Fei.
8. Eight daughter: Shou-Xi (寿禧和硕公主) (1841- 1866), daughter of Tun Kuai Fei.
9. Ninth daughter: Shou-Zhuang (寿庄固伦公主) (1842 - 1884), daughter of Zhuangshun Huang Kuai Fei.
10. Tenth daughter: (1844 - 1845), daughter of Tun Kuai Fei.

Death and legacy

Daoguang died on February 25, 1850, at the Old Summer Palace (圓明園), 8 km/5 miles northwest of the walls of Beijing. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son. Daoguang failed to understand the resolution of the Europeans and although the Europeans were outnumbered, outgunned and were thousands of miles away from home, Daoguang did not take advantage of these factors. He had a poor understanding of the British and the industrial revolution that Britain had undergone, preferring to turn a blind eye to the rest of the world. It was said that Daoguang did not even know where Britain was located in the world. His thirty-year reign introduced the initial onslaught by western imperialism and foreign invasions that would plague China, in one form or another, for the next one hundred years. February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Imperial Gardens as they once stood The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), and originally called the Imperial Gardens (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), was a complex of palaces and gardens 8 km (5 miles) northwest of the...   (Chinese:  ; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

He was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs (清西陵), 120 kilometers/75 miles southwest of Beijing, in the Muling (慕陵 - meaning "Tomb of longing", or "Tomb of admiration") mausoleum complex.   (Chinese:  ; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

See also

• Treaty of Nanking (1842)
• First Opium War