This reproduction of a 1900 minstrel show poster, originally published by the Strobridge Litho Co., shows the transformation from white to "black".

African American topics History African American history African slave trade Languages AAVE  ·  Gullah  ·  Creole Religions Christian Churches Rasta  ·  Black Jews Black Hebrew Israelites Black Hebrews Nation of Islam  ·  Orisa'Ifa Doctrine of Father Divine Political movements Civil Rights (1896 to 1954) Civil Rights (1955 to 1968) Garveyism  ·  Black Nationalism Black Populism Black Conservatism Organizations UNIA-ACL  ·  NAACP  ·  UNCF Negro League (baseball) Academics Literature  ·  Studies Contemporary issues Art  ·  Music Wikipedia lists African Americans Subcultures Landmark legislation Related topics view / edit this table

Blackface is a style of theatrical makeup that originated in the United States used to affect the countenance of an iconic, racist, American archetype, that of the "darky" or "coon". Blackface also refers to a genre of musical and comedic theatrical presentation in which blackface makeup is worn. White blackface performers in the past used burnt cork and, later, greasepaint or shoe polish to affect jet-black skin and exaggerated lips, often wearing woolly wigs, gloves, tails, or ragged clothes to complete the transformation. Later, black artists also performed in blackface. Image File history File links White to black. Reproduction of a minstrel poster originally printed by Strobridge Litho Co. ... Image File history File links White to black. Reproduction of a minstrel poster originally printed by Strobridge Litho Co. ... 1900 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Lithography is a method for printing on a smooth surface, as well as a method of manufacturing semiconductor and MEMS devices. ... Image File history File links Created by Edward Deutsch  â€”  File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Main article: African American African American history is the history of an ethnic group in the United States also known as black Americans. ... This article discusses the history of the slave trade of Africa, and its effect upon the continent. ... African American Vernacular English (AAVE), known colloquially as Ebonics or Jive, also called Black English, Black Vernacular or Black English Vernacular (BEV), is a type of Southern American English lect (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English. ... Gullah is the name of both an ethnic group and its English-African creole language. ... // A Creole is a language descended from a pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people. ... A.U.M.P. Church AME Church National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. ... Haile Selassie I Rasta, or the Rastafari movement of Jah people, is a religious movement that reveres Haile Selassie I, the former emperor of Ethiopia, as King of Kings, Lord of Lords and the Lion of Judah. ... Black Jews may refer to a number of different religious and ethnic groups. ... Black Hebrew Israelites, African Hebrew Israelites, or simply Hebrew Israelites are groups of African-Americans situated mostly in the United States who claim to be descendants of the ancient Israelites. ... The Black Hebrews (or African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem) is a small religious group whose members believe they are descended from the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. ... The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and socio-political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 with a declared aim of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of the black man and woman of America and the world. ... This article is about the type of spirit. ... The Doctrine of Father Divine are the teachings of the late Father Divine (d. ... The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. ... The Civil Rights Movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to primarily African American citizens of United States. ... Garveyism is that aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works, words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. ... == AA // Malcolm X During the decade between 1955 and 1965, while most black leaders worked in the civil rights movement to integrate blacks into mainstream American life, Malcolm X preached independence. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Black Conservatism is a political and social movement within African American culture which emphasizes patriotism and Christian values. ... The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) is, according to its 1929 constitution, a social, friendly, humanitarian, charitable, educational, institutional, constructive and expansive society, and is founded by persons desiring to the utmost to work for the general uplift of the people of African ancestry of the... National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... United Negro College Fund (UNCF), headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia is an American philanthropic organization with the mission of raising college tuition money for African-American students and as well as general scholarship funds for Historically Black colleges and universities. ... Part of the History of baseball series. ... The Color Purple by Alice Walker African American literature is literature written by, about, and sometimes specifically for African Americans. ... African American studies, or Black studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of African Americans. ... African American contemporary issues have been of concern to many African Americans and other ethnic groups in the United States. ... African American art is a broad term describing the visual arts of the American black community. ... African American music (also called black music, formerly known as race music) is an umbrella term given to a range of musical genres emerging from or influenced by the culture of African Americans, who have long constituted a large ethnic minority of the population of the United States. ... This is a list of famous African Americans. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This is a list of landmark legislation and court decisions in the United States concerning African Americans. ... This is an alphabetical list of African-American-related topics: // A African American African American contemporary issues African American culture African American history African-American abolitionists, List of African Americans, List of African Americans in the United States Congress African-Americans in the United States military before desegregation African American... For other usages see Theatre (disambiguation) Theater (American English) or Theatre (British English and widespread usage among theatre professionals in the US) is that branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle — indeed... Closeup of a womans eye while wearing makeup Cosmetics or makeup are substances to enhance the beauty of the human body, apart from simple cleaning. ... The Savior (1410s, by Andrei Rublev) An icon (from Greek , eikon, image) is an image, picture, or representation; it is a sign or likeness that stands for an object by signifying or representing it, or by analogy, as in semiotics; in computers an icon is a symbol on the monitor... An African-American man drinks out of the colored only water fountain at a racially segregated streetcar terminal in the United States in 1939. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The following is a list of ethnic slurs that are, or have been, used to refer to members of a given ethnicity (or in some cases, nationality, region, or religion) in a derogatory or pejorative manner. ... The following is a list of ethnic slurs that are, or have been, used to refer to members of a given ethnicity (or in some cases, nationality, region or religion) in a derogatory or pejorative manner. ... For other usages see Theatre (disambiguation) Theater (American English) or Theatre (British English and widespread usage among theatre professionals in the US) is that branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle — indeed... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A cork stopper for a wine bottle A Champagne cork Cork material is a subset of generic cork tissue, harvested for commercial use primarily from the Cork Oak tree, Quercus suber, with Portugal producing most cork worldwide. ... An open can of Kiwi shoe polish with an opening lever visible on its side. ... Wool in a shearing shed Long and short hair wool at the South Central Family Farm Research Center in Boonesville, AR Wool is the fiber derived from the hair of domesticated animals, usually sheep. ... WIG, originally an acronym for Warszawski Indeks GieÅ‚dowy (Warsaw Stock Exchange Index) is the oldest index for the Warsaw Stock Exchange. ... Bandleader Vincent Lopez in white tie, early 1920s Evening dress (also known as full evening dress) or white tie is the most formal dress code that exists for civilians today. ... The term Blacks is often used in the West to denote race for persons whose progenitors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan Africa. ...

Blackface was an important performance tradition in the American theater for over 100 years and was also popular overseas. The negative stereotypes embodied in the stock characters of blackface minstrelsy played a seminal role in cementing and proliferating racist images, attitudes and perceptions worldwide. In some quarters, the once ubiquitous racist caricatures that were the legacy of blackface persist to the present day and are a cause of ongoing controversy. Theater of the United States is based in the Western tradition, mostly borrowed from the performance styles prevalent in Europe. ... 1906 postcard advertising a minstrel show The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an indigenous form of American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, usually performed by white people in blackface. ... Caricature of Alan Greenspan by Jan Op De Beeck. ...

By the mid-20th century, changing attitudes about race and racism effectively ended the prominence of blackface performance in the U.S. and elsewhere. However, it remains in relatively limited use as a theatrical device, mostly outside the U.S., and is more commonly used today as edgy social commentary or satire. Perhaps the most enduring effect of blackface is the precedent it established in the introduction of African American culture to an international audience, albeit through an often grotesquely distorting lens. Blackface minstrelsy's groundbreaking appropriation, exploitation, and assimilation of African-American culture—as well as the inter-ethnic artistic collaborations that stemmed from it—were but a prologue to the lucrative packaging, marketing, and dissemination of African-American cultural expression and its myriad derivative forms in today's world popular culture. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Satire is a literary technique of writing or art which exposes the follies of its subject (for example, individuals, organizations, or states) to ridicule, often as an intended means of provoking or preventing change. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Cultural appropriation is the adoption of elements of cultural expression of one societal group, such as forms of dress or personal adornment, music and art, religion, language, or behavior, by an external group, who often ignore the underlying purpose and intent of the expression. ...

History and the shaping of racist archetypes

It is commonly believed that Lewis Hallam, Jr., an Anglo-American comedic actor, popularized blackface as a theatrical device when playing the role of an inebriated black man onstage in 1789. The play attracted notice, and other performers adopted the style. White comedian Thomas D. Rice later popularized blackface, introducing the song "Jump Jim Crow" accompanied by a dance in his stage act in 1828. The song had a syncopated rhythm and purportedly recreated the dancing of a crippled, black stable hand, Jim Cuff, or "Jim Crow", whom Rice had seen in Cincinnati, Ohio: William and Lewis Hallam were brothers who brought the first full-professional European theatre company to North America in 1752. ... The term Anglo-America is used to describe those parts of North America in which English is the main language. ... Comedy is the use of humor in the performing arts. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A comedian (also comedienne, female) is a person who attempts to make people laugh through a variety of methods, normally through joke telling, or a stream of funny banter. ... Thomas Dartmouth (T.D.) Daddy Rice (May, 1808 - September 16, 1860), was a comedian and the creator of the blackface form of comedy of the 19th century and early 20th century. ... Jump Jim Crow is a song and dance from 1828 done in blackface by white comedian Thomas D. Rice. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In music, syncopation is the stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or the failure to sound a tone on an accented beat. ... The term Blacks is often used in the West to denote race for persons whose progenitors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Cincinnati is a city in southwestern Ohio, United States that lies on the Ohio River and is the county seat of Hamilton CountyGR6. ...

This postcard, published circa 1908, shows a white minstrel team. While both are wearing wigs, the man on the left is also in blackface and drag.

First on de heel tap,

Den on the toe

Every time I wheel about

I jump Jim Crow.

Wheel about and turn about

An' do j's so.

And every time I wheel about,

I jump Jim Crow.

— 1823 sheet music

Rice traveled the U.S., performing under the pseudonym "Daddy Jim Crow". The name later became attached to statutes that further codified the reinstitution of segregation and discrimination after Reconstruction. Image File history File links This c. ... Image File history File links This c. ... 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Drag in its broadest sense means a costume or outfit that carries symbolic significance, but usually refers to the clothing associated with one gender role when worn by a person of the other gender. ... ... A pseudonym (Greek: false name) is a fictitious name used by an individual as an alternative to their legal name (whereas an allonym is the name of another actual person assumed by one person, usually historical, in authorship of a work of art; e. ... In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent black people from doing things that a white person could do. ... It has been suggested that Apartheid outside South Africa be merged into this article or section. ... An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ... In the history of the United States, reconstruction was the period after the American Civil War when the states of the breakaway Confederacy were reintegrated into the United States of America. ...

Initially, blackface performers were part of traveling troupes that performed in minstrel shows. In addition to music and dance, minstrel shows featured comical skits in which performers portrayed buffoonish, lazy, superstitious black characters who were cowardly and lascivious, lusted after white women, who stole, lied pathologically, and mangled the English language. Such troupes in the early days of minstrelsy were all male, so cross-dressing white men also played black women who often were either unappealingly and grotesquely mannish; in the matronly, mammy mold; or highly sexually provocative. At the time, the stage also featured comic stereotypes of conniving, venal Jews; cheap Scotsmen; drunken Irishmen; ignorant white southerners; gullible rural folk; and the like. 1906 postcard advertising a minstrel show The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an indigenous form of American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, usually performed by white people in blackface. ... Mammy is a variant of mother, used most prominently by blacks in the Southern United States since the days of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. ... You guys suck! Stereotypes are considered to be a group concept, held by one social group about another. ... The Dalriada Scots originated from Ireland, from the north of the now-called countyAntrim. ... Ireland (Irish: Éire) is the third-largest island in Europe. ... The Southern United States or the South constitute a distinctive region covering a large portion of the United States. ...

Minstrel shows were a fantastically popular show business phenomenon in the U.S. from 1828 through the 1930s, also enjoying some popularity in the UK and in parts of Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century. As a result, the genre played a powerful role in shaping racist perceptions of and prejudices about blacks generally and African Americans in particular. Blackface provided an outlet for whites' fear of the unknown and the unfamiliar. It was a socially acceptable way of expressing their feelings and fears about race and control. Writes Eric Lott in Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, "The black mask offered a way to play with the collective fears of a degraded and threatening—and male—Other while at the same time maintaining some symbolic control over them." (Lott, 25) 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... // Events and trends The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... Europe forms the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ...

White minstrel shows featured white performers pretending to be blacks, playing their versions of black music and speaking ersatz black dialects. Reminiscing about such shows he had seen in his youth, American humorist and author Mark Twain commented in dictated notes almost 50 years later: Ersatz is a German name (literal meaning: substitute) for products, especially chemical compounds and provisions developed in wartimes when shortage of certain goods was imminent. ... African American Vernacular English (AAVE), known colloquially as Ebonics or Jive, also called Black English, Black Vernacular or Black English Vernacular (BEV), is a type of Southern American English lect (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English. ... Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was a famous and popular American humorist, novelist, writer and lecturer. ...

…I suppose, the real nigger-show—the genuine nigger-show, the extravagant nigger-show— the show which to me had no peer and whose peer has not yet arrived, in my experience. We have the grand opera; and I have witnessed, and greatly enjoyed, the first act of everything which Wagner created, but…the nigger-show [is] a standard and a summit to whose rarefied altitude the other forms of musical art may not hope to reach. Nigger is an extremely controversial term used in many English-speaking countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia (but also in other languages such as German as a loanword) to refer to people of African descent. ... The foyer of Charles Garniers Opéra, Paris, opened 1875 Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental as it is through the lyrics. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 in Leipzig – February 13, 1883 in Venice) was an influential German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his groundbreaking symphonic-operas (or music dramas). His compositions are notable for their continuous contrapuntal texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and elaborate...

The songs of northern composer Stephen Foster figured prominently in blackface minstrel shows of the period. Though written in dialect, they were free of the ridicule and blatantly racist caricatures that typified other songs of the genre. Foster's works treated slaves and the South in general with an often-cloying sentimentality that appealed to white audiences of the day. The Northern United States or simply The North, is a region in the United States of America. ... Stephen Foster Stephen Collins Foster (Born in Pittsburgh on July 4, 1826, died on January 13, 1864) was the pre-eminent songwriter in the United States of his era. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... The Southern United States or the South constitute a distinctive region covering a large portion of the United States. ...

Bert Williams was the only black member of the Ziegfeld Follies when he joined them in 1910. Shown here in blackface, he was the highest-paid African-American entertainer of his day.

By 1840, African-American performers also were performing in blackface makeup. Frederick Douglass wrote in 1849 about one such troupe, Gavitt's Original Ethiopian Serenaders: "It is something to be gained when the colored man in any form can appear before a white audience." Nonetheless, Douglass generally abhorred blackface and was one of the first people to write against the institution of blackface minstrelsy, pointing to its racist nature and inauthentic, northern, white origins. This is a copyrighted promotional photo with a known source. ... This is a copyrighted promotional photo with a known source. ... Bert Williams (November 12, 1875 - March 4, 1922) was the pre-eminent African American entertainer of his era. ... The Ziegfeld Follies were a series of elaborate theatrical productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black), is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14, 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. ...

When all-black minstrel shows began to proliferate the 1860s, however, they in turn often were billed as "authentic" and "the real thing". Despite often smaller budgets and smaller venues, their public appeal sometimes rivalled that of white minstrel troupes. In the execution of authentic black music and the percussive, polyrhythmic tradition of "pattin' Juba", when the only instruments performers used were their hands and feet, clapping and slapping their bodies and shuffling and stomping their feet, black troupes particularly excelled. One of the most successful black minstrel companies was Sam Hague's Slave Troupe of Georgia Minstrels, managed by Charles Hicks. This company eventually was taken over by Charles Callendar. The Georgia Minstrels toured the United States and abroad and later became Haverly's Colored Minstrels. // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ... Percussion instruments are music instruments played by being struck, shaken, rubbed or scraped, hence the percussive name. ... Polyrhythm is the simultaneous sounding of two or more independent rhythms. ... A musical instrument is a device that has been constructed or modified with the purpose of making music. ... Sam Hague was a British blackface minstrel dancer and troupe owner. ... Charles Barney Hicks (? – 1902) was an African American advance man, manager, performer, and owner of blackface minstrel troupes composed of African American performers. ... Charles Callender was the owner of blackface minstrel troupes that featured African American performers. ... J. H. Haverly was an entrepreneur and promoter of blackface minstrel shows. ...

African-American blackface productions also contained mocking buffoonery and comedy, but for many black artists it was simply good-natured self-parody. In the early days of African-American involvement in theatrical performance, blacks could not perform without blackface makeup, regardless of how dark-skinned they were, but blackface minstrelsy was a practical and often relatively lucrative livelihood when compared to the menial labor to which most blacks were relegated. Owing to the discrimination of the day, "corking up" (or "blacking up") provided an often singular opportunity for African-American musicians, actors, and dancers to practice their crafts. Some minstrel shows, particularly when performing outside the South, also managed subtly to poke fun at the racist attitudes and double standards of white society or champion the abolitionist cause. It was through blackface performers, white and black, that the richness and exuberance of African-American music, humor, and dance first reached mainstream, white audiences in the U.S. and abroad. This poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery in the United Kingdom and the United States. ... African American music (also called black music, formerly known as race music) is an umbrella term given to a range of musical genres emerging from or influenced by the culture of United States. ...

Blackface remained a popular theatrical device well into the 20th century, crossing over from the minstrel-troupe touring circuit to vaudeville, to motion pictures, then to television. In the Theater Owners Booking Association (TOBA), an all-black vaudeville circuit organized in 1909, blackface acts were a popular staple. Called "Toby" for short, performers also nicknamed it "Tough on Black Actors" (or, variously, "Artists" or "Asses"), because earnings were so meager. Still, TOBA headliners could make a very good living, and even for lesser players, TOBA provided fairly steady, more desirable work than generally was available elsewhere. Blackface served as a springboard for hundreds of artists and entertainers—black and white—many of whom later would go on to find work in other performance traditions. In fact, one of the most famous stars of Haverly's European Minstrels was Sam Lucas, who became known as the "Grand Old Man of the Negro Theatre". It was Lucas who later played the title role in the first cinematic production of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Vaudeville was a style of multi-act theater which flourished in North America from the 1880s through the 1920s. ... Films are produced by recording actual people and objects with cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and/or special effects. ... T.O.B.A., the Theater Owners Booking Association, was the vaudeville circuit for African American performers in the 1920s and 1930s. ... Sam Lucas (1850 — 5 January 1916) was an African American actor, comedian, singer, and songwriter. ... Negro means black in Spanish, Portuguese and ancient Italian languages, being derived from the Latin word niger of the same meaning. ... Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe, born Harriet Elizabeth Beecher (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an abolitionist, and writer of more than 10 books, the most famous being Uncle Toms Cabin which describes life in slavery, and which was first published in serial form from 1851... Uncle Toms Cabin is a novel by American abolitionist author Harriet Beecher Stowe which treats slavery as a central theme. ...

Many well-known entertainers of stage and screen also performed in blackface, including Al Jolson, Eddie Cantor, and Bob Hope, as well as actor and comedian Bert Williams, who was the first black performer in vaudeville and on Broadway. But apart from cultural references such as those seen in theatrical cartoons, onstage blackface essentially was eliminated in the U.S., post-vaudeville, when public sensibilities regarding race began to change and blackface became increasingly associated with racism and bigotry. This is a list of entertainers known to have performed in blackface Bert Williams, shown here in blackface, was the highest-paid African-American entertainer of his day. ... Al Jolson Al Jolson (born Asa Yoelson in Seredzius, Lithuania on May 26, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was an American singer and the son of Jewish immigrants. ... Eddie Cantor in the 1920s Eddie Cantor (born September, 1892 on the Jewish New Year; died October 10, 1964) was a comedian, singer, actor, songwriter, and one of the most popular entertainers in the United States of America in the early and middle 20th century. ... Bob Hope receiving Oscar Leslie Townes Hope KBE (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), best known as Bob Hope, was a famous entertainer, having appeared in vaudeville, on Broadway, on radio and television, movies and in army concerts. ... Bert Williams (November 12, 1875 - March 4, 1922) was the pre-eminent African American entertainer of his era. ... Broadway theatre is often considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States. ... A race is a population of humans distinguished from other populations. ... An African-American man drinks out of the colored only water fountain at a racially segregated streetcar terminal in the United States in 1939. ... A bigot is a prejudiced person who is intolerant of any opinions differing from their own. ...

Blackface and darky iconography

Florence Kate Upton's Golliwogg and friends in 1895. Described as "a horrid sight, the blackest gnome," for many children, he was their introduction to black people. Note the formal minstrel attire.

The darky icon itself—googly-eyed, with inky skin; exaggerated white, pink or red lips; and bright, white teeth—became a common motif first in the U.S., then worldwide, in entertainment, children's literature, mechanical banks and other toys and games of all sorts, cartoons and comic strips, advertisements, jewelry, textiles, postcards, sheet music, food branding and packaging, and other consumer goods. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Googly eyes are large, bulging or rolling eyes. ... Cartoons started in the 1930s and 40s. ... This article is about the comic strip, the sequential art form as published in newspapers and on the Internet. ... This article is about the concept in marketing. ...

In 1895, the Golliwogg surfaced in Great Britain, the product of American-born children's book illustrator Florence Kate Upton, who modeled her ragdoll character Golliwogg after a minstrel doll she had in the U.S. as a child. "Golly", as he later affectionately came to be called, had a typically jet-black face; wild, wooly hair; bright, red lips; and sported formal minstrel attire. The generic, British golliwog later made its way back across the Atlantic as dolls, toy tea sets, ladies' perfume and in a myriad of other forms; and, it is believed, contributed the ethnic slur wog to the English lexicon. 1895 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Uptons Golliwogg and friends in The Adventures of two Dutch Dolls And A Golliwogg, published in 1895. ... The child of English parents, Upton and her family moved to England when she was fourteen. ... Uptons Golliwogg and friends in The Adventures of two Dutch Dolls And A Golliwogg, published in 1895. ... The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of its surface. ... The following is a list of ethnic slurs that are, or have been, used to refer to members of a given ethnicity (or in some cases, nationality, region, or religion) in a derogatory or pejorative manner. ... Look up Wog in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wog is a word with several meanings, one commonly derogatory, the others not. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... A lexicon is usually a list of words together with additional word-specific information, i. ...

American darky images and Upton's minstrel-doll-inspired Golliwogg had a profound influence on the way blacks were depicted worldwide. Black and white minstrel troupes toured Europe and were somewhat successful for a time. As in the U.S., there was a history of involvement in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, and an ongoing European colonial presence in Africa and the Caribbean, as well. The Atlantic slave trade was the capture and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. ... Bold textItalic text World map of colonialism at the end of the Second World War in 1945. ... // Etymology World map showing Africa (geographically) The name Africa came into Western use through the Romans, who used the name Africa terra — land of the Afri (plural, or Afer singular) — for the northern part of the continent, as the province of Africa with its capital Carthage, corresponding to modern-day... ...

Shared notions of white supremacy contributed to the popularity of darky iconography, which proliferated on both sides of the Atlantic. Unlike in the United States, however, in Europe and Asia, scant resident populations of people of black African descent posed little challenge to the racist attitudes of the day. As a result, blackface and darky iconography and the stereotypes they perpetuated prompted no notable objections and, consequently, sensibilities regarding them often have been very different from those in America. For Europeans and Asians, many of whom had never seen a black person in the flesh before World War II, the racist iconography of the blackface darky — grotesque caricatures born of whites ridiculing blacks — as in the United States, became de rigueur. Internationally, darky icons proliferated far beyond the minstrel stage and, for many nonblacks, became reified in the human beings they denigrated. The grinning, pop-eyed distortions acquired a life of their own. By the 1920s and '30s, for example, French posters advertising performances by even respected and beloved performers like Josephine Baker and Bill "Bojangles" Robinson routinely were in the darky mold. After the Second World War, Japan flooded the U.S. with darky and mammy kitchenware, ashtrays, toys, and ceramics. White supremacy is an ideology which holds that the white race is superior to other races. ... World map showing Asia (geographically) Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia and worlds largest continent. ... The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America, the States, or (archaically) Columbia—is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii). ... The term Asian in a geographical sense simply refers to something or someone from Asia. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America and in Australia as the Roaring Twenties . In Europe it is sometimes refered to as the Golden Twenties. ... // Events and trends The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... Josephine Baker, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1949 Josephine Baker (June 3, 1908 - April 12, 1975), born Freda Josephine McDonald, was an African American dancer, actress and singer, sometimes known as The Black Venus. ... Bill Robinson photo taken by Carl Van Vechten, 1934 Bill Bojangles Robinson (May 25, 1878 – November 25, 1949) was a pioneer and pre-eminent African-American tap dance performer. ... Mammy is an alternate spelling of mother, used most prominently by African American slaves during the 1800s. ...

Darky iconography frequently adorned the covers of sheet music from the 1870s through the 1940s, but virtually disappeared by the 1950s.

U.S. cartoons from the 1930s and 1940s often featured characters in blackface gags as well as other racial caricatures. Blackface was one of the influences in the development of characters like Mickey Mouse. The United Artists 1933 release "The Mellerdrammer" — the name a corruption of "melodrama" thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows — was a film short based on Uncle Tom's Cabin. Mickey, of course, was already black; but for this role he was depicted with exaggerated, orange lips; bushy, white sidewhiskers; and, of course, his now trademark white gloves. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (512x640, 50 KB) A racist peice of sheet music from the 1900s for a song called Coon Coon Coon. File links The following pages link to this file: List of ethnic slurs ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (512x640, 50 KB) A racist peice of sheet music from the 1900s for a song called Coon Coon Coon. File links The following pages link to this file: List of ethnic slurs ... Events and Trends Technology The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ... // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby boom from returning... // Events and trends The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... // Events and trends The 1940s were seen as a transition period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s, which also leads the period to be divided in two halves: The first half of the decade was dominated by World War II, the widest and most destructive armed conflict in... Caricature of Alan Greenspan by Jan Op De Beeck. ... Mickeys most recognizable look has him wearing red shorts and yellow shoes. ... The current United Artists logo. ... 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Poster for The Perils of Pauline (1914). ...

In the U.S., by the 1950s, the NAACP had begun calling attention to such demeaning portrayals of African Americans and mounted a campaign to put an end to blackface performances and depictions. For decades, darky images had been ubiquitous, particularly in the branding of everyday products and commodities such as Picaninny Freeze ice cream, the Coon Chicken Inn[1] restaurant chain and the like. With the eventual successes of the modern day Civil Rights Movement, such blatantly racist branding practices ended in the U.S., and blackface became an American taboo. // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby boom from returning... National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... Pickaninny (also pickaninnie) is a Pidgin word form derived from the Portuguese pequenino (little) via Lingua franca. ... Missing image Ice cream is often served on a stick Boxes of ice cream are often found in stores in a display freezer. ... Meanings of franchise: Full rights of citizenship given by a country or a town, especially suffrage (political franchise) In a wider sense: any right or privilege granted by constitution or statute. ... Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for African American and to achieve racial equality. ... A taboo is a strong social prohibition (or ban) relating to any area of human activity or social custom declared as sacred and forbidden; breaking of the taboo is usually considered objectionable or abhorrent by society. ...

Modern-day manifestations

Over time, blackface and darky iconography became artistic and stylistic devices associated with art deco and the Jazz Age. By the 1950s and '60s, particularly in Europe, where it was more widely tolerated, blackface became a kind of outré, camp convention in some artistic circles. The Black and White Minstrel Show was a popular British musical variety show that featured blackface performers, and remained on British television until 1978. Actors and dancers in blackface appeared in music videos such as Taco Ockerse's "Puttin' on the Ritz" and Grace Jones's "Slave to the Rhythm", which aired regularly on MTV during the 1980s. Asheville City Hall. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America and in Australia as the Roaring Twenties . In Europe it is sometimes refered to as the Golden Twenties. ... The 1960s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... The term camp—normally used as an adjective, even though earliest recorded uses employed it mainly as a verb—refers to the deliberate and sophisticated use of kitsch, mawkish or corny themes and styles in art, clothing or conversation. ... The Black and White Minstrel Show was a British television series that ran from 1958 until 1978. ... A variety show is a show with a variety of acts, often including music and comedy skits, especially on television. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... A music video (also video clip, promo) is a short film or video meant to present a visual representation of a popular music song. ... Taco Ockerse (born 21 July 1955) is a singer popularly known as Taco. ... Puttin on the Ritz is a popular song written and published in 1929 by Irving Berlin. ... Grace Jones (b. ... MTV (abbreviation for Music Television) is a cable television network which was originally devoted to music videos, especially popular rock music. ... The 1980s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1980 and 1989. ...

Darky iconography, while generally considered taboo in the U.S., still persists around the world. When trade and tourism produce a confluence of cultures, bringing differing sensibilities regarding blackface into contact with one another, the results can be jarring. Darky iconography is still popular in Japan today, but when Japanese toymaker Sanrio Corporation exported a darky-icon character doll in the 1990s, the ensuing controversy prompted Sanrio to halt production. Foreigners visiting the Netherlands in November and December are often shocked or appalled at the sight of whites in classic blackface as a character known as Zwarte Piet, whom many Dutch nationals love as a holiday symbol. Travelers to Spain have expressed dismay at seeing "Conguito", [2] a tubby, little brown character with full, red lips, as the trademark for Conguitos, a confection manufactured by the LACASA Group. In Britain, "Golly", [3] a blackface golliwog character, finally fell out of favor in 2001 after almost a century as the trademark of jam producer James Robertson & Sons; but the debate still continues whether the golliwog should be banished in all forms from further commercial production and display, or preserved as a treasured childhood icon. The influence of blackface on branding and advertising, as well as on perceptions and portrayals of blacks, generally, can be found worldwide. Black and brown products, particularly, such as licorice and chocolate, remain commodities most frequently paired with darky iconography. Sanrio Co. ... A white Dutchman in blackface costume and afro wig as Zwarte Piet In the Dutch language of the Netherlands and Flanders, Zwarte Piet (meaning Black Pete(r)) is a companion of Saint Nicholas (Dutch Sinterklaas) whose yearly feast is on 6 December, when they distribute presents to all (good) children. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Species Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa Glycyrrhiza aspera Glycyrrhiza astragalina Glycyrrhiza bucharica Glycyrrhiza echinata Glycyrrhiza eurycarpa Glycyrrhiza foetida Glycyrrhiza glabra Glycyrrhiza iconica Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi Glycyrrhiza lepidota Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora Glycyrrhiza triphylla Glycyrrhiza uralensis Glycyrrhiza yunnanensis Ref: ILDIS Version 6. ... Chocolate comes in dark, milk, and white varieties with cocoa solids contributing to the brown coloration. ...

The Netherlands' Zwarte Piet

A white Dutch woman in blackface costume as Zwarte Piet.

Zwarte Piet, or "Black Peter", is a character in Dutch and Flemish Sinterklaas lore, described variously as a slave liberated by St. Nicholas or servant of Sinterklaas whose feast, mainly targeted at children, is celebrated December 5th or 6th. Some sources indicate that Zwarte Piet originally was an enslaved devil, rather than a Moor. [4]. Zwarte Piet is often characterized variously as buffoonish, mean, mischievous and stupid. Once portrayed realistically, Zwarte Piet became a classic darky icon in the mid-to-late 19th century, contemporaneous with the spread of darky iconography. To this day, holiday revellers in the Netherlands blacken their faces; wear afro wigs and bright, red lipstick; and walk the streets, throwing candy to passersby, some of them behaving dim-wittedly and/or speaking mangled Dutch as embodiments of Zwarte Piet. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A white Dutchman in blackface costume and afro wig as Zwarte Piet In the Dutch language of the Netherlands and Flanders, Zwarte Piet (meaning Black Pete(r)) is a companion of Saint Nicholas (Dutch Sinterklaas) whose yearly feast is on 6 December, when they distribute presents to all (good) children. ... A white Dutchman in blackface costume and afro wig as Zwarte Piet In the Dutch language of the Netherlands and Flanders, Zwarte Piet (meaning Black Pete(r)) is a companion of Saint Nicholas (Dutch Sinterklaas) whose yearly feast is on 6 December, when they distribute presents to all (good) children. ... Flanders (Flemish, Fleming) (Dutch: Vlaanderen (Vlaams, Vlaming), French: Flandre(s), (flamand, flamand), German: Flandern, (flämisch, Flame) has two main designations: a constituent community of the federal Belgian state through its social and political organisations, and through the institutions of the Flemish Community (with its own Flemish government and Flemish... Saint Nicholas, also known as Nikolaus in Germany and Sinterklaas (a contracted form of Sint Nicolaas) in the Netherlands and Flanders, is the common name for the historical Saint Nicholas of Myra, who lived in 4th century Byzantine Lycia, (modern Turkey), and had a reputation for secret gift-giving. ... Folklore is the ethnographic concept of the tales, legends, or superstitions current among a particular population, a part of the Oral tradition or oral history of a particular culture. ... The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. Juba II king of Mauretania // Origins of the name The name derives from the old tribe of the Mauri and their... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motowns girl group The Supremes sporting afros in 1970. ... A shelf filled with candies Candy is often used as a synonym for the more general term confectionery in North America, whereas the word has become archaic in most parts of the United Kingdom and survives today almost exclusively in the term candy floss. In some areas, notably Scotland, candy...

Accepted in the past without controversy in a once largely ethnically homogeneous nation, today Zwarte Piet is somewhat controversial and is greeted with mixed reactions. Many see him as a cherished tradition and look forward to his annual appearance. Others detest him—perhaps most notably, some of the country's people of color. The lyrics of traditional Sinterklaas songs and some parents state that Zwarte Piet will leave well-behaved children presents, but that those who have been naughty will be punished. Zwarte Piet will kidnap bad children and carry them off to Spain in his bag, where, legend has it, he and Sinterklaas dwell out of season. As a result, while most Dutch children love him and are fascinated by him, they also may be fearful of encounters with Zwarte Piet impersonators. Some white Dutch children believe their black classmates will grow up to be Zwarte Piet, and still others believe black people they meet in public are Zwarte Piet. Blackfaced, googly-eyed, red-lipped Zwarte Piet dolls, diecuts and displays adorn store windows alongside brightly displayed, smartly packaged holiday merchandise. Foreign tourists, particularly Americans, are often bewildered and mortified. As a result of the allegations of racism, some attempts have been made to replace the blackface makeup worn by Zwarte Piet impersonators with face paint in alternative colors such as green or purple. This practice, however, has not caught on. So, at least once a year in the Netherlands, the debate over the harmlessness, or racism, of Zwarte Piet resurfaces—along with, the usual, smiling golliwog dolls; strolling "Zwarte Pieten" tossing sweets to eager children and other passersby; and the sometimes jarring storefront-darky images. [5] Colored and person of color (or people of color in the plural sense) are terms that were commonly used to describe people who do not have white skin or a Caucasian appearance. ...

The "coons" of Cape Town and Auckland

Inspired by blackface minstrels who visited Cape Town, South Africa, in 1848, former Javan and Malaysian slaves took up the minstrel tradition, holding emancipation celebrations which consisted of music, dancing and parades. In the African-American cakewalk tradition, their songs often parodied their former masters and the privileged, white class. Such celebrations eventually became consolidated into an annual, year-end event known as the Cape Coon Carnival. City motto: Spes Bona (Latin: Good Hope) Province Western Cape Mayor Nomaindia Mfeketo Area  - % water 1,644 km² 0. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Map of Java Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... Cakewalk is a traditional African American form of music and dance which originated among slaves in the US South. ... Social class describes the relationships between people in hierarchical societies or cultures. ...

Today, carnival minstrels are mostly Coloured ("mixed race"), Afrikaans-speaking revellers. Often in blackface, they parade down the streets of the city in colorful costumes, in a celebration of Creole culture. Participants also pay homage to the carnival's African-American roots, playing Negro spirituals and jazz featuring traditional Dixieland jazz instruments, including horns, banjos, and tambourines.[6] In the South African and Namibian context, the term Coloured refers to a rather heterogenous group of people of mixed Khoisan and white European descent with some degree of Black (Bantu), Malay or Malagasy ancestry (especially in the Western Cape) together with some racially pure Khoisans. ... Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia. ... The term Creole is used with different meanings in different contexts, which can generate confusion. ... A spiritual is a African-American song, usually with a religious text. ... Jazz master Louis Armstrong remains one of the most loved and best known of all jazz musicians. ... Dixieland or Dixie is a name for the south-eastern portion of the USA; see: U.S. Southern States, Dixie. ... A brass instrument is a musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a tubular resonator (mouthpiece). ... Old 6-string zither banjo 4-string banjos The banjo, derived from the banjar, is a stringed instrument of American origins, sometimes called the gourd banjo. The banjar, in turn was based on the African akonting. Some etymologists derive it from a dialectal pronunciation of bandore, though recent research suggests... Kocek with tambourine 19th c. ...

The term "coon" has been appropriated by carnival participants over time, who don't regard it as a pejorative. However, the name was changed to the Cape Town Minstrel Carnival in 2003, so as to avoid offending tourists. Former South African president Nelson Mandela endorsed the carnival in 1986, and is a member of the Cape Town Minstrel Carnival Association, which presides over the event. Now officially more than a hundred years old, the carnival has become a major tourist attraction, vigorously promoted by the nation's tourism authority, complete with corporate sponsorship. Uncle Ben Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, (born July 18, 1918), was the first democratically elected President of South Africa, having previously been a prominent anti-apartheid activist there. ... A corporation is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a Civil law systems may refer to corporations as moral persons; they may also go by the name AS (anonymous society) or something similar, depending on language (see below). ... To sponsor something is to support an event, activity, person or organization by providing money or other resources in exchange for something, usually advertising or publicity, and always access to an audience. ...

A multi-ethnic group of New Zealanders, taking their cue from the Cape Town tradition, have started their own "Cape Coon troupe", calling themselves the "Auckland City Dukes". Wearing modified minstrel attire and pared down blackface makeup, the Dukes participate in the annual Cape Town Minstrel Carnival and enthusiastically embrace the "coon" moniker. Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest urban area in New Zealand. ...

In the U.S.

The darky, or coon, archetype that blackface played such a profound role in creating remains a persistent thread in American culture. It continues to resurface. Animation utilizing darky iconography aired on U.S. television routinely as late as the mid-1990s, and still can be seen in specialty time slots on such networks as TCM. In 1993, white actor Ted Danson ignited a firestorm of controversy when he appeared at a Friars Club roast in blackface, delivering a risqué shtick written by his then love interest, African-American comedienne Whoopi Goldberg. Recently, gay, white performer Chuck Knipp, has used drag, blackface, and broad racial caricature while portraying a character named "Shirley Q. Liquor" in his cabaret act, generally performed for all-white audiences. Knipp's outrageously stereotypical character has drawn criticism and prompted demonstrations from black, gay and transgender activists. [7] A cartoon is any of several forms of art, with varied meanings that evolved from one to another. ... // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining a similar mindset. ... A television network is a distribution network for television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many television stations. ... Turner Classic Movies (TCM) is a cable television channel similar to American Movie Classics (AMC) featuring classic movies from the Turner Entertainment and Warner Bros. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... Ted Danson in the TV sitcom Becker Ted Danson (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor, most notable for his television work. ... The Friars Club is a New York City club now with nationwide branches famous for its risqué celebrity roasts. ... A roast is an event in which an individual is subject to publicly bearing insults, praise, outlandish true and untrue stories, and heartwarming tributes. ... A Schtick or shtick is a Yiddish expression which refers to a comic theme. ... A comedian (also comedienne, female) is a person who attempts to make people laugh through a variety of methods, normally through joke telling, or a stream of funny banter. ... Sarafina movie poster featuring Whoopi Goldberg Caryn Elaine Johnson, better known by her stage name, Whoopi Goldberg (born November 13, 1955 (although many sources indicate 1949), in New York City), is a well-known American movie actress, comedian, and singer. ... Look up gay in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Chuck Knipp is a Southern American comedian best known for creating the popular radio and stage personas Shirley Q. Liquor and Betty Butterfield. ... Drag in its broadest sense means a costume or outfit that carries symbolic significance, but usually refers to the clothing associated with one gender role when worn by a person of the other gender. ... Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue - a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... A demonstration is the public display of the common opinion of a activist group, often economically, political, or socially, by gathering in a crowd, usually at a symbolic place or date, associated with that opinion. ... Transgender is generally used as an overarching, general term for a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving full or partial tendancies towards that of the opposite gender. ...

Promotional poster for Spike Lee's movie Bamboozled

In New Orleans in the early 1900s, a group of African American laborers began a marching club in the annual Mardi Gras parade, dressed as hobos and calling themselves "The Tramps". Wanting a flashier look, they later renamed themselves "Zulus" and copied their costumes from a blackface vaudeville skit performed at a local black jazz club and cabaret.[8] The result is one of the best known and most striking krewes of Mardi Gras, the Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club. Dressed in grass skirts, top hats and exaggerated blackface, the Zulus of New Orleans are controversial as well as popular. Image File history File links Bamboozled promotional movie poster. ... Shelton Jackson Lee (born March 20, 1957), better known as Spike Lee, is a controversial film director, producer, writer, and actor noted for his many films dealing with social and political issues. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Mardi Gras (French for Fat Tuesday) is the day before Ash Wednesday, and is also called Shrove Tuesday. It is the final day of Carnival (pronounced CAR-nuh-vul in English; car-nee-VAHL in most Romance languages. ... This article is about the African ethnic group. ... A Krewe is an organization that puts on a parade and or a ball for the New Orleans Carnival season (Mardi Gras). ... The Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club (founded 1916) is a New Orleans Carnival Krewe which puts on the Zulu parade each Mardi Gras Day. ...

Illinois Congressman and House minority leader Bob Michel caused a minor stir in the early 1990s, when he fondly recalled minstrel shows in which he had participated as a young man and expressed his regret that they had fallen out of fashion. State nickname: Land of Lincoln, The Prairie State Other U.S. States Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Governor Rod Blagojevich (D) Senators Richard Durbin (D) Barack Obama (D) Official language(s) English Area 149,998 km² (25th)  - Land 143,968 km²  - Water 6,030 km² (4. ... ...

Blackface and minstrelsy also serve as the theme of Spike Lee's film Bamboozled (2000). It tells of a black television executive who reintroduces the old blackface style and is horrified by its success. Shelton Jackson Lee (born March 20, 1957), better known as Spike Lee, is a controversial film director, producer, writer, and actor noted for his many films dealing with social and political issues. ... Films are produced by recording actual people and objects with cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and/or special effects. ... DVD Cover Bamboozled is a 2000 satirical film written and directed by Spike Lee about a modern televised minstrel show featuring black actors donning blackface makeup. ... This article is about the year 2000. ...

In 2002 and 2003, there were several inflammatory blackface "incidents" where white college students donned blackface as part of presumably innocent, but insensitive, gags—or as part of an acknowledged climate of racism and intolerance on campus. [9] 2002 (MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The term college (Latin collegium) is most often used today to denote an educational institution. ...

In November 2005, controversy erupted when African American journalist Steve Gilliard posted a blackface photograph on his blog. The image was of black Republican Maryland lieutenant governor Michael Steele, a candidate for U.S. Senate. It had been doctored to include bushy, white eyebrows and big, red lips. The caption read, "I's simple Sambo and I's running for the big house." Steele has been criticized by other African Americans who consider him a "race traitor" due to his conservative politics. Months before at a public appearance, Steele was pelted with Oreo cookies, an allusion to the term Oreo, which is a pejorative term that refers to someone black who is perceived to have misplaced loyalties— who is black on the outside and white on the inside, like the chocolate, cream-filled sandwich cookie. Gilliard defended the image, commenting that Steele has "refused to stand up for his people,"[10] and explained that he pulled the photograph only because he did not have permission use the original image. 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Republican Party is a name used by many political parties. ... State nickname: Old Line State; Free State Other U.S. States Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Governor Robert L. Ehrlich (R) Senators Paul Sarbanes (D) Barbara Mikulski (D) Official language(s) English Area 32,160 km² (42nd)  - Land 25,338 km²  - Water 6,968 km² (21%) Population (2000)  - Population 5... Michael S. Steele (born October 19, 1958) is the current Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, having been elected on the same ticket as Governor Robert L. Ehrlich in 2002. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... An Oreo is a popular type of cookie manufactured by Nabisco Corporation, introduced in 1912. ...

Further, commodities bearing darky iconic images, from tableware, soap, and toy marbles to home accessories and T-shirts, continue to be manufactured and marketed in the U.S. and elsewhere. Some are reproductions of historical artifacts, while others are so-called "fantasy" items, newly designed and manufactured for the marketplace. There is a thriving niche market for such items in the U.S., particularly, as well as for original artifacts of darky iconography. The value of many vintage pieces has skyrocketed since the 1970s. An artifact (also artefact) is a term coined by Sir Julian Huxley meaning any object or process resulting from human activity. ... Niche marketing is the process of finding small but potentially profitable market segments and designing custom-made products for them. ... The 1970s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1970 and 1979. ...

Blackface minstrelsy and world popular culture

Despite its racist portrayals, blackface minstrelsy was the conduit through which African-American and African-American-influenced music, comedy, and dance first reached the American mainstream. It played a seminal role in the introduction of African-American culture to world audiences. Wrote jazz historian Gary Giddings in Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams, The Early Years 1903-1940: Jazz master Louis Armstrong remains one of the most loved and best known of all jazz musicians. ... Bing wooed fans with a sensuous voice, wit, and good looks. ...

Though antebellum (minstrel) troupes were white, the form developed in a form of racial collaboration, illustrating the axiom that defines—and continues to define—American music as it developed over the next century and a half: African-American innovations metamorphose into American popular culture when white performers learn to mimic black ones.

Virtually every new genre in popular music in the United States from the twilight of the 19th century to the dawn of the 21st century—from ragtime to blues, to jazz and swing, to rhythm and blues and rock and roll, to funk and classic rock, to hip hop and neo soul— is due to the contributions of African-Americans. Indeed, the broad spectrum of popular music as it exists today would be unrecognizable absent the influence of African-American culture. Classical music as well has benefited from African-American influence. Standard early jazz tunes included numerous numbers such as "The Darktown Strutters Ball", a song about the slave cakewalk tradition, and "The Birth of the Blues". Even into the '50s, R&B artists from Louis Jordan (in, for example, "Saturday Night Fish Fry") to the Dominoes (in "The Deacon is Moving In") harkened back to minstrelsy. A lot of vaudeville shtick, and its earliest comedians, musicians and actors as well, were transplants from the blackface minstrel tradition—among them Laugh-In's Pigmeat Markham. The radio antics of "Amos 'n' Andy", which featured white actors impersonating blacks, were straight from the minstrel stage. The popular radio show lasted more than a decade and then moved to television, utilizing black actors, in the 1950s. Under fire from critics as being demeaning to blacks, it ran until only 1953. In books based on the Demonic Era or Common Era, such as the Gregorian calendar, the 21st century is the current century, as of this writing. ... Ragtime is an American musical genre, enjoying its peak popularity around the years 1900–1918. ... This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, tone, style, and voice). ... Jazz master Louis Armstrong remains one of the most loved and best known of all jazz musicians. ... The term Swing has several meanings: Swing (dance), a kind of dance, including West Coast Swing and East Coast Swing. ... Rhythm and blues (or R&B) was coined as a musical marketing term introduced in the United States in the late 1940s by Jerry Wexler at Billboard magazine, used to designate upbeat popular music performed by African American artists that combined jazz and blues. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Funk is a distinct style of music originated by African-Americans, e. ... Classic rock was originally conceived as a radio station broadcasting format which evolved from the album oriented rock (AOR) format in the mid-1980s. ... Hip hop is a cultural movement that began amongst urban African American youth in New York and has since spread around the world. ... Neo soul (also known as nu soul) is a musical genre that fuses contemporary R&B, 1970s style soul, and hip hop. ... Classical music is generally thought of as sophisticated and refined; it may stem from a regional tradition, but aspires to universal form of communication. ... Rhythm and blues (or R & B) is a musical marketing term introduced in the United States in the late 1940s by Billboard magazine. ... Louis Jordan (July 8, 1908 - February 4, 1975) was an African-American jazz and rhythm & blues musician who, unlike many of his black peers, was highly popular with mainstream audiences in the post-swing era. ... A game of Dominoes Dominoes (or dominos) generally refers to the individual or collective gaming pieces making up a domino set (sometimes called a deck or pack) or to the games played with these pieces. ... Rowan & Martins Laugh-In was a United States comedy television show broadcast from January 22, 1968 through 1973 over the NBC Network. ... Pigmeat Markham (April 18, 1904 - December 13, 1981) was an entertainer from the United States of America, best known as a comedian; Markham was also a singer, dancer, and actor. ... Amos & Andy (also rendered as Amos n Andy) was a situation comedy popular in the United States from the 1920s through the 1950s. ... // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby boom from returning... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

Country music and humor, too, were deeply influenced by blackface minstrelsy. According to Dale Cockrell's account in The Encyclopedia of Country Music, many traditional hillbilly fiddle tunes, including "Turkey in the Straw" and Old Dan Tucker came from minstrelsy, as did much of the format and content of the (still running) Grand Ole Opry radio show. In part because of the popularity of blackface minstrelsy, the banjo, which is African-American in origin, became a standard feature of country and bluegrass music. Cockrell notes that Hee Haw "in structure, humor, characterization, and, in many ways, music, was a minstrel show in 'rube face'". As with jazz, many of country’s earliest stars—such as Jimmie Rodgers and Bob Wills—were veterans of blackface performance. Country music, also called country and western music or country-western, is an amalgam of popular musical forms developed in the Southern United States, with roots in traditional folk music, Celtic Music, Blues, Gospel music, and Old-time music. ... Hillbilly is a pejorative nickname for people who dwell in remote, rural, mountainous areas. ... The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ... Turkey in the Straw is a well known United States folk song dating from the early 19th century. ... Old Dan Tucker is a song that was composed by Daniel D. Emmett. ... The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly Saturday night country music radio program broadcast live on WSM Radio in Nashville, Tennessee. ... Old 6-string zither banjo 4-string banjos The banjo, derived from the banjar, is a stringed instrument of American origins, sometimes called the gourd banjo. The banjar, in turn was based on the African akonting. Some etymologists derive it from a dialectal pronunciation of bandore, though recent research suggests... Bluegrass music is considered a form of American roots music with its own roots in the English, Irish and Scottish traditional music of immigrants from the British Isles (particularly the Scots-Irish immigrants of Appalachia), as well as the music of rural African-Americans, jazz, and blues. ... Hee Haw was a long-running television variety show hosted by Buck Owens and Roy Clark and featuring country music and humor with rural Kornfield Kounty as a backdrop. ... Jimmie Rodgers was the name of two singers: Jimmie Rodgers (country singer) Jimmie Rodgers (pop singer) Jimmie Rodgers (SPC Deputy Director General) Note that there was also a Jimmy Rogers (note the spelling), a blues singer born in 1924. ... James Robert (Bob) Wills (March 6, 1905 – May 13, 1975) was an American country musician and songwriter. ...

The immense popularity and profitability of blackface were testaments to the power, appeal, and commercial viability of not only black music and dance, but also of black style. This led to cross-cultural collaborations, as Giddings writes; but, particularly in times past, to the often ruthless exploitation and outright theft of African-American artistic genius, as well— by other, white performers and composers; agents; promoters; publishers; and record company executives. The precedent set by blackface, of aggressive white exploitation and appropriation of black culture, is alive today in, for example, the anointed, white, so-called "royalty" of essentially African-American music forms: Benny Goodman, widely known as the "King of Swing"; Paul Whiteman, who called himself the "King of Jazz"; Elvis Presley, known as the "King of Rock and Roll"; and Janis Joplin, crowned "Queen of the Blues". Benny Goodman, born Benjamin David Goodman, (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was a famous Jazz musician, known as King of Swing, Patriarch of the Clarinet, and Swings Senior Statesman. // Childhood and early years Goodman was born in Chicago, the son of poor Jewish immigrants who lived on Chicago... Paul Whiteman (March 28, 1890 - December 29, 1967) was a popular United States orchestral leader. ... Elvis Presley Elvis Aron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as the porno star (sometimes shortened to The King) was an American singer and actor. ... Janis Joplin on the cover of her posthumously released live album In Concert Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970) was an American blues-influenced rock singer and occasional songwriter with a distinctive voice. ...

For more than a century, when white performers have wanted to appear sexy, (like Elvis); or streetwise, (like Eminem); or hip, (like Mezz Mezzrow); or cool, (like actor John Travolta's Chili Palmer, Johnny Cash, and ZZ Top); or urbane, (like Frank Sinatra), they often have turned to African-American performance styles, stage presence and personas. Sometimes this has been done out of genuine admiration, as in the case of Eric Clapton or innumerable other blues revivalists. Sometimes it is done with a good deal of calculation by, for example, the many white lead performers who use black backup singers and musicians. Author bell hooks argues that Madonna uses black male dancers to give her stage show a transgressive, sexually charged patina. [11] Pop culture referencing and cultural appropriation of African-American performance and stylistic traditions—often resulting in tremendous profit—is a tradition with origins in blackface minstrelsy. Elvis Presley Elvis Aron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as the porno star (sometimes shortened to The King) was an American singer and actor. ... Eminem Eminem (born Marshall Bruce Mathers III on October 17, 1972 in Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA), is one of todays most controversial and popular rappers. ... Milton Mesirow, much better known as Mezz Mezzrow (9 November 1899 - 5 August 1972) was an American Jewish jazz clarinetist and alto saxophonist from Chicago, Illinois. ... The African cultural aesthetic of cool encompasses calm and mental tranquility, peace, smoothness, silence, vitality, healing and well-being, self-composure, social and self-purification and proximity to the gods. ... John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954 in Englewood, New Jersey) is an American actor. ... John Ray Cash (February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was a vastly influential American country music singer, guitarist, and songwriter. ... ZZ Top is a rock band, most prominent in the 1970s and 1980s, from Houston, Texas. ... Old Blue Eyes belts one out. ... Eric Patrick Slowhand Clapton Eric Patrick “Slowhand” Clapton CBE (born 30 March 1945) is a Grammy Award winning British composer, singer and virtuoso guitarist who became one of the most respected and influential artists of the rock era, garnering an unprecedented three inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of... The person known variously as bell hooks, Bell Hooks, and Gloria Watkins (born September 25, 1952), is a Black American university professor specializing in social criticism focused on groups distinguished by estabished differences in social power. ... Madonna performs at The Astoria in central London, Saturday, Nov. ... Cultural appropriation is the adoption of elements of cultural expression of one societal group, such as forms of dress or personal adornment, music and art, religion, language, or behavior, by an external group, who often ignore the underlying purpose and intent of the expression. ...

The international imprint of African-American culture is pronounced in its depth and breadth, in indigenous expressions, as well as in a myriad of blatantly mimetic and subtler, more attenuated forms. This "browning", à la Richard Rodriguez, of American and world popular culture began with blackface minstrelsy. It is a continuum of pervasive African-American influence which has many prominent manifestations today, among them the ubiquity of the cool aesthetic and hip hop culture. Richard Rodriguez (1944 - ) is a Mexican-American writer who is primarily known for his 1982 book, Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (ISBN 0553272934), a narrative about his development as a literate, American student. ... The African cultural aesthetic of cool encompasses calm and mental tranquility, peace, smoothness, silence, vitality, healing and well-being, self-composure, social and self-purification and proximity to the gods. ...

Blackface spinoffs

Related types of performances are yellowface, in which performers adopt Asian identities, brownface, for East Indian or non-white Latino, and redface, for Native Americans. Whiteface, or paleface, is sometimes used to describe non-white actors performing white parts, although it more commonly describes the clown or mime traditions of white makeup. The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and Southeast Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives... // Etymology Latino, feminine Latina derives from Latin (the adjectives latinus, latina), originally referring to Latium, the area of Rome, by aitiology derived from a king of the name Latinus. ... A Hupa Indian, 1923 The scope of this indigenous peoples of the Americas article encompasses the definitions of indigenous peoples and the Americas as established in their respective articles. ... A clown participating in a Memorial Day parade A clown today is one of various types of comedic performers, on stage, television, in the circus and rodeo. ... Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet Standard for the format of e-mail. ...

See also

• Amos 'n' Andy
• Bamboozled — Spike Lee's 2000 film featuring blackface
• The Black and White Minstrel Show — a British BBC television series that ran from 1958 until 1978
• Blackface minstrel songs, list of
• Blackface minstrel troupes, list of
• Censored Eleven
• Contemporary performers using blackface, list of
• Cool (African philosophy)
• Cultural appropriation
• Entertainers known to have performed in blackface, list of
• Memín Pinguín
• Mickey Mouse
• Minstrel show
• Papa Lazarou
• Two Black Crows
• Young and Innocent — Alfred Hitchcock's 1937 movie

Amos & Andy (also rendered as Amos n Andy) was a situation comedy popular in the United States from the 1920s through the 1950s. ... DVD Cover Bamboozled is a 2000 satirical film written and directed by Spike Lee about a modern televised minstrel show featuring black actors donning blackface makeup. ... Shelton Jackson Lee (born March 20, 1957), better known as Spike Lee, is a controversial film director, producer, writer, and actor noted for his many films dealing with social and political issues. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Films are produced by recording actual people and objects with cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and/or special effects. ... The Black and White Minstrel Show was a British television series that ran from 1958 until 1978. ... Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom. ... A television program is the content of television broadcasting. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... This is a list of songs that either originated in blackface minstrelsy or are otherwise closely associated with that tradition. ... This is a list of blackface minstrel troupes. ... The Censored Eleven is a group of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons that were withheld from syndication by United Artists in 1968. ... The style known as blackface in which an actor or entertainer blacks up and sometimes affects a caricature of a racial stereotype is widely seen as dated, and confined to archive performances from the likes of Al Jolson and G.H. Elliott. ... The African cultural aesthetic of cool encompasses calm and mental tranquility, peace, smoothness, silence, vitality, healing and well-being, self-composure, social and self-purification and proximity to the gods. ... Cultural appropriation is the adoption of elements of cultural expression of one societal group, such as forms of dress or personal adornment, music and art, religion, language, or behavior, by an external group, who often ignore the underlying purpose and intent of the expression. ... This is a list of entertainers known to have performed in blackface Bert Williams, shown here in blackface, was the highest-paid African-American entertainer of his day. ... Memin is a weekly comic magazine from Mexico. ... Mickeys most recognizable look has him wearing red shorts and yellow shoes. ... 1906 postcard advertising a minstrel show The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an indigenous form of American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, usually performed by white people in blackface. ... Papa Lazarou Papa Lazarou is a fictional character in the BBC TV comedy programme The League of Gentlemen. ... The Two Black Crows was a blackface comedy act popular in the 1920s and 30s. ... Young and Innocent (U.S. title: The Girl Was Young) is a British film (1937) by Alfred Hitchcock starring Nova Pilbeam, Derrick De Marney and John Longden. ... Alfred Hitchcock Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (August 13, 1899 – April 29, 1980) was a British-born American film director and producer, closely associated with the suspense thriller genre. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Compare

• Border Morris, a traditional English male folk dance tradition from the borders of England and Wales
• Ganguro, a fashion trend among Japanese girls

The term Border Morris refers to a collection of individual local dances from villages along the English side of the Wales-England border. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK 50. ... National motto: Cymru am byth (Welsh: Wales for ever) Waless location within the UK Official languages English, Welsh Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff First Minister Rhodri Morgan Area  - Total Ranked 3rd UK 20,779 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 3rd UK 2,903,085 140/km² Ethnicity: 97. ... Ganguro Gals - From livemusicstudio. ... The term fashion applies to a characteristic means of expression or presentation; fashions may follow trends, in which they gain or lose popularity. ...

References

• Armstron-De Vreeze, Pamela (1997). "Surviving Zwarte Piet — a Black mother in the Netherlands copes with a racist institution in Dutch culture".  Essence magazine. URL accessed on 2005-11-15 .
• Hughes, Langston and Meltzer, Milton (1967). Black Magic: A Pictorial History of Black Entertainers in America, New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 0306804069.
• Inns, George (producer) (June 1958–July 1978). The Black and White Minstrel Show.  BBC. URL accessed on 2005-11-15 .
• Lott, Eric (1993). Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195078322.
• Toll, Robert C. (1974). Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0819563005.
• Twain, Mark (1924). "XIX, dictated 1906-11-30" Mark Twain's Autobiography, New York: Albert Bigelow Paine. LCCN 24025122.
• Watkins, Mel (1994). On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor, New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.. ISBN 0671689827.

Essence Magazine is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine. ... 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... Langston Hughes, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1936 Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright, and newspaper columnist. ... Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom. ... 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was a famous and popular American humorist, novelist, writer and lecturer. ... 1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 31 days remaining, as the final day of November. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Jean-François Millet Le Semeur (The Sower) Simon & Schuster logo, circa 1961. ...

Bibliography

• Cockrell, Dale and Wilmeth, Don B. (1997). Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World, Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. ISBN 0521568285.
• Fox, Anna (1999). Zwarte Piet, Black Dog. ISBN 1901033864.
• Henderson, Stephen (1972). Understanding the New Black Poetry, William Morrow and Company.
• Levinthal, David (1999). Blackface, Arena. ISBN 1892041065.
• Lhamon, Jr., W.T. (1998). Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674747119.
• Lott, Eric (1993). Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, Oxford University Press. ISBN 019509641X.
• Various authors (1999). Matthews, Gerald E. (editor) Journey Towards Nationalism: The Implications of Race and Racism, New York: Farber. ISBN 0828113343.
• Rogin, Michael (1998). Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Meltingpot, University of California Press. ISBN 0520213807.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Blackface

The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

External links

General

• "Auckland gets its own Cape Coon troupe" from the SANZ Charitable Trust
• Blackface and other historic racial images from the Authentic History Center
• "Bambizzoozled - Blackface in Movies and Television"
• "Banned Cartoons" from Rotten.com
• The Black and White Minstrel Show from the Museum of Broadcast Communications
• "Coon Carnival, Cape Town" from Africape Tours
• "Nigger and Caricatures", Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, from Ferris State University
• Recent blackface stories in the news, from the Colorblind Society
• "Zulu Blackface: The Real Story!"

Rotten. ... The Museum of Broadcast Communications is located in Chicago, Illinois. ... Ferris State University is an institute of higher learning whose main campus is located in Big Rapids, Michigan in Mecosta County. ...

Zwarte Piet

• Expatica's Dutch News in English: Annual Zwarte Piet Debate
• "Man, I Don't 'Get' Zwarte Piet" from "Downwind of Amsterdam"
• "Who is Black Peter?" from Ferris State University
• Zwarte Piet film by Adwa Foundation, Rotterdam, and the Global Afrikan Congress
• Zwarte Piet (in Dutch)
• Zwarte Piet? - Rap video satire of Run DMC's 2004 release "Christmas in Hollis", from Boom Chicago Amsterdam
• "Zwarte Piet — a sinister symbol in a 'tolerant' country" from Expatica.com