NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Darfur conflict

The Darfur conflict is a crisis in the Darfur region of western Sudan. Unlike the Second Sudanese Civil War, which was fought between the primarily Muslim north and Christian and Animist south, the current lines of conflict are seen to be ethnic and tribal, rather than religious.^[1] One side of the armed conflict is composed mainly of the Sudanese military and the Janjaweed, a militia group recruited mostly from the Arab Baggara tribes of the northern Rizeigat, camel-herding nomads. The other side comprises a variety of rebel groups, notably the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement, recruited primarily from the land-tilling Fur, Zaghawa, and Massaleit ethnic groups. The Sudanese government, while publicly denying that it supports the Janjaweed, has provided money and assistance to the militia and has participated in joint attacks targeting the tribes from which the rebels draw support.^[2] The conflict began in February of 2003. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Darfur (disambiguation). ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... National Redemption Front (abbreviation: NRF) is an alliance of fighting groups in Darfur. ... A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ... The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sudan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_African_Union. ... AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Nations. ... The United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) is a joint African Union and UN peacekeeping mission formally approved by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769 on 31 July 2007 to bring stability to the war-torn Darfur region of Sudan while peace talks on a final settlement continue. ... Dr. Khalil Ibrahim is the leader of the Zaghawa-dominated Darfurian rebel group the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). ... Ahmad Ibrahim Diraige is the former governor of the Sudanese province of Darfur and current head of the National Redemption Front alliance of rebel groups in the Darfur conflict. ... Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: Ø¹Ù…Ø± ØØ³Ù† Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø´ÙŠØ±, born January 1, 1944) is a Sudanese military leader, politician, and current president of Sudan. ... 21:47, 30 November 2006 (UTC)160. ... For other uses, see Darfur (disambiguation). ... Combatants Sudanese Government (North Sudan) Sudan Peoples Liberation Army Commanders Gaafar Nimeiry Sadiq al-Mahdi Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir John Garang Casualties Not Released 1. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... This article is in need of attention. ... The Sudan Peoples Armed Forces is a 60,000-member army supported by a small air force and navy. ... A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia A Militia is an army composed of ordinary [1] citizens to provide defense, emergency or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... The Baggara or Baqqarah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ù‚Ø§Ø±Ø©) are a nomadic Bedouin people inhabiting Africa from between Lake Chad and the Nile, in the states of Sudan (particularly Darfur), Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, and the Central African Republic. ... The Rizeigat, or Rizigat, are a Muslim tribe of the nomadic Bedouin Baggara people in Sudans Darfur region. ... Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ... The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... Flag of the Fur national movement The Fur (fÃ²Ã²rÃ in Fur, ÙÙˆØ± in Arabic) are a people of the western Sudan, numbering about 0. ... Zaghawa is an African ethnic group, mainly living in eastern Chad and western Sudan, including the Darfur province of Sudan. ... The Masalit (masara in Masalit; ArabicÙ…Ø§Ø³Ø§Ù„ÙŠØª) are a people of Darfur in western Sudan and Wadai in eastern Chad. ... Politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of an authoritarian republic in which all effective political power is in the hands of President Omar Hassan al-Bashir. ...

The combination of decades of drought, desertification, and overpopulation are among the causes of the Darfur conflict, because the Baggara nomads searching for water have to take their livestock further south, to land mainly occupied by non-Arab farming communities.^[3] Fields outside Benambra, Victoria, Australia suffering from drought conditions A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. ... Ship stranded by the retreat of the Aral Sea Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various climatic variations, but primarily from human activities. ... Map of countries by population density (See List of countries by population density. ... Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ...

The government and Janjaweed attacks upon the non-Baggara civilian populace have resulted in a major humanitarian crisis. There are many casualty estimates, most concurring on a range within the hundreds of thousands. The United Nations (UN) estimates that the conflict has left as many as 450,000 dead from violence and disease.^[4] Most non-governmental organizations use 200,000 to more than 400,000; the latter is a figure from the Coalition for International Justice that has since been cited by the UN. Sudan's government claims that over 9,000 people have been killed, although this figure is seen as counterfactual.^[5]^[6] As many as 2.5 million are thought to have been displaced as of October 2006. This is roughly the population of Houston, Texas.^[7] (See Counting deaths section, below) The Baggara or Baqqarah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ù‚Ø§Ø±Ø©) are a nomadic Bedouin people inhabiting Africa from between Lake Chad and the Nile, in the states of Sudan (particularly Darfur), Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, and the Central African Republic. ... A humanitarian crisis or (in the language of history) a humanitarian disaster is a health or otherwise natural disaster which mortally threatens a very large number of people. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is not a part of a government. ... The Coalition for International Justice (CIJ) was an international, non-profit organization that supported the international war crimes tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, and criminal and transitional justice initiatives for East Timor, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, and Sudan. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with forced migration. ... Houston redirects here. ... Combatants JEM factions NRF alliance Janjaweed SLM (Minnawi) Sudan African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) Commanders Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed Diraige Omar al-Bashir Minni Minnawi Luke Aprezi Strength N/A N/A 7,000 The Darfur conflict is a crisis in the...

The Sudanese government has suppressed information by jailing and killing witnesses since 2004 and tampered with evidence such as mass graves to eliminate their forensic values.^[8]^[9]^[10] In addition, by obstructing and arresting journalists, the Sudanese government has been able to obscure much of what has gone on.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] The mass media once described the conflict as both "ethnic cleansing" and "genocide," and now do so without hesitation. The United States government has described it as genocide,^[15] although the UN has declined to do so. (See List of declarations of genocide in Darfur) In March 2007 the U.N. mission accused Sudan's government of orchestrating and taking part in "gross violations" in Darfur and called for urgent international action to protect civilians there. Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory in order to create a supposedly ethnically pure society. ... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ... The government of the United States, established by the United States Constitution, is a federal republic of 50 states, a few territories and some protectorates. ... Dead animals lie in the middle of a burned and looted village in Darfur Main article: Darfur conflict While there is a general consensus in the international community that ethnic groups have been targeted and that crimes against humanity have therefore occurred, there has been debate in some quarters about...

After fighting worsened in July and August, on August 31, 2006, the United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1706 which called for a new 17,300-troop UN peacekeeping force to supplant or supplement a poorly funded, ill-equipped 7,000-troop African Union Mission in Sudan peacekeeping force. Sudan strongly objected to the resolution and said that it would see the UN forces in the region as foreign invaders. The next day, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region. (See New proposed UN peacekeeping force) Early elections in November are announced in the Netherlands. ... August 2006 is the eighth month of that year, and has yet to occur. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œSecurity Councilâ€ redirects here. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706 was a United Nations Security Council resolution intended to resolve the Darfur conflict. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29... AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ... The Sudan Peoples Armed Forces is a 60,000-member army supported by a small air force and navy. ... Combatants JEM factions NRF alliance Janjaweed SLM (Minnawi) Sudan African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) Commanders Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed Diraige Omar al-Bashir Minni Minnawi Luke Aprezi Strength N/A N/A 7,000 The Darfur conflict is a crisis in the...

The dire situation in Darfur dates back to March 2003 when the predominantly Muslim militants of the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) started attacking government forces and installations in the western regions of the Sudan.

The militants accused the government of President Omar al-Bashir of neglecting the region and oppressing black Africans in favour of Arabs in the state of Darfur. About 60 percent of the people in the area are subsistence farmers, with the rest being nomadic or semi-nomadic herders.

The government, caught by surprise by the militants' attacks, had very few troops in the region. In response, it mounted a campaign of aerial bombardment in support of ground attacks by an Arab militia, the Janjaweed, that it had recruited from local tribes.

Background

The conflict taking place in Darfur has many interwoven causes. While rooted in structural inequality between the center of the country around the Nile and the 'peripheral' areas such as Darfur, tensions were exacerbated in the last two decades of the twentieth century by a combination of environmental calamity, fast population growth, desertification, political opportunism and regional politics. On June 16, 2007, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon released a statement in which proposed that the slaughter in Darfur was caused "at least in part from climate change", and that it "derives, to some degree, from man-made global warming".^[16] "The scale of historical climate change, as recorded in Northern Darfur, is almost unprecedented: the reduction in rainfall has turned millions of hectares of already marginal semi-desert grazing land into desert. The impact of climate change is considered to be directly related to the conflict in the region, as desertification has added significantly to the stress on the livelihoods of pastoralist societies, forcing them to move south to find pasture," the UNEP report states.^[17] The recorded history of Darfur begins in the 14th century with the establishment of a Tunjur sultanate. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... The Nile (Arabic: , transliteration: , Ancient Egyptian iteru, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. ... Theoretical Human population increase from 10,000 BC â€“ 2000 AD. Population growth is the change in population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population per unit time. ... Ship stranded by the retreat of the Aral Sea Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various climatic variations, but primarily from human activities. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... IPA pronunciation: This is a Korean name; the family name is Ban Ban Ki-moon (born June 13, 1944)[1] is a South Korean diplomat and the current Secretary-General of the United Nations. ... Look up Slaughter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 450,000 years For current global climate change, see Global warming. ... Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. ... For other uses, see Darfur (disambiguation). ... Klaus Töpfer, UNEP Exec. ...

A point of particular confusion has been the characterization of the conflict as one between 'Arab' and 'African' populations, a dichotomy that one historian describes as "both true and false".^[18]^[19] For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... A dichotomy is a division into two non-overlapping or mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive parts. ...

In the late fourteenth or early fifteenth century, the Keira dynasty of the Fur people of the Marrah Mountains established a sultanate with Islam as the state religion. The sultanate was conquered by the Turco-Egyptian force expanding south along the Nile, which was in turn defeated by the Muhammad Ahmad, the self-proclaimed Mahdi. The Mahdist state collapsed under the onslaught of the British force led by Herbert Kitchener, who established an Anglo-Egyptian co-dominium to rule Sudan. The British allowed Darfur de jure autonomy until 1916 when they invaded and incorporated the region into Sudan.^[20] Within Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, the bulk of resources were devoted toward Khartoum and Blue Nile Province, leaving the rest of the country relatively undeveloped. The Keira dynasty were the rulers of the Sultanate of Darfur from the seventeenth century to 1916. ... Flag of the Fur national movement The Fur (fÃ²Ã²rÃ in Fur, ÙÙˆØ± in Arabic) are a people of the western Sudan, numbering about 0. ... The Marrah Mountains (Jebel Marra, Arabic: â€Ž bad (bitter?) mountains) is a range of volcanic peaks created by a massif that rises up to 3,000 m. ... Sultan (Arabic: Ø³Ù„Ø·Ø§Ù†) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... South America Europe Middle East Africa Asia Oceania Demography of religions by country Full list of articles on religion by country Religion Portal Nations with state religions: Buddhism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Roman Catholic Church A state religion (also called an official religion, established church... This article details the Turkiyah, the period of Turkish reign in the history of Sudan from 1821â€“1885. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Muhammad al-Mahdi. ... The Earl Kitchener Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 â€“ 5 June 1916) was an Irish-born British Field Marshal, diplomat and statesman popularly referred to as Lord Kitchener. ... This article discusses the Anglo-Egyptian rule during the history of Sudan from 1899 to 1955. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Nickname: Khartoums location in Sudan Coordinates: , Government - Governor Abdul Halim al Mutafi Population (2005) - Urban Over 1 Million For other uses, see Khartoum (disambiguation). ... Blue Nile Blue Nile (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù†ÙŠÙ„ Ø§Ù„Ø£Ø²Ø±Ù‚; transliterated: an-Nyl al-Azraq; called Al WustÃ¡ during 1991â€”1994) is one of the 26 wilayat (states) of Sudan. ...

The inhabitants of the Nile Valley, which had received the bulk of British investment, continued the pattern of economic and political marginalization after independence was achieved in 1956. In the 1968 elections, factionalism within the ruling Umma Party led candidates, notably Sadiq al-Mahdi, to try to split off portions of the Darfuri electorate either by blaming the region's underdevelopment on the Arabs, in the case of appeals to the stationary peoples, or by appealing to the Baggara semi-nomads to support their fellow Nile Arabs. This Arab-African dichotomy, which was not an indigenously developed way of perceiving local relations, was exacerbated after Libyan President Muammar Gaddafi became focused on establishing an Arab belt across the Sahel and promulgated an ideology of Arab supremacy.^[21] As a result of a sequence of interactions between Sudan, Libya and Chad from the late 1960s through the 1980s, including the creation of the Libyan-supported Islamic Legion, Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry established Darfur as a rear base for the rebel force led by Hissène Habré, which was attempting to overthrow the Chadian government and was also anti-Gaddafi.^[22] Download high resolution version (1632x1224, 430 KB)Picture of IDP camp in Sudan resulting from the Darfur conflict. ... Download high resolution version (1632x1224, 430 KB)Picture of IDP camp in Sudan resulting from the Darfur conflict. ... Tailor in Labuje IDP camp in Uganda An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who has been forced to leave their home for reasons such as religious or political persecution or war, but has not crossed an international border. ... For other uses, see Darfur (disambiguation). ... The Umma Party (Arabic: ØØ²Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ø£Ù…Ø© Hizb al-Umma, translated into English as Nation Party) is a secular islamic centrist political party in Sudan. ... Sadiq al Mahdi became Prime Minister of Sudan in 1986, when he formed a coalition government comprised of the Umma party (which he led); the National Islamic Front (led by his brother-in-law, Hassan al-Turabi); the Democratic Unionist Party; and four small Southern parties. ... Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi Muammar Abu Minyar al-Qaddafi 1 (Arabic: معمر القذافي Mu`ammar al-Qadhdhāfī) (born 1942), leader of Libya since 1970 and a controversial Arab statesman. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Islamic Legion (Arabic Ø§Ù„ÙÙŠÙ„Ù‚ Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…ÙŠ Failaq al-Islamiyya[1]) was a Libyan-sponsored multinational paramilitary force, created in 1972. ... Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise known as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Gafar Muhammad an-Numayri; born 1 January 1930) (Arabic: Ø¬Ø¹ÙØ± Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù†Ù…ÙŠØ±ÙŠ) was the President of Sudan from 1971 to 1985. ... HissÃ¨ne HabrÃ© (born 1942), also spelled Hissen HabrÃ©, was the leader of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990. ...

In 1983 and 1984, the rains failed and the region was plunged into a famine.^[23] The famine killed an estimated 95,000 people out of a population of 3.1 million. Nimeiry was overthrown on 5 April 1985, and Sadiq al-Mahdi came out of exile, making a deal with Gaddafi, which al-Mahdi did not honor, to turn over Darfur to Libya if he was supplied with the funds to win the upcoming elections.^[24] <nowiki>Insert non-formatted text hereBold text</nowiki>A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ... is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

In early 2003, two local rebel groups — the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM)^[25] — accused the government of oppressing non-Arabs. The SLM, which is much larger than the JEM, is generally associated with the Fur and Masalit, as well as the Wagi clan of the Zaghawa, while the JEM is associated with the Kobe clan of Zaghawa. Later that year, leaders of both groups, the Sudanese Government and representatives of the International diplomatic community were brought together in Geneva by the Center for Humanitarian Dialogue to look at ways of addressing the humanitarian crisis. In 2004, the JEM joined the Eastern Front, a group set up in 2004 as an alliance between two eastern tribal rebel groups, the Rashaida tribe's Free Lions and the Beja Congress. The JEM has also been accused of being controlled by Hassan al-Turabi. Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... The Eastern Front is a coalition of rebel groups operating in eastern Sudan along the border with Eritrea, particularly the states of Red Sea and Kassala. ... Rashaida are a nomadic people in Sudan, and Eritrea. ... The Rashaida Free Lions (Arabic: al-usud al-hurra) are an armed group of the Rashaida people that was active in the eastern regions of Sudan. ... The Beja Congress is a political group comprising sevral ethnic entities of the eastern region of Sudan. ... Dr. Hassan Abd Allah al-Turabi (Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙƒØªÙˆØ± ØØ³Ù† Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ù„ØªØ±Ø§Ø¨ÙŠ in Arabic), commonly called Hassan al-Turabi (sometimes transliterated Hassan al-Tourabi) (ØØ³Ù† Ø§Ù„ØªØ±Ø§Ø¨ÙŠ), is a religiopolitical leader in Sudan, who may have been instrumental in institutionalizing Islamic Sharia law in the northern part of the country. ...

On January 20, 2006, SLM declared a merger with the Justice and Equality Movement to form the Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan. However, in May of that year, the SLM and JEM were again negotiating as separate entities. is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History of the conflict, 2003-2007

The starting point of the conflict in the Darfur region is typically said to be 26 February 2003, when a group calling itself the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) publicly claimed credit for an attack on Golo, the headquarters of Jebel Marra District. Even prior to this attack, however, a conflict had erupted in Darfur, as rebels had already attacked police stations, army outposts and military convoys, and the government had engaged in a massive air and land assault on the rebel stronghold in the Marrah Mountains. The rebels' first military action was a successful attack on an army garrison on the mountain on 25 February 2002 and the Sudanese government had been aware of a unified rebel movement since an attack on the Golo police station in June 2002. Chroniclers Julie Flint and Alex de Waal state that the beginning of the rebellion is better dated to 21 July 2001, when a group of Zaghawa and Fur met in Abu Gamra and swore oaths on the Qur'an to work together to defend against government-sponsored attacks on their villages.^[26] It should be noted that nearly all of the residents of Darfur are Muslim, as are the Janjaweed and the government leaders in Khartoum.^[27] The recorded history of Darfur begins in the 14th century with the establishment of a Tunjur sultanate. ... IDP mother and malnourished child in North Darfur This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. ... is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Darfur Liberation Front is the former name of the Sudanese Liberation Army. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Marrah Mountains (Arabic: Jebel Marra meaning bad mountain) is a range of volcanic peaks rising up to 3,000 m (10,100 ft), in the center of the Darfur region of Sudan. ... The Marrah Mountains (Jebel Marra, Arabic: â€Ž bad (bitter?) mountains) is a range of volcanic peaks created by a massif that rises up to 3,000 m. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Alexander de Waal is a British writer and researcher on African issues. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Flag of the Fur national movement The Fur (fÃ²Ã²rÃ in Fur, ÙÙˆØ± in Arabic) are a people of the western Sudan, numbering about 0. ... The Qurâ€™Än [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ... Nickname: Khartoums location in Sudan Coordinates: , Government - Governor Abdul Halim al Mutafi Population (2005) - Urban Over 1 Million For other uses, see Khartoum (disambiguation). ...

25 March, the rebels seized the garrison town of Tine along the Chadian border, seizing large quantities of supplies and arms. Despite a threat by President Omar al-Bashir to "unleash" the army, the military had little in reserve. The army was already deployed both to the south, where the Second Sudanese Civil War was drawing to an end, and the east, where rebels sponsored by Eritrea were threatening the newly constructed pipeline from the central oilfields to Port Sudan. The rebel tactic of hit-and-run raids using Toyota Land Cruisers to speed across the semi-desert region proved almost impossible for the army, untrained in desert operations, to counter. However, its aerial bombardment of rebel positions on the mountain was devastating.^[28] is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: Ø¹Ù…Ø± ØØ³Ù† Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø´ÙŠØ±, born January 1, 1944) is a Sudanese military leader, politician, and current president of Sudan. ... Combatants Sudanese Government (North Sudan) Sudan Peoples Liberation Army Commanders Gaafar Nimeiry Sadiq al-Mahdi Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir John Garang Casualties Not Released 1. ... Location of Port Sudan Port Sudan (Arabic: â€Ž) is the capital of the state of Red Sea in Sudan and has nearly 475,000 residents. ... The Toyota Land Cruiser is a series of popular four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese carmaker Toyota Motor Corporation. ...

At 5:30 am on 25 April 2003, a joint Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and JEM force in 33 Land Cruisers entered al-Fashir and attacked the sleeping garrison. In the next four hours, four Antonov bombers and helicopter gunships, according to the government, (seven according to the rebels) were destroyed on the ground, 75 soldiers, pilots and technicians were killed and 32 were captured, including the commander of the air base, a Major General. The success of the raid was unprecedented in Sudan; in the 20 years of the war in the south, the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) had never carried out such an operation.^[29] is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sudan Liberation Army or SLA is a band of armed insurgents based in southern Sudan. ... Al Fashir (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ÙØ§Ø´Ø±) is a capital city of North Darfur, Sudan. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... SPLA/M emblem Sudan Peoples Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) is a member of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the main opposition group in Sudan. ...

Enter the Janjaweed (2003)

The al-Fashir raid was a turning point both militarily and psychologically. The armed forces had been humiliated by the al-Fashir raid and the government was faced with a difficult strategic situation. The armed forces would clearly need to be retrained and redeployed to fight this new kind of war and there were well-founded concerns about the loyalty of the many Darfurian non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the army. Responsibility for prosecuting the war was given to Sudanese Military Intelligence. Nevertheless, in the middle months of 2003, the rebels won 34 of 38 engagements. In May, the SLA destroyed a battalion at Kutum, killing 500 and taking 300 prisoners and in mid-July, 250 were killed in a second attack on Tine. The SLA began to infiltrate farther east, threatening to extend the war into Kordofan. Image File history File links Darfur_IDPs_children_sitting. ... Image File history File links Darfur_IDPs_children_sitting. ... Tailor in Labuje IDP camp in Uganda An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who has been forced to leave their home for reasons such as religious or political persecution, war or natural disaster, but has not crossed an international border. ... Military intelligence (abbreviated MI, int. ... Kutum is a town in the Sudanese state of North Darfur. ... Kordofan is a former province of central Sudan. ...

However, at this point the government changed its strategy. Given that the army was being consistently defeated, the war effort depended on three elements: Military Intelligence, the air force, and the Janjaweed, armed Baggara herders whom the government had begun directing in repression of a Masalit uprising in 1996-1999. The Janjaweed were put at the center of the new counter-insurgency strategy. Military resources were poured into Darfur and the Janjaweed were outfitted as a paramilitary force, complete with communication equipment and some artillery. The military planners were doubtlessly aware of the probable consequences of such a strategy—similar methods undertaken in the Nuba Mountains and around the southern oil fields during the 1990's had resulted in massive human rights violations and forced displacements.^[30] A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ... The Baggara or Baqqarah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ù‚Ø§Ø±Ø©) are a nomadic Bedouin people inhabiting Africa from between Lake Chad and the Nile, in the states of Sudan (particularly Darfur), Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, and the Central African Republic. ... The Masalit (masara in Masalit; Arabic Ù…Ø§Ø³Ø§Ù„ÙŠØª) are a people of Darfur in western Sudan and Wadai in eastern Chad. ... Paramilitary designates forces whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force, but which are not regarded as having the same status. ... Nuba Mountains The Nuba Mountains are a mountain range in Kordofan, a province in central Sudan, Africa. ... Forced migration refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region. ...

The better-armed Janjaweed quickly gained the upper hand. By the spring of 2004, several thousand people — mostly from the non-Arab population — had been killed and as many as a million more had been driven from their homes, causing a major humanitarian crisis in the region. The crisis took on an international dimension when over 100,000 refugees poured into neighbouring Chad, pursued by Janjaweed militiamen, who clashed with Chadian government forces along the border. More than 70 militiamen and 10 Chadian soldiers were killed in one gun battle in April. A United Nations observer team reported that non-Arab villages were singled out while Arab villages were left untouched: UN and U.N. redirect here. ...

In 2004, Chad brokered negotiations in N'Djamena, leading to the April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement between the Sudanese government, JEM, and SLM. A group splintered from the JEM in April — the National Movement for Reform and Development — which did not participate in the April cease-fire talks or agreement. Janjaweed and rebel attacks have continued since the ceasefire. The African Union (AU) formed a Ceasefire Commission (CFC) to monitor observance of the putative ceasefire. NDjamena, Â«ehn JAHM uh nuhÂ», population 721,000 (2005), is the capital of Chad. ... Following the escalation of the Darfur conflict in the Sudan, Chad brokered negotiations in NDjamena in 2004, leading to the April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement between the Sudanese government and the two rebel groups, the Sudanese Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA). ... The National Movement for Reform and Development (NMRD) is a Sudanese rebel group based in the region of Darfur that was formed when it broke away from the Justice and Equality Movement in 2004 because it felt JEM focused to much on the political, rather than the social and economic... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29... Following the escalation of the Darfur conflict in the Sudan, Chad brokered negotiations in NDjamena in 2004, leading to the April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement between the Sudanese government and the two rebel groups, the Sudanese Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA). ...

The scale of the crisis led to warnings of an imminent disaster, with United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan warning that the risk of genocide is frighteningly real in Darfur. The scale of the Janjaweed campaign led to comparisons with the Rwandan Genocide, a parallel hotly denied by the Sudanese government. Independent observers noted that the tactics, which include dismemberment and killing of noncombatants and even young children and babies, are more akin to the ethnic cleansing used in the Yugoslav Wars but have warned that the region's remoteness means that hundreds of thousands are effectively cut off from aid. The Brussels-based International Crisis Group reported in May 2004 that over 350,000 people could potentially die as a result of starvation and disease.^[32] The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ... The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass killing of the hundreds of thousands of ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutu sympathizers in Rwanda and was the largest atrocity during the Rwandan Civil War. ... Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory in order to create a supposedly ethnically pure society. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The International Crisis Group is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization whose mission is to prevent and resolve deadly conflicts through field-based analysis and high-level advocacy. ... This article is about extreme malnutrition. ...

On 10 July 2005, Ex-SPLA leader John Garang was sworn in as Sudan's vice-president.^[33] However, on 30 July 2005, Garang died in a helicopter crash.^[34] His death had long-term implications and, despite improved security, talks between the various rebels in the Darfur region went slowly. is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Garang, August 2004 John Garang de Mabior (June 23, 1945 â€“ July 30, 2005) was the vice president of Sudan and former leader of the rebel Sudan Peoples Liberation Army. ... is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

An attack on the Chadian town of Adre near the Sudanese border led to the deaths of three hundred rebels in December 2005. Sudan was blamed for the attack, which was the second in the region in three days.^[35] The escalating tensions in the region led to the government of Chad declaring its hostility toward Sudan and calling for Chadian citizens to mobilise themselves against the "common enemy".^[36] (See Chad-Sudan conflict) Adre can refer to: Enochian angels Adre, Chad, the place of a massacre that happened on December 18, 2005 This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of articles associated with the same title. ... A strong executive branch headed by President Deby dominates the Chadian political system. ... Combatants Sudan, United Front for Democratic Change rebel alliance Chad Commanders Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Sudan), Mohammed Nour (UFDC) Idriss Deby Strength ~120,000 est. ...

May Agreement (2006)

On May 5, 2006, the government of Sudan signed an accord with the faction of the SLA led by Minni Minnawi. However, the agreement was rejected by two other, smaller groups, the Justice and Equality Movement and a rival faction of the SLA.^[37] The accord was orchestrated by the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick, Salim Ahmed Salim (working on behalf of the African Union), AU representatives, and other foreign officials operating in Abuja, Nigeria. The accord calls for the disarmament of the Janjaweed militia, and for the rebel forces to disband and be incorporated into the army.^[38]^[39] Image File history File linksMetadata Minni_Minnawi_and_George_W_Bush_(cropped). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Minni_Minnawi_and_George_W_Bush_(cropped). ... 21:47, 30 November 2006 (UTC)160. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 21:47, 30 November 2006 (UTC)160. ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... Department of State redirects here. ... The Deputy Secretary of State of the United States is the chief assistant to the Secretary of State who is responsible for Foreign Affairs. ... Robert B. Zoellick Robert Bruce Zoellick (born July 25, 1953), appointed United States Trade Representative, assumed office on February 7, 2001. ... Dr. Salim Ahmed Salim, born on January 23, 1942 on the island of Zanzibar in Tanzania. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29... Aso Rock Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria. ... A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ...

July-August 2006

During July and August 2006, fighting had been renewed, "threatening to shut down the world's largest aid operation" as international aid organizations considered leaving due to attacks against their personnel. United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan called for bringing a force of 18,000 international peacekeepers to the region in order to replace the African Union force of 7,000 (AMIS).^[40]^[41] In July 2006 at the Darfur town of Kalma, seven women, who ventured out of a refugee camp to gather firewood, were gang-raped, beaten and robbed by the Janjaweed. When they had finished, the attackers then stripped them naked and jeered at them as they fled.^[42]^[43]^[44] Early elections in November are announced in the Netherlands. ... August 2006 is the eighth month of that year, and has yet to occur. ... The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29... AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ...

On August 18, the deputy head of the UN Peacekeeping Forces, Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Hedi Annabi, warned during a private meeting that Sudan appears to be undertaking preparations for a major military offensive in the region.^[45] The warning came a day after UN Commission on Human Rights special investigator Sima Samar stated that Sudan's efforts in the region remains poor despite the May Agreement.^[46] On August 19, Sudan reiterated its opposition to replacing the 7,000 AU force with a 17,000 UN one, ^[47] resulting in the US issuing a "threat" to Sudan over the "potential consequences" of this position.^[48] is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On August 24, Sudan rejected attending a United Nations Security Council (UNSC) meeting to explain its plan of sending 10,000 Sudanese soldiers to Darfur instead of the proposed 20,000 UN peacekeeping force.^[49] The UNSC announced it will hold the meeting despite Sudan's refusal to attend.^[50] Also on August 24, the International Rescue Committee reported that hundreds of women were raped and sexually assaulted around the Kalma refugee camp during the last several weeks.^[51] The Janjaweed has used rape as a weapon. Culturally in the region, raped women are considered unclean, and are ostracized. Women are even raped in open, public places to increase humiliation for them and their families. The extent of rape used in attacks is likely greater than documented, because women who have been raped are usually reluctant to come forward.^[52] On August 25, the head of the US State Department's Bureau of African Affairs, Assistant Secretary Jendayi Frazer, warned that the region faces a security crisis unless the proposed UN peacekeeping force is allowed to deploy.^[53] is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œSecurity Councilâ€ redirects here. ... The International Rescue Committee was founded in 1933 at the request of Albert Einstein to assist opponents of Adolf Hitler. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Department of State redirects here. ... The State Department did not create a Bureau of African Affairs until 1958. ... Dr. Jendayi Frazer Jendayi E. Frazer is the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, heading the Bureau of African Affairs. ...

On August 26, two days before the UNSC meeting, and on the day Frazer was due to arrive in Khartoum, Paul Salopek, a US National Geographic Magazine journalist appeared in court in Darfur facing charges of espionage; he had crossed into the country illegally from Chad, due to the strict rules against foreign journalists. He was later released after direct negotiation with President al-Bashir.^[54] This came a month after Tomo Križnar, a Slovenian presidential envoy, was sentenced to two years for spying.^[55] is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Khartoums location in Sudan Coordinates: , Government - Governor Abdul Halim al Mutafi Population (2005) - Urban Over 1 Million For other uses, see Khartoum (disambiguation). ... The National Geographic Magazine, later shortened to National Geographic, is the official journal of the National Geographic Society. ... Tomo KriÅ¾nar (born 26 August 1954 in Jesenice, Slovenia) is a peace activist, writer and special envoy of the Slovene president for Darfur in Sudan. ...

New proposed UN peacekeeping force

On August 31, 2006, the UNSC approved a resolution to send a new peacekeeping force of 17,300 to the region.^[56] Sudan has expressed strong opposition to the resolution. ^[57] On September 1, 2006, African Union officials reported that Sudan had launched a major offensive in Darfur. According to the AU, over 20 people were killed and 1,000 were displaced during clashes that began earlier in the week.^[58] On September 5, Sudan has asked the AU force in Darfur to leave the region by the end of the month, adding that "they have no right to transfer this assignment to the United Nations or any other party. This right rests with the government of Sudan."^[59] On September 4, 2006, in a move not viewed as surprising, Chad's president Idriss Déby voiced support for the new UN peacekeeping force.^[60] The AU, whose peacekeeping force mandate expires on September 30, 2006, has confirmed that they will do so.^[61] The next day, however, a senior US State Department official who declined to be identified, told reporters that the AU force might remain in the region past the deadline, citing this possibility as a "viable, live option."^[62] United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706 was a United Nations Security Council resolution intended to resolve the Darfur conflict. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... List of Heads of State of Chad (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office) Affiliations:- See also:- Chad Heads of Government of Chad Colonial Heads of Chad lists of incumbents Categories: Lists of office-holders ... Lieutenant General Idriss DÃ©by Itno (born in Fada in 1952) is the President of Chad and the head of the Patriotic Salvation Movement. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Implementation failure (September 2006)

On September 8, 2006, António Guterres, head of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, said Darfur faces a "humanitarian catastrophe."^[63] On September 12, 2006, Sudan's European Union envoy Pekka Haavisto claimed that the Sudanese army is "bombing civilians in Darfur".^[64] A World Food Program official reported that food aid has been cut off from at least 355,000 people in the region.^[65] UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan told the UNSC that "the tragedy in Darfur has reached a critical moment. It merits this council's closest attention and urgent action."^[66] is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... AntÃ³nio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres (pron. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The World Food Programme (WFP) is an agency of the United Nations which distributes food commodities to support development projects, to long-term refugees and displaced persons and as emergency food assistance in situations of natural and man-made disasters. ...

On September 14, 2006, the leader of the now defunct Sudan Liberation Movement, currently Senior Assistant to the President of the Republic and Chairman of the Regional Interim Authority of Darfur, Minni Minnawi, stated that he does not object to the new UN peacekeeping force, thereby breaking ranks with the Sudanese government who consider such a deployment to be an act of Western invasion. Minnawi claimed that the AU force "can do nothing because the AU mandate is very limited."^[67] Khartoum, however, remained sternly against the UN peacekeeping force, with Sudanese president Al-Bashir depicting it as a colonial plan, and stating that "we do not want Sudan to turn into another Iraq."^[68] is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... This page contains a list of presidents and other heads of state of Sudan. ... 21:47, 30 November 2006 (UTC)160. ... In general, the word colonial means of or relating to a colony. In United States history, the term Colonial is used to refer to the period before US independence. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ...

Deterioration (October-November 2006)

On October 2, with the UN force plan indefinitely suspended on account of Sudanese opposition, the AU announced that it will extend its presence in the region until December 31, 2006.^[69]^[70] Two hundred UN troops were sent to reinforce the AU force.^[71] On October 6, the UNSC voted to extend the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Sudan until April 30, 2007. ^[72] On October 9, the Food and Agriculture Organization listed Sudan's Darfur region as the most pressing food emergency out of the forty countries listed on its Crop Prospects and Food Situation report.^[73] On October 10, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Louise Arbour, claimed that the Sudanese government had prior knowledge of attacks by Janjaweed militias in Buram, South Darfur the month before, an attack which saw hundreds of civilians killed.^[74] is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The United Nations Mission In Sudan or UNMIS was established by the United Nations under UN Security Council Resolution 1590 of the UN Security Council on March 24, 2005 in response to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government of Sudan and the Sudan Peoples Liberation... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is a United Nations agency that works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. ... Louise Arbour (born February 10, 1947 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is the current UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and a former Supreme Court of Canada Justice. ... South Darfur South Darfur (Janub Darfur) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ...

On October 12, the Foreign Minister of Nigeria Joy Ogwu arrived in Darfur for a two-day visit. She urged the Sudanese government to accept a UN formula. Speaking in Ethiopia, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo spoke against "stand[ing] by and see[ing] genocide being developed in Darfur."^[75] On October 13, US President George W. Bush imposed further sanctions against those deemed complicit in the Darfur atrocities under the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act of 2006. The measures were said to strengthen existing sanctions by prohibiting US citizens from engaging in oil-related transactions with Sudan (although US companies were prohibited from doing any business with Sudan since 1997), freezing the assets of complicit parties and denying them entry to the US.^[76] Image File history File links Darfur_report_-_Page_7_Image_1. ... Image File history File links Darfur_report_-_Page_7_Image_1. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Nigerian foreign ministry is a statutory body created to handle the external thrust of Nigerias domestic vision and ideals. ... Joy Ogwu Joy Ogwu (born August 23, 1946) is the current Foreign Minister of Nigeria. ... Seal of the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Flag of the President of Nigeria The President of Nigeria is the elected head of government and head of state of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. ... General (rtd. ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ...

Because the African Union Mission in Sudan is underfunded and badly equipped, it is said that until December 31, violence in Darfur will worsen, with government troops and allied militias, as well as rebels, blamed for new attacks. But so far there is no agreement on what will happen after that date. Aid workers say their access is severely limited by fighting, and some have warned the humanitarian situation could deteriorate to levels seen in 2003 and 2004 when U.N. officials called Darfur the world's worst humanitarian crisis.^[69] AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 22 October 2006, the Sudanese government told U.N. envoy Jan Pronk to leave the country within three days. Pronk, the senior U.N. official in the country, had been heavily criticized by the army after he posted a description of several recent military defeats in Darfur to his personal blog.^[77] On November 1, the US announced that it would formulate an international plan which they hoped the Sudanese government would find more palatable.^[78] On November 9, senior Sudanese presidential advisor Nafie Ali Nafie told reporters that his government is prepared to start unconditional talks with the National Redemption Front (NRF)—the rebel alliance in Darfur—but noted he saw little use for a new peace agreement. The NRF, who had rejected the May Agreement (only an inter-SLM faction was signatory to it), did not issue a comment. It had previously sought a new peace agreement.^[79] In late 2006, Darfur Arabs started their own rebel group, The Popular Forces Troops, and announced on December 6 that they had repulsed an assault by the Sudanese army at Kas-Zallingi the previous day. In a statement, they called the Janjaweed mercenaries who do not represent Darfur's Arabs. Since 2003, numerous Darfur Arab groups have announced their opposition to the government's war, some signing political accords with rebel movements. is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan Pronk (left) with Robert Zoellick Johannes Jan Pieter Pronk (born 16 March 1940 in Scheveningen, The Hague) is a Dutch politician and diplomat. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... National Redemption Front (abbreviation: NRF) is an alliance of fighting groups in Darfur. ... A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ...

Some of the splits within the Arab forces were tribe based. Sometime in late 2006, for example, relations between the farming Terjem and nomadic, camel-herding Mahria tribes became tense. Terjem leaders accused the Mahria of kidnapping a Terjem boy, and Mahria leaders said the Terjem were stealing their animals even before that. Ali Mahamoud Mohammed, the wali, or governor, of South Darfur, said the fighting began in December when the Mahria drove their camels south in a seasonal migration, trampling through Terjem territory near the Bulbul River. Fighting would later resume in July 2007.^[80] South Darfur South Darfur (Janub Darfur) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ...

Proposed compromise UN force and Sudanese offensive

On November 17, reports of a potential deal to place a "compromise peacekeeping force" in Darfur were announced,^[81] but would later appear to have been rejected by Sudan.^[82] The UN, nonetheless, claimed on November 18 that Sudan agreed to the deployment of UN peacekeepers.^[83] Sudan's Foreign Minister Lam Akol stated that "there should be no talk about a mixed force" and that the UN's role should be restricted to technical support. Also on November 18, the AU reported that Sudanese military and Sudanese-backed militias had launched a ground and air operation in the region which resulted in about 70 civilian deaths. The AU stated that this "was a flagrant violation of security agreements."^[84] 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

On November 25, a spokesperson for United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour accused the Sudanese government of having committed "a deliberate and unprovoked attack" against civilians in the town of Sirba on November 11, which claimed the lives of at least 30 people. The Commissioner's statement maintained that "contrary to the government’s claim, it appears that the Sudanese Armed Forces launched a deliberate and unprovoked attack on civilians and their property in Sirba," and that this also involved "extensive and wanton destruction and looting of civilian property."^[85] is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is a United Nations agency that works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. ... Louise Arbour (born February 10, 1947 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is the current UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and a former Supreme Court of Canada Justice. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

January - April 2007 cease-fire agreement and its rapid dissolution

According to the Save Darfur Coalition, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson and President al-Bashir have agreed to a cease-fire whereby the Sudanese "government and rebel groups will cease hostilities for a period of 60 days while they work towards a lasting peace."^[86] In addition, the Save Darfur press release stated that the agreement "included a number of concessions to improve humanitarian aid and media access to Darfur." Despite the formality of a ceasefire there have been further media reports of killings and other violence.^[87]^[88] On Sunday April 15, 2007, African Union peacekeepers were targeted and killed.^[89] The New York Times reported that "a confidential United Nations report says the government of Sudan is flying arms and heavy military equipment into Darfur in violation of Security Council resolutions and painting Sudanese military planes white to disguise them as United Nations or African Union aircraft."^[90] Save Darfur Coalition logo The Save Darfur Coalition (also known as Save Darfur or savedarfur. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Largest metro area Albuquerque metropolitan area Area Ranked 5th - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 kmÂ²) - Width 342 miles (550 km) - Length 370 miles (595 km) - % water 0. ... For other persons named William Richardson, see William Richardson (disambiguation). ... Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: Ø¹Ù…Ø± ØØ³Ù† Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø´ÙŠØ±, born January 1, 1944) is a Sudanese military leader, politician, and current president of Sudan. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ...

The violence has spread over the border to Chad. On March 31, 2007 Janjaweed militiamen killed up to 400 people in the volatile eastern border region of Chad near Sudan. The attack took place in the border villages of Tiero and Marena. The villages were encircled and then fired upon. Fleeing villagers were later subsequently chased. The women were robbed and the men shot according to the UNHCR. There were many who, despite surviving the initial attack, ended up dying due to exhaustion and dehydration, often while fleeing.^[91] is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ...

On April 14, 2007, more attacks within Chad were reported by the [UNHCR] to have occurred again in the border villages of Tiero and Marena.^[92] On April 18th President Bush gave a speech at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum criticizing the Sudanese government and threatened the use of sanctions if the situation does not improve. Sanctions would involve restriction of trade and dollar transactions with the Sudanese government and 29 Sudanese businesses.^[93] April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Economic sanctions are economic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries) on another for a variety of reasons. ...

International Criminal Court charges

Sudan's humanitarian affairs minister, Ahmed Haroun, and a Janjaweed militia leader, known as Ali Kushayb, have been charged by the International Criminal Court with 51 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Ahmed Haroun said he "did not feel guilty," his conscience was clear, and that he was ready to defend himself.^[94] Ahmed Mohammed Haroun (or Ahmad Harun) is one of two Sudanese men wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. ... The official logo of the ICC The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt)[1] was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression, although it cannot currently exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. ...

May 2007

Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir and Chad president Idriss Deby signed a peace agreement on May 3, 2007 aimed at reducing tension between their countries.^[95]^[96] The accord was brokered by Saudi Arabia. It sought to guarantee that each country would not be used to harbor, train or fund armed movements opposed to the government of the other. The Reuters News Service reported that "Deby's fears that Nouri's UFDD may have been receiving Saudi as well as Sudanese support could have pushed him to sign the Saudi-mediated pact with Bashir on Thursday". Colin Thomas-Jensen, an expert on Chad and Darfur who works International Crisis Group think-tank has grave doubts as to whether "this new deal will lead to any genuine thaw in relations or improvement in the security situation". Additionally The Chadian rebel Union of Forces for Democracy and Development (UFDD) which has fought a hit-and-run war against Chad President Deby's forces in east Chad since 2006 stated that the Saudi-backed peace deal would not stop its military campaign. Only the carrot and stick of Saudi aid to the UFDD may have forced the Chad government to the table. Thus the agreement may end up hurting the Sudanese rebels the most, leaving the Sudanese government with a freer hand.^[97] Also in May, locations related to the conflict were added in Google Earth.^[98] is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... General Mahamat Nouri (born 1947) is a Chadian insurgent leader who currently commands the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development (UFDD) and has been for a long period first a close associate of HissÃ¨ne HabrÃ©, and after 1990 of President Idriss DÃ©by. ... Google Earth is a virtual globe program that was originally called Earth Viewer and was created by Keyhole, Inc. ...

Russian and Chinese undermining of sanctions

Amnesty International issued a report^[99]^[100]^[101] accusing Russia and China of supplying arms, ammunition and related equipment to Sudan. This hardware has been transferred to Darfur for use by the government and the Janjaweed militias and thus violating a UN arms embargo against Sudan. In its report it showed a photo of Chinese-made Fantan fighters that have been seen at Nyala, Darfur and a Ukranian Antonov-26 aircraft (painted white). The report provided evidence (including eyewitness testimony) that the Sudan Air Force has been conducting a pattern of indiscriminate aerial bombings of villages in Darfur and eastern Chad using ground attack jet fighters and Antonov planes. The report contained an image of a Russian made Mi-24 attack helicopter (reg. n° 928) at Nyala airport in Darfur in March of 2007. For several years the Sudan Air Force has used this type of attack helicopter for operations during Janjaweed attacks on villages in Al Darfur. The report also showed evidence that the government has been camouflaging military aircraft and helicopters by painting them white and in doing so, tried to cover up their military use by claiming that they were civilian in nature. The photo of the white Antonov-26 aircraft was reported to have been used in Darfur in bombing missions. China and Russia denied they had broken UN sanctions. China has a close relationship with Sudan and increased its military co-operation with the government in early 2007. Because of Sudan's plentiful supply of oil China considers good relations with Sudan to be a strategic necessity that is needed to fuel its booming economy.^[102]^[103]^[104] China also has direct commercial interests in Sudan's oil. China’s state-owned company CNPC controls between 60 and 70 percent of Sudan’s total oil production. Additionally It owns the largest single share (40 percent) of Sudan’s national oil company, Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company.^[105]^[106]^[107] China has also consistently opposed economic and non-military sanctions on Sudan.^[108]^[109]^[110]^[111] Recently, however, a Small Arms Survey research paper suggested that China may be changing its stance on Darfur due to international pressure ^[112] Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amnesty international Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization which defines its mission as to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience... The Nanchang Q-5 (NATO reporting name Fantan), also known as the A-5 in its export versions, is a Chinese-built jet ground attack aircraft based on the Soviet MiG-19. ... Nyala is the capital of South Darfur State in the western part of the Sudan. ... Ukrainian is: Ukrainian language a person of Ukrainian ethnicity adjective for Ukraine This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Antonov An-26 (NATO reporting name: Curl) is a 2_engined light prop transport aircraft and is a development of the An_24. ... The Mil Mi-24 is a large combat helicopter gunship and low-capacity troop transport operated from 1976 by the Soviet Air Force, its successors, and over thirty other nations. ...

June 2007

Oxfam announced on June 17 that it is permanently pulling out of Gereida, the largest camp in Darfur, where more than 130,000 have sought refuge. The agency cited inaction by local authorities from the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM), which controls the region, in addressing security concerns and violence against aid workers. An employee of the NGO Action by Churches Together was murdered in June in West Darfur. There has been a continuation of hijackings of vehicles belonging to the UN and other international organizations—something that is also making them think twice about staying in the region.^[113] Oxfam International logo Oxfam International is a confederation of 13 organizations working with over 3000 partners in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice. ...

July 2007

BBC News reported that a huge underground lake has been found in the Darfur region. It is suggested that this find could help end the war as it could eliminate the existing competition for precious water resources.^[114] France and Britain announced they would push for a U.N. resolution to dispatch African Union and United Nations peacekeepers to Darfur and would push for an immediate cease-fire in Darfur and are prepared to provide "substantial" economic aid "as soon as a cease-fire makes it possible."^[115] BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

A July 14, 2007 article notes that in the past two months up to 75,000 Arabs from Chad and Niger crossed the border into Darfur. Most have been relocated by Sudanese government to former villages of displaced non-Arab people.^[116] is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

The hybrid UN/AU force was finally approved on 31 July 2007 with the unanimously approved United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769. UNAMID will take over from AMIS by 31 December 2007 at the latest, and has an initial mandate up to 31 July 2008.^[117] is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769 was a United Nations Security Council resolution intended to resolve the Darfur conflict. ... The United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) is a joint African Union and UN peacekeeping mission formally approved by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769 on 31 July 2007 to bring stability to the war-torn Darfur region of Sudan while peace talks on a final settlement continue. ... Martin Amis Kingsley Amis The Amis are a tribe of Taiwanese Aborigines The African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (common) era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ...

On July 31, the ongoing conflict between the Terjem and the Mahria tribes (former partners in the Janjaweed) heated up, with Mahria gunmen surrounding mourners at the funeral of an important Terjem sheik and killing 60 with rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) and belt-fed machine guns.^[80] is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A rocket propelled grenade (RPG) is a man-portable, shoulder-launched weapon capable of firing an explosive device longer distances than an otherwise unassisted soldier could throw. ... A machine gun is a fully-automatic firearm that is capable of firing bullets in rapid succession. ...

August 2007

From 3 August 2007 until 5 August 2007, a conference was held in Arusha, Tanzania, to unite the different existing rebel groups to make the subsequent peace negotiations with the government of Sudan more streamlined. Most senior rebel leaders attended, with the notable exception of Abdul Wahid al Nur, who — while not in command of large forces, but a rather small splinter group of the SLA/M he initially founded in 2003^[118] — is considered to be the representatives of a large part of the displaced Fur people, and there have been concerns that his absence would be damaging to the peace talks.^[119] International officials have stated that the difficulty lies in the fact that there is "no John Garang in Darfur", referring to the leader of the negotiating team of South Sudan, who was universally accepted by all the various South Sudanese splinter groups.^[120] is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Arusha with a view of Mount Meru This article refers to the city of Arusha. ... Politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of an authoritarian republic in which all effective political power is in the hands of President Omar Hassan al-Bashir. ... Flag of the Fur national movement The Fur (fÃ²Ã²rÃ in Fur, ÙÙˆØ± in Arabic) are a people of the western Sudan, numbering about 0. ... John Garang, August 2004 John Garang de Mabior (June 23, 1945 â€“ July 30, 2005) was the vice president of Sudan and former leader of the rebel Sudan Peoples Liberation Army. ... Southern Sudan is a region of Sudan. ...

The leaders who arrived on Friday were Gamali Galaleiddine,^[121] Khalil Abdalla Adam, Salah Abu Surra, Khamis Abdallah Abakar, Ahmed Abdelshafi, Abdalla Yahya, Khalil Ibrahim (of the Justice and Equality Movement) and Ahmed Ibrahim Ali Diraige. The schedule for Saturday consists of closed-door meetings between the AU-UN and rebel leaders, as well as between rebel leaders alone.^[122] In addition to those eight, eight more arrived there late on 4 August (including Jar el-Neby, Salah Adam Issac and Suleiman Marajan^[123]), whereas the SLM Unity faction also boycotted the talks as the Sudanese government had threatened to arrest Suleiman Jamous if he left the hospital.^[124] The rebel leaders aimed to unify their positions and demands, which included compensation for the victims and autonomy for Darfur.^[121] They eventually reached agreement on joined demands, including power and wealth sharing, security, land and humanitarian issues.^[125] Dr. Khalil Ibrahim is the leader of the Zaghawa-dominated Darfurian rebel group the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the several months up through August, Arab tribes that had worked together in the Janjaweed militia began falling out among themselves, and even further splintered into factions. Terjem fought Mahria as thousands of gunmen from each side traveled hundreds of miles to fight in the strategic Bulbul river valley. Farther south, Habanniya and Salamat tribes clashed. The fighting did not result in as much killing as in 2003 and 2004, the height of the violence. United Nations officials said the groups might be trying to seize land before U.N. and African Union peacekeepers arrived.^[80]

September 2007

On 6 September 2007, the next round of peace talks was set to begin on 27 October 2007.^[126] On 18 September 2007, JEM stated that if the peace talks with Khartoum should fail, they would step up their demands from self-determination to independence for the Darfur region.^[127] is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Nickname: Khartoums location in Sudan Coordinates: , Government - Governor Abdul Halim al Mutafi Population (2005) - Urban Over 1 Million For other uses, see Khartoum (disambiguation). ...

On September 30, 2007, the rebels overran an AMIS base, killing at least 12 peacekeepers in "the heaviest loss of life and biggest attack on the African Mission" during a raid at the end of Ramadan season.^[128] is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Haskanita raids were two raids by unidentified attackers in the Sudanese town of Haskanita (Darfur) that occurred on 30 September 2007 and early October 2007. ... This article is about Islamic religious observances in the month of Ramadan. ...

October 2007

Peace talks started on 27 October 2007 in Sirte, Libya. The following groups attended the talks:^[129] is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This article is about the municipality of Libya. ...

The following groups didn't attend: The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... The National Movement for Reform and Development (NMRD) is a Sudanese rebel group based in the region of Darfur that was formed when it broke away from the Justice and Equality Movement in 2004 because it felt JEM focused to much on the political, rather than the social and economic...

Faced with a boycott from the most important rebel factions, the talks were rebranded as an "advanced consultation phase", with actual talks likely to start in November or December.^[130] The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ...

International response

International attention to the Darfur conflict largely began with reports by the advocacy organizations Amnesty International in July 2003 and the International Crisis Group in December 2003. However, widespread media coverage did not start until the outgoing United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan, Mukesh Kapila, called Darfur the "world's greatest humanitarian crisis" in March 2004.^[131] A movement advocating for humanitarian intervention has emerged in several countries since then. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2482x3445, 2155 KB) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Darfur conflict Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2482x3445, 2155 KB) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Darfur conflict Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Save Darfur Coalition logo The Save Darfur Coalition (also known as Save Darfur or savedarfur. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Dead animals lie in the middle of a burned and looted village in Darfur Main article: Darfur conflict While there is a general consensus in the international community that ethnic groups have been targeted and that crimes against humanity have therefore occurred, there has been debate in some quarters about... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amnesty international Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization which defines its mission as to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience... The International Crisis Group is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization whose mission is to prevent and resolve deadly conflicts through field-based analysis and high-level advocacy. ... Dr. Mukesh Kapila is the Director in the Department of Health Action in Crises of the World Health Organization. ... Humanitarian intervention is a term used to describe the interference in a sovereign state by another with the stated objective of ending or reducing suffering within the first state. ...

Gérard Prunier, a scholar specializing in African conflicts, argues that the world's most powerful countries have largely limited their response to expressions of concern and demands that the United Nations take action. The UN, lacking both the funding and military support of the wealthy countries, has left the African Union to deploy a token force (AMIS) without a mandate to protect civilians. In the lack of foreign political will to address the political and economic structures that underlie the conflict, the international community has defined the Darfur conflict in humanitarian assistance terms and debated the "genocide" label.^[132] GÃ©rard Prunier is a French academic and historian specializing in the Horn of Africa and East Africa. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29... AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ... Banners of the international community at the United Nations in Geneva The term international community is a political phrase that can refer to either: All the lands represented within the United Nations. ...

Genocide claims

On September 18, 2004, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1564, which called for a Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to assess the Sudanese conflict. The UN report released on January 31, 2005 stated that while there were mass murders and rapes, they could not label it as genocide because "genocidal intent appears to be missing".^[133]^[134] Dead animals lie in the middle of a burned and looted village in Darfur Main article: Darfur conflict While there is a general consensus in the international community that ethnic groups have been targeted and that crimes against humanity have therefore occurred, there has been debate in some quarters about... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Security Council Resolution 1564 was a U.N. Security Council Resolution regarding the Darfur conflict passed on September 18, 2004. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 2005, Rep. Henry Hyde (R-IL) and Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) introduced the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act, which calls on the United States to take a more active role in stopping the alleged genocide, encourages NATO participation, and endorses a Chapter VII mandate for a UN mission in Darfur. The bill was passed by the House and Senate and as of August 2006 is in conference committee. In August 2006, the Genocide Intervention Network released a Darfur scorecard, rating each member of Congress on legislation relating to the conflict.^[135] Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Henry John Hyde (born April 18, 1924), American politician, has been a philandering member of the United States House of Representatives since 1975, representing the 6th District of Illinois (map). ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 25th - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 390 miles (629 km) - % water 4. ... Samuel Dale Brownback (born September 12, 1956) is the senior United States senator from the U.S. state of Kansas. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Official language(s) English[2] Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Area Ranked 15th - Total 82,277 sq mi (213,096 kmÂ²) - Width 211 miles (340 km) - Length 417 miles (645 km) - % water 0. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter sets out the UN Security Councils powers to maintain peace. ... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... A conference committee in the United States Congress is a committee appointed by the members of the upper and lower houses to resolve disagreements on a bill passed in different versions of each House. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ...

Criticism of international response

On October 16, 2006, Minority Rights Group (MRG) published a critical report, challenging that the UN and the great powers could have prevented the deepening crisis in Darfur and that few lessons appear to have been drawn from their ineptitude during the Rwandan Genocide. MRG's executive director, Mark Lattimer, stated that: "this level of crisis, the killings, rape and displacement could have been foreseen and avoided ... Darfur would just not be in this situation had the UN systems got its act together after Rwanda: their action was too little too late."^[136] On October 20, 120 genocide survivors of the Holocaust, the Cambodian and Rwandan Genocides, backed by six aid agencies, submitted an open letter to the European Union, calling on them to do more to end the atrocities in Darfur, with a UN peacekeeping force as "the only viable option." Aegis Trust director, James Smith, stated that while "the African Union has worked very well in Darfur and done what it could, the rest of the world hasn't supported those efforts the way it should have done with sufficient funds and sufficient equipment."^[137] is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Minority Rights Group International (or MRG) is an organisation founded in 1965 with the objective of promoting human rights and increasing awareness of minority issues. ... One of the hallmarks of contemporary great power status is permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council. ... The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass killing of the hundreds of thousands of ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutu sympathizers in Rwanda and was the largest atrocity during the Rwandan Civil War. ... is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ... Combatants JEM factions NRF alliance Janjaweed SLM (Minnawi) Sudan African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) Commanders Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed Diraige Omar al-Bashir Minni Minnawi Luke Aprezi Strength N/A N/A 7,000 The Darfur conflict is a crisis in the... Aegis Trust is a United Kingdom-based anti-genocide campaign founded in 2000 by Drs James and Stephen Smith. ...

Human rights advocates and opponents of the Sudanese government portray China's role in providing weapons and aircraft as a cynical attempt to obtain oil and gas just as colonial powers once supplied African chieftains with the military means to maintain control as they extracted natural resources.^[138]^[139]^[140] Political China has offered Sudan support threatening to use its veto on the U.N. Security Council to protect Khartoum from sanctions and has been able to water down every resolution on Darfur in order to protect its interests in Sudan.^[141] There has been further evidence of the Sudanese government's murder of civilians to actually facilitate the extraction of oil. The U.S.-funded Civilian Protection Monitoring Team, which investigates attacks in southern Sudan concluded that "as the Government of Sudan sought to clear the way for oil exploration and to create a cordon sanitaire around the oil fields, vast tracts of the Western Upper Nile Region in southern Sudan became the focus of extensive military operations."^[142] Sarah Wykes, a senior campaigner at Global Witness, an NGO that campaigns for better natural resource governance, says: "Sudan has purchased about $100m in arms from China and has used these weapons against civilians in Darfur."^[139] There are additional concerns that Chinese oil companies are devastating the environment further inhibiting the local population's ability to survive. This includes the clearing of forests for timber exports that increases vulnerability to erosion, river silting, landslides, flooding and loss of habitat for plant and animal species.^[143]

Calls for sustained pressure and possible boycotts of the Olympics have come from French presidential candidate François Bayrou,^[144] actor and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Mia Farrow, Genocide Intervention Network Representative Ronan Farrow,^[145] author and Sudan scholar Eric Reeves^[146] and The Washington Post editorial board.^[147] Sudan divestment efforts have also concentrated on PetroChina, the national petroleum company with extensive investments in Sudan.^[148] FranÃ§ois Bayrou FranÃ§ois Bayrou (IPA: ) is a leading candidate for the French Presidental election of 2007. ... UNICEF Logo The United Nations Childrens Fund or UNICEF (Arabic: ; French: ; Spanish: ) was established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946. ... Mia Farrow (born Maria de Lourdes Villiers-Farrow on February 9, 1945) is an American actress. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... Ronan Farrow, Genocide Intervention Network Representative and UNICEF Spokesperson for Youth Ronan Seamus Farrow (born Satchel OSullivan Farrow on December 19, 1987) is an American human rights activist and freelance journalist. ... Eric Miller Reeves is a Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the states sixteenth Senate district, including constituents in Wake county. ... The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.. It is also one of the citys oldest papers, having been founded in 1877. ... PetroChina Company Limited HKSE: 0857 is the listed arm of China National Petroleum Corporation, Chinas biggest producer of oil. ...

On the opposite side of the issue, publicity given to the Darfur conflict has been strongly criticized in the Arab and Muslim world as exaggerated. Statements to this effect in the Arab press take the view that "the (Israeli) lobby prevents any in-depth discussion and diverts the attention from the crimes committed every day in Palestine and Iraq."^[149] and that Western attention to the Darfur crisis is "a cover for what is really being planned and carried out by the Western forces of hegemony and control in our Arab world."^[150] While "in New York, ... there are thousands of posters screaming 'genocide' and '400,000 people dead," in reality only "200,000 have been killed." Furthermore, "what has been done" in Darfur is "not genocide," simply "war crimes."^[151] Another complaint made is that "there is no ethnic cleansing being perpetrated" in Darfur, only "great instability" and "clashes between the Sudanese government, rebel movements and the Janjaweed."^[152]

Counting deaths

Accurate numbers of dead have been difficult to estimate, partly because the Sudanese government places formidable obstacles in front of journalists attempting to cover the conflict.^[153] In September 2004, the World Health Organization estimated there had been 50,000 deaths in Darfur since the beginning of the conflict, an 18-month period, mostly due to starvation. An updated estimate the following month put the number of deaths for the 6-month period from March to October 2004 due to starvation and disease at 70,000; These figures were criticized, because they only considered short periods and did not include violent deaths.^[154] A more recent British Parliamentary Report has estimated that over 300,000 people have died,^[155] and others have estimated even more. Image File history File links Darfur_report_-_Page_6_Image_1. ... Image File history File links Darfur_report_-_Page_6_Image_1. ... North Darfur North Darfur (Shamal Darfur) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... WHO redirects here. ... This article is about extreme malnutrition. ...

In March 2005, the UN's Emergency Relief Coordinator Jan Egeland estimated that 10,000 were dying each month excluding deaths due to ethnic violence.^[156] An estimated 2 million people had at that time been displaced from their homes, mostly seeking refuge in camps in Darfur's major towns. Two hundred thousand had fled to neighboring Chad. UN and U.N. redirect here. ... The Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator is a high level position in the United Nations that heads the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. ... Jan Egeland (born 1957) is the United Nations Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator. ...

In an April 2005 report, the most comprehensive statistical analysis to date, the Coalition for International Justice estimated that 400,000 people in Darfur had died since the conflict began, a figure most humanitarian and human rights groups now use.^[157] The Coalition for International Justice (CIJ) was an international, non-profit organization that supported the international war crimes tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, and criminal and transitional justice initiatives for East Timor, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, and Sudan. ...

On 28 April 2006, Dr. Eric Reeves argued that "extant data, in aggregate, strongly suggest that total excess mortality in Darfur, over the course of more than three years of deadly conflict, now significantly exceeds 450,000," but this has not been independently verified.^[158] is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Eric Miller Reeves is a Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the states sixteenth Senate district, including constituents in Wake county. ...

A 21 September 2006 article by the official UN News Service stated that "UN officials estimate over 400,000 people have lost their lives and some 2 million more have been driven from their homes."^[159] This now appears to be the official UN figure. is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Spreading of violence

Violence in Darfur spread over the border to Chad and the Central African Republic. In Chad, notably, the Janjaweed were accused of incursions and attacks. They were also accused of killing over 500,000. War in Chad can refer to: Libyan-Chadian conflict including: Toyota War Chadian Civil War War in Chad (2005â€“present) Category: ... Combatants UFDR rebels Central African Republic Chad France Commanders Michel Detodia (UFDR,[1] GAPLC[2] Abakar Saboune (MLCJ)[2] Justin Hassane (FDC)[2] Francois Bozize Strength 150+ 4,500+ Casualties Civilian casualties: Hundreds killed, 212,000 displaced[3] The Central African Republic Bush War [4] began with the rebellion by...

In popular culture

Overview The Devil Came on Horseback is a documentary film about the continuing Darfur Conflict. ... ER is an Emmy-winning American serial medical drama created by novelist Michael Crichton and set primarily in the emergency room of fictional County General Hospital in Cook County, Chicago, Illinois. ... â€œThe West Wingâ€ redirects here. ... Tailor in Labuje IDP camp in Uganda An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who has been forced to leave their home for reasons such as religious or political persecution or war, but has not crossed an international border. ... Bradley Whitford (born October 10, 1959 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an Emmy Award-winning American actor. ... This article is about the original U.S. music television channel. ... This article is about the TV program. ... This article is about the comic book company. ... Wasalu Muhammad Jaco (born February 16, 1982 in Chicago, Illinois) better known by his stage name Lupe Fiasco, is an American rapper. ... Late Night with Conan OBrien is an Emmy Award-winning American late night talk show that is syndicated worldwide. ... Reggae is a music genre developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. ... Dancehall is a type of Jamaican popular music which developed around the late 70s, with exponents such as Yellowman and Shabba Ranks. ... | Died = | Origin = [imortal[Image:Flag of Jamaica. ... This article is about the band Green Day. ... Also: 1988 song Working Class Hero by Alan Jackson. ... John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (October 9, 1940 â€“ December 8, 1980), (born John Winston Lennon, known as John Ono Lennon) was an iconic English 20th century rock and roll songwriter and singer, best known as the founding member of The Beatles. ... Don Cheadle (born November 29, 1964) is an Academy Award-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actor. ... Matthew Paige Matt Damon (born October 8, 1970) is an American screenwriter and actor. ... George Timothy Clooney (May 6, 1961) is an American actor, director, producer and screenwriter who gained fame as one of the lead doctors in the long-running television drama, ER (1994â€“99), but is best known for his subsequent rise as an A-List movie star in contemporary American cinema. ... For other uses, see MIA. Mathangi Maya Arulpragasam (July 17, 1977) is a British vocalist, songwriter, composer, record producer and visual artist of Sri Lankan Tamil origin. ... The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston, Texas. ... Tracy Lamar McGrady, Jr. ... Living Darfur is the first single from Mattafixs forthcoming, Rhythm And Hymns, ready for a release in 2007. ... Mattafix are a UK alternative hip hop duo, made up of Marlon Roudette and Preetesh Hirji. ... This article is about the TV series. ... Look up sing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Dresden Dolls are an American musical duo from Boston, Massachusetts. ...

See also

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... The recorded history of Darfur begins in the 14th century with the establishment of a Tunjur sultanate. ... IDP mother and malnourished child in North Darfur This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. ... Dead animals lie in the middle of a burned and looted village in Darfur Main article: Darfur conflict While there is a general consensus in the international community that ethnic groups have been targeted and that crimes against humanity have therefore occurred, there has been debate in some quarters about... Combatants Sudan, United Front for Democratic Change rebel alliance Chad Commanders Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Sudan), Mohammed Nour (UFDC) Idriss Deby Strength ~120,000 est. ... AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706 was a United Nations Security Council resolution intended to resolve the Darfur conflict. ... Combatants United Front for Democratic Change Janjaweed Allegedly supported by: Sudan Chad, Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan Commanders Mohammed Nour (UFDC) Idriss DÃ©by Strength Unknown UFDC forces[1] ~23,000 est. ... Slavery in the Sudan has a long history, beginning in ancient Egyptian times and continuing up to the present. ... Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory in order to create a supposedly ethnically pure society. ... This is a list of civil wars. ... This is an incomplete list of major famines, ordered by date. ... This is a list of wars and man-made disasters by death toll. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people, as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or... Peace Palace in The Hague Command responsibility, sometimes referred to as the Yamashita standard, or the Medina standard is the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of war crimes. ... List of wars - List of wars before 1000 - List of wars 1000-1499 - List of wars 1500-1799 - List of wars 1800-1899 - List of wars 1900-1944 - List of wars 1945-1989 - List of wars 1990-2002 - List of wars 2003-current- Ongoing wars 2003- Invasion of Iraq 2003...

External Links

References

^ See Wikipedia entries on the Fur and Zaghawa as well as articles in USA Today, Slate and the New York Review of Books. Additionally, the Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General (PDF), United Nations, 25 January 2005, states: "The various tribes that have been the object of attacks and killings (chiefly the Fur, Massalit and Zaghawa tribes) do not appear to make up ethnic groups distinct from the ethnic group to which persons or militias that attack them belong. They speak the same language (Arabic) and embrace the same religion (Islam)" (p. 129).
^ "Rights Group Says Sudan's Government Aided Militias", Washington Post, 2004-07-20. Retrieved on 2007-01-14.
^ Looking to water to find peace in Darfur
^ "Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad", Associated Press, 2007-04-11.
^ "US Angry Over Sudan Leader's Denial of Role in Darfur Atrocities", Voice Of America, 2007-03-20.
^ "With Sudan a member, the UN is pointless", The Times, 2006-10-24.
^ "African Union Force Ineffective, Complain Refugees in Darfur", The Washington Post, 2006-10-16.
^ "The horrors of Darfur's ground zero", The Australian, 2007-05-28.
^ "Darfur Destroyed - Summary", Human Rights Watch, 2004-05.
^ "Darfur Destroyed -Destroying Evidence?", Human Rights Watch, 2004-05.
^ "Country Of Origin Report: Sudan", Research, Development and Statistics (RDS), Home Office, UK, 2006-10-27.
^ "Tribune correspondent charged as spy in Sudan", LA Times, 2006-08-26.
^ "World Press Freedom Review", International Press Institute, 2005.
^ "Police put on a show of force, but are Darfur’s militia killers free to roam?", The Times, 2004-08-12.
^ "Darfur: A ‘Plan B’ to Stop Genocide?", US Department of State, 2007-04-11.
^ Ban Ki-moon. "A Climate Culprit In Darfur", Washington Post, 2007-06-16. Retrieved on 2007-06-23.
^ Climate change - only one cause among many for Darfur conflict
^ Gérard Prunier, Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, Cornell University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8014-4450-0, p. 4
^ "Africa's Darfur", The Sunday Paper, 2007-07-29. Retrieved on 2007-09-26.
^ Prunier, pp. 8-24
^ Prunier, pp. 42-44
^ Prunier, pp. 44-47
^ Prunier, pp. 47-52
^ Prunier, pp. 52-53, 56
^ The Sudan Liberation Movement and Sudan Liberation Army (SLM/SLA) Political Declaration. Sudan Liberation Movement (2003-03-14). Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
^ Julie Flint and Alex de Waal, Darfur: A Short History of a Long War, Zed Books, London March 2006, ISBN 1-84277-697-5, p. 76-77
^ Ibid., Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General (PDF), United Nations, 25 January 2005, p. 129.
^ Flint and de Waal, p. 99
^ Flint and de Waal, pp. 99-100
^ Flint and de Waal, pp. 60, 101-103
^ United Nations Inter-Agency Fact Finding and Rapid Assessment Mission: Kailek Town, South Darfur, United Nations Resident Coordinator, 25 April 2004
^ 'Dozens killed' in Sudan attack (BBC) 24 May 2004
^ Sudan ex-rebel joins government (BBC) 10 July 2005
^ Sudan VP Garang killed in crash (BBC) 1 August 2005
^ Chad fightback 'kills 300 rebels' (BBC) 20 December 2005
^ Chad in 'state of war' with Sudan By Stephanie Hancock, BBC News, N'Djamena, 23 December 2005
^ Kessler, Glenn and Emily Wax. "Sudan, Main Rebel Group Sign Peace Deal", The Washington Post, 2006, May 5.
^ "Main parties sign Darfur accord", BBC News, 2006, May 5.
^ "Main points of the deal", Aljazeera.Net, 2006, May 6.
^ "Annan outlines Darfur peace plans", BBC, August 2, 2006
^ "Disagreements Over Darfur Peace Plan Spark Conflict", Voice of America, August 9, 2006
^ "In a Darfur town, women recount numbing tale of their hell of rape and suffering", cbs11tv.com, 2007-05-27.
^ "The horrors of Darfur's ground zero", The Australian, 2007-05-28.
^ "Darfur women describe gang-rape horror", Associated Press, 2007-05-27.
^ "U.N. Official Warns of Major New Sudanese Offensive in Darfur", Washington Post, August 18, 2006
^ "UN Envoy Says Sudan Rights Record in Darfur Poor", Voice of America, August 17, 2006
^ "Sudan reiterates opposition to replacing AU troop with UN forces in Darfur", People's Daily, August 19, 2006
^ "US threatens Sudan after UN resistance", Independent Online, August 19, 2006
^ "Khartoum turns down UN meeting on Darfur peace", Deutsche Presse-Agentur, August 24, 2006
^ "UN Security Council to meet on Darfur without Khartoum attendance", Deutsche Presse-Agentur, August 24, 2006
^ "Sudan: Sexual Violence Spikes Around South Darfur Camp", Integrated Regional Information Networks, August 24, 2006
^ Sudan. Amnesty International (2003-03-14). Retrieved on 2007-11-08.
^ "US Warns of Security Crisis in Darfur Unless UN Force Deploys", Voice of America, August 25, 2006
^ "U.S. journalist returns home from Sudan prison", MSNBC, September 10, 2006
^ "U.S. journalist in Darfur court for espionage", Reuters, August 26, 2006
^ Security Council Verbatim Report meeting 5519 on 31 August 2006 (retrieved 2007-08-21)
^ "Sudan Rejects UN Resolution on Darfur Peacekeeping", Voice of America, August 31, 2006
^ "Sudan reported to launch new offensive in Darfur", Associated Press, September 1, 2006
^ "Defiant Sudan sets deadline for Darfur peacekeeper exit", AFP, September 5, 2006
^ " Chad's president says he supports U.N. force for neighboring Darfur", Associated Press, September 4, 2006
^ "Africa Union 'will quit Darfur'", BBC, September 5, 2006
^ "African Union's Darfur force may stay past Sept 30", Reuters, September 6, 2006
^ "U.N. refugee chief warns of Darfur "catastrophe", Reuters, September 8, 2006
^ "Sudan bombing civilians in Darfur - EU envoy", Reuters, September 12, 2006
^ "Violence in Darfur cuts off 355,000 people from food aid", People's Daily, September 12, 2006
^ "Annan calls for "urgent" Security Council action on Darfur", People's Daily, September 12, 2006
^ "Ex-rebels says would accept UN in Darfur", Reuters, September 14, 2006
^ "We don't want Sudan to turn into "another Iraq" in the region - al-Bashir", Kuwait News Agency, September 21, 2006
^ ^a ^b "Genocide survivors urges EU sanctions over Darfur", Reuters, October 20, 2006
^ "AU will not abandon Darfur - AU chairman", Reuters, October 2, 2006
^ "200 UN troops to deploy in Darfur", Toronto Sun, October 10, 2006
^ "Extend Sudan U.N. mission", United Press International, October 9, 2006
^ "Forty countries face food shortages, Darfur crisis is the most pressing: UN agency", United Nations, October 9, 2006
^ "UN official: Khartoum knew of Darfur militia raid", The Guardian, October 10, 2006
^ "Nigerian FM arrives in Khartoum for talks on Darfur", People's Daily, October 12, 2006
^ "Bush signs law setting sanctions on Darfur crimes", Washington Post, October 13, 2006
^ "UN envoy is told to leave Sudan", BBC News, 22 October 2006
^ "U.S. works on international plan for Darfur", Reuters, November 1, 2006
^ "Sudan says ready for talks with Darfur's NRF rebels", Reuters, November 9, 2006
^ ^a ^b ^c gettleman, Jeffrey, "Chaos in Darfur on rise as Arabs fight with Arabs", news article, The New York Times, September 3, 2007, pp 1, A7
^ "US Rice hopes Sudan will okay Darfur force", Sudan Tribune, November 17, 2006
^ "Sudan 'did not' give ok over international force for Darfur - top official", Kuwait News Agency, November 17, 2006
^ "UN insists Khartoum will allow UN force into Darfur", Deutsche Presse-Agentur, November 19, 2006
^ "Sudan 'begins new Darfur attacks'", BBC News, November 18, 2006
^ "Army attack against Darfur civilians was unprovoked - UN", Sudan Tribune, November 25, 2006
^ [1]
^ "73 villagers killed, rebel group says", LA Times, 2007-04-18.
^ "The UN and Darfur: Watching, but still waiting", The Economist, 2007-03-16.
^ "African troops killed in Darfur", BBC News, 2007-04-02.
^ "Sudan Flying Arms to Darfur, Panel Reports", The New York Times, 2007-04-18.
^ "Attacks in eastern Chad last month killed up to 400, U.N. refugee agency says", International Herald Tribune, 2007-04-18.
^ "Up to 3,000 villagers flee homes in south-east Chad following fresh attacks", UNHCR, 2007-04-03.
^ "Bush Presses Sudan on Darfur, Citing possible US sanctions", New York Times, 2007-04-19.
^ "Darfur war crimes suspect defiant", BBC News, 2007-02-28.
^ "Saudi Arabia Brokers Agreement Between Sudan and Chad on Darfur", PR Newswire, 2007-05-03.
^ "UN Secretary-General welcomes signing of agreement between Chad, Sudan", ReliefWeb, 2007-05-07.
^ "Chad-Sudan pact will not halt war-Chadian rebels", Reuters, 2007-05-05.
^ "Google Earth focuses on Sudan atrocities", MSNBC, 2007-04-10.
^ "Sudan: Arms continuing to fuel serious human rights violations in Darfur", Amnesty International, 2007-05-08.
^ "Report Accuses China and Russia Of Arming Sudan", New York Times, 2007-05-09.
^ "Congress pressures China on Darfur as Olympics near", San Francisco Chronicle, 2007-05-17.
^ "China, Russia breach Darfur arms embargo: Amnesty", Reuters, 2007-05-08.
^ "China, Russia deny weapons breach", BBC News, 2007-05-08.
^ "Amnesty International criticizes arms sales to Sudan", LA Times, 2007-05-09.
^ "Sudan's Enablers", The Wall Street Journal, 2007-05-23.
^ "China’s rise: Hope or doom for Africa? (III)", Sunday Vision, 2007-06-16.
^ "Can LeBron save Darfur?", Chicago Tribune, 2007-06-17.
^ "Why China Blocks Sanctions on Iran, Sudan, Burma", Inter Press Service, 2006-06-12.
^ "China urges patience on Sudan, opposes sanctions", Reuters, 2007-05-31.
^ "China, Russia bar Sudan sanctions", BBC News, 2006-04-18.
^ "Bush Announces New Economic Sanctions on Sudan to Halt Darfur Crisis", Foxnews, 2006-05-29.
^ http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnBAN854961.html
^ "SUDAN: Continuing violence in West Darfur claims NGO employee", Reuters, 2006-06-20.
^ Water find 'may end Darfur war'
^ France, U.K. Mount Darfur Push
^ Arabs pile into Darfur to take land 'cleansed' by janjaweed
^ UN resolution for Darfur: An important but insufficient first step towards protecting civilians
^ "Darfur rebel leader defends Arusha boycott", Australian Broadcasting Company News, 2007-08-04.
^ "African Union & United Nations Hold Crunch Darfur Peace Talks", Christian News on Christian Today, 2007-08-04.
^ "Darfur rebel leader is criticised over peace talks snub", The Independent, 2007-08-04.
^ ^a ^b AU-UN meeting on Darfur put off again due to late arrivals
^ AU-UN Arusha meeting underway with some armed movements present
^ More rebel leaders arrive for AU-UN Arusha meeting
^ Darfur Rebel Factions Begin Talks on Charting Road to Peace
^ Darfur rebels reach common position
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6981929.stm
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6999959.stm
^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071001/ap_on_re_af/sudan_darfur
^ http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article24453
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7066792.stm
^ Prunier, pp. 124-148
^ Prunier, pp. 124-148
^ Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General, 18 September 2004
^ Sudan's mass killings not genocide: UN report, CBC News, 1 February 2005
^ "Darfur scorecard"
^ "UN could have averted Darfur crisis - MRG", Independent Online, October 16, 2006
^ "Darfur call by genocide survivors", BBC, October 20, 2006
^ "CHINA’S INVOLVEMENT IN SUDAN: ARMS AND OIL", Human Rights Watch, 2007-12-23.
^ ^a ^b "China Invests Heavily In Sudan's Oil Industry", Washington Post, 2007-12-23.
^ "Artists abetting genocide?", Boston Globe, 2007-04-16.
^ "The Increasing Importance of African Oil", Power and Interest News Report, 2007-03-20.
^ "Final Report: REPORT OF INVESTIGATION: VIOLENCE AGAINST CIVILIANS ALONG THE BENTIU-LEER-ADOK ROAD.", Civilian Protection Monitoring Team, 2003-08-19.
^ "Scramble for Africa", The Guardian, 2007-05-02.
^ Call for Olympic boycott stirs up pre-poll France, Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ The 'Genocide Olympics', The Wall Street Journal, 2007-03-28. Retrieved on 2007-03-28.
^ On Darfur, China and the 2008 Olympic Games, Sudan Tribune, 2007-02-11. Retrieved on 2007-03-28.
^ China and Darfur: The Genocide Olympics?, The Washington Post, 2006-12-14. Retrieved on 2007-03-28.
^ Response to Berkshire Hathaway's statement on its holdings in PetroChina Company Limited, Sudan Divestment Task Force, 2007-02-23. Retrieved on 2007-03-28.
^ "Since The Victims Are Arabs and Muslims" by Jihad Al-Khazen, Al-Hayat (English edition), April 13, 2007.
^ editorial in the newspaper Al-Gomhouriya (Egypt), April 20, 2007
^ editorial in the newspaper Al-Gomhouriya (Egypt), April 20, 2007
^ Sudanese journalist Babker 'Issa, editor of the daily newspaper Al-Raya, Al-Raya (Qatar), April 20, 2007.
^ Sudan Annual Report 2004 Reporters Without Borders, 2004
^ How many have died in Darfur? By Russell Smith (BBC) 16 February, 2005
^ Darfur death toll may be 300,000, say UK lawmakers (Reuters), 30 March, 2005
^ UN's Darfur death estimate soars (BBC) 14 March, 2005
^ New analysis claims Darfur deaths near 400,000 Coalition for International Justice, 21 April 2005 (PDF)
^ Quantifying Genocide in Darfur Dr. Eric Reeves, 28 April 2006
^ "Annan welcomes extension of African Union mission in Darfur," UN News Service, 21 September 2006

Flag of the Fur national movement The Fur (fÃ²Ã²rÃ in Fur, ÙÙˆØ± in Arabic) are a people of the western Sudan, numbering about 0. ... Zaghawa is an African ethnic group, mainly living in eastern Chad and western Sudan, including the Darfur province of Sudan. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Voice of America logo Voice of America (VOA), is the official external radio and television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.. It is also one of the citys oldest papers, having been founded in 1877. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Australian is a national daily broadsheet newspaper published by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Los Angeles Times (also L.A. Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... International Press Institute (IPI) is a global organisation dedicated to the promotion and protection of press freedom and the improvement of journalism practices. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... GÃ©rard Prunier is a French academic and historian specializing in the Horn of Africa and East Africa. ... The Sunday Paper is the name of an alternative weekly newspaper published in Atlanta, Georgia which focuses on news, culture and entertainment. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Alexander de Waal is a British writer and researcher on African issues. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... NDjamena, Â«ehn JAHM uh nuhÂ», population 721,000 (2005), is the capital of Chad. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Voice of America logo Voice of America (VOA), is the official external radio and television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Australian is a national daily broadsheet newspaper published by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Voice of America logo Voice of America (VOA), is the official external radio and television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Peoples Daily (Chinese: äººæ°‘æ—¥æŠ¥ Pinyin ) is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China, published worldwide with a circulation of 3 to 4 million. ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Deutsche Presse Agentur (German Press Agency) is a news agency founded in 1949 in Germany. ... is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Deutsche Presse Agentur (German Press Agency) is a news agency founded in 1949 in Germany. ... is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Integrated Regional Information Networks, commonly known as IRIN, is a project of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) tasked with providing information relevant to those responding to and affected by complex emergencies, such a conflict-induced forced migration, and natural disasters, such as hurricanes and... is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amnesty international Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization which defines its mission as to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Voice of America logo Voice of America (VOA), is the official external radio and television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the news website, see msnbc. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Voice of America logo Voice of America (VOA), is the official external radio and television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... AFP logo Paris headquarters of AFP Charles Havas Agence France-Presse (AFP) is the oldest news agency in the world, and one of the three largest with Associated Press and Reuters. ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Peoples Daily (Chinese: äººæ°‘æ—¥æŠ¥ Pinyin ) is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China, published worldwide with a circulation of 3 to 4 million. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Peoples Daily (Chinese: äººæ°‘æ—¥æŠ¥ Pinyin ) is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China, published worldwide with a circulation of 3 to 4 million. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) is a news agency centered in Kuwait. ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Toronto Sun is an English language daily newspaper published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Front of UPI Headquarters, Washington, D.C. â€œUPIâ€ redirects here. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Peoples Daily (Chinese: äººæ°‘æ—¥æŠ¥ Pinyin ) is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China, published worldwide with a circulation of 3 to 4 million. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Sudan Tribune is a non profit website based in France that was launched in July 2003. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) is a news agency centered in Kuwait. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Deutsche Presse Agentur (German Press Agency) is a news agency founded in 1949 in Germany. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sudan Tribune is a non profit website based in France that was launched in July 2003. ... is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Los Angeles Times (also L.A. Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international newspaper. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 109th day of the year (110th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... PR Newswire is a U.S-based company that is primarily in the business of disseminating corporate news releases to the news media, financial institutions and web sites. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) is a United Nations organisation that was formed in December 1991 from General Assembly Resolution 46/182. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the news website, see msnbc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amnesty international Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization which defines its mission as to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Todays San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Los Angeles Times (also L.A. Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is an international daily newspaper published by Dow Jones & Company in New York City, New York, USA, with Asian and European editions, and a worldwide daily circulation of more than 2 million as of 2006, with 931,000 paying online subscribers. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // The Chicago Tribune is a major daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois and owned by the Tribune Company. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Inter Press Service (abbreviated: IPS) is a global news agency. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The FOX News Channel is a US cable and satellite news channel. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... CBC redirects here, as this is the most common use of the abbreviation. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Boston Globe is the most widely-circulated daily newspaper in Boston, Massachusetts and in the greater New England region. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Al-Hayat (Life) is one of the leading daily pan-Arab newspaper, with a circulation of 110 000. ... The Coalition for International Justice (CIJ) was an international, non-profit organization that supported the international war crimes tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, and criminal and transitional justice initiatives for East Timor, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, and Sudan. ... Eric Miller Reeves is a Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the states sixteenth Senate district, including constituents in Wake county. ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... IDP mother and malnourished child in North Darfur This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chad. ... Combatants United Front for Democratic Change Janjaweed Allegedly supported by: Sudan Chad, Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan Commanders Mohammed Nour (UFDC) Idriss DÃ©by Strength Unknown UFDC forces[1] ~23,000 est. ... The Union of Forces for Democracy is the largest group of Chadian rebel forces opposed to current President Idriss Deby. ... The United Front for Democratic Change (officially abbreviated as F.U.C.) is a Chadian rebel alliance, made up of eight individual rebel groups, all with the goals of overthrowing the government of current Chadian President. ... Platform for Change, Unity and Democracy, abbreviated as S.C.U.D., is a Chadian rebel group that was formed in October of 2005 by former members of the Military of Chad who deserted and united under founders and current leaders, 30-year old Yaya Dillo DjÃ©rou and his... The Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan was formed on January 20, 2006, when the Justice and Equality Movement and the Sudan Liberation Movement merged to form a single rebel alliance in the Sudanese region of Darfur. ... The Rally for Democracy and Liberty is a Chadian rebel group that was formed in August of 2005 by former members of the Military of Chad. ... The Rally of Democratic Forces (RAFD) is a Chadian rebel group led by Timan Erdimi. ... The National Movement for Reform and Development (NMRD) is a Sudanese rebel group based in the region of Darfur that was formed when it broke away from the Justice and Equality Movement in 2004 because it felt JEM focused to much on the political, rather than the social and economic... A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ... Combatants Rally for Democracy and Liberty and Platform for Change, Unity, and Democracy Chadian citizens Casualties 100-300 Unknown, at least one. ... Combatants Janjaweed Chad loyalists Casualties 0 12 civilian casualties The Battle of Borota took place in Borota, Chad, near the eastern city of Adre, on January 6, 2006. ... The Tripoli Agreement (also known as the Libya Accord or the Tripoli Declaration) was signed on February 8, 2006, by Chadian President Idriss DÃ©by, Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, and Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi, effectively ending the Chadian-Sudanese conflict that has devastated border towns in eastern... Combatants Janjaweed Chad military Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Amdjereme took place in Amdjereme, Chad on March 6, 2006, only two weeks after Chad and Sudan signed the Tripoli Accord in which the governments of the two nations pledged to end support for rebels operating in their respective countries. ... The Chadian village of Dalola was raided on May 1, 2006, by 150 Janjaweed. ... The 2006 Chad presidential election will take place on May 3. ... Combatants United Front for Democratic Change Chad military Casualties 400 deaths, 387 injured on both sides[1] The Battle of NDjamena describes several battles that have taken place at NDjamena, the capital of Chad. ... On March 15, 2006, a coup dÃ©tat attempt against Chadian President Idriss DÃ©by was foiled. ... Map of Sudan with the Darfur region highlighted. ... The Dakar accord is a peace agreement between Chad and Sudan that is expected to be released to the public on August 9. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... For the legal definition of apartheid, see the crime of apartheid. ... â€œShoahâ€ redirects here. ... Racism in the United States has been a major issue in America since the colonial era. ... Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. ... Historically, various popular movements struggling for social justice and democratic rights since the Second World War were known as civil rights movement, most famously the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, which struggled for equal rights for African-Americans. ... Description: Colored Waiting Room sign from segregationist era United States Medium: Black_and_white photograph Location: Rome GA, United States Date: September 1943 Author: Esther Bubley Source: Library of Congress Provider: Images of American Political History at the College of New Jersey [1] License: Public domain Misc: Borders cropped with with GIMP... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ... Black Supremacy is a racist ideology which holds that black people are superior to other races and is sometimes manifested in bigotry towards persons not of African ancestry, particularly white and Jewish people. ... Social Darwinism is the idea that Charles Darwins theory can be extended and applied to the social realm, i. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Aryan race is a notion mentioned in the Old Persian inscriptions and other Persian sources from c. ... Institutional racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) is a theoretical form of racism that is supposed to occur in institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. ... State racism is a concept used by French philosopher Michel Foucault to designate the reappropriation of the historical and political discourse of race struggle, In the late seventeenth century. ... Racial profiling, also known as ethnic profiling, is the inclusion of racial or ethnic characteristics in determining whether a person is considered likely to commit a particular type of crime (see Offender Profiling). ... The article describes the state of race relations and racism in a number of countries. ... Hate speech is a controversial term for speech intended to degrade, intimidate, or incite violence or prejudicial action against a person or group of people based on their race, gender, age, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, language ability, moral or political views, socioeconomic class, occupation or appearance... The Rex Theatre for Colored People Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal... For other uses, see Stereotype (disambiguation). ... Scientific racism is a term that describes either obsolete scientific theories of the 19th century or historical and contemporary racist propaganda disguised as scientific research. ... Slave redirects here. ... The crime of apartheid is defined by the 2002 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which established the International Criminal Court as inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial... Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory in order to create a supposedly ethnically pure society. ... A Jewish cemetery in France after being defaced by Neo-Nazis. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ... Lynching is a form of violence, usually execution, conceived of by its perpetrators as extrajudicial punishment for offenders or as a terrorist method of enforcing social domination. ... Wise American Indian chief from the movie Drums Across the River This article discusses the various stereotypes of American Indians present in Western societies. ... Anti-Arabism is a term that refers to prejudice or hostility against people from Arabic origin. ... This article discusses stereotypes of blacks of African descent present in American culture. ... Antiziganism or Anti-Romanyism is hostility, prejudice or racism directed at the Romani people, commonly called Gypsies. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... This article is about ethnic stereotypes directed against of Caucasian or European descent, or more broadly anyone who appears to be light-skinned. ... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... Youths supporting Grey Wolves movement. ... The National Party (Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of South Africa from June 4th 1948 until May 9th 1994, and was disbanded in 2005. ... The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and social/political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 with the self-proclaimed goal of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social, economic condition of the black man and woman of America and belief that God will bring... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an advocacy group founded by Bnai Brith in the United States whose stated aim is to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. ... Anti-Fascist Action (or AFA) is a British left-wing organisation founded in 1986. ... Historically, various popular movements struggling for social justice and democratic rights since the Second World War were known as civil rights movement, most famously the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, which struggled for equal rights for African-Americans. ... The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ...

Contents

Background var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};