Datura
Datura stramonium
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Datura L.
Species
See text below

Datura is a genus of 12-15 species of vespertine flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. Their exact natural distribution is uncertain, due to extensive cultivation and naturalization throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the globe, but is most likely restricted to the Americas, from the United States south through Mexico (where the highest species diversity occurs) to the mid-latitudes of South America. Some species are reported by some authorities to be native to China, but this is not accepted by the Flora of China, where the three species present are treated as introductions from the Americas. It also grows naturally throughout India and most of Australia. According to the old ayurvedic medicinal system (at least since 2000 BC) in India, this plant has versatile uses in medicinal preparations. Download high resolution version (1152x864, 198 KB)Pic taken by me in the dunes of scheveningen, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Binomial name L. Datura stramonium, also called Jimson Weed, Gypsum Weed, Loco Weed, Jamestown Weed, Thorn Apple, Angels Trumpet, Devils Trumpet, Devils Snare, Mad Hatter, Crazy Tea, Malpitte and Zombies Cucumber is a common weed in the Nightshade Family. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ... Families at least the following: Solanaceae Convolvulaceae and others, varying between classification systems; for details see text The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. ... “Nightshade” redirects here. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... “Nightshade” redirects here. ... In biology, naturalisation is the process when foreign or cultivated plants have spread into the wild, where they multiply by natural regeneration. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Datura is a woody-stalked, leafy herb growing up to 2 meters. It produces spiney seed pods and large white or purple trumpet-shaped flowers that face upward. Most parts of the plant contain atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. It has a long history of use both in S. America and Europe and is known for causing delirious states and poisonings in uninformed users. Common names include jimson weed, Hell's Bells, Devil's weed, Devil's cucumber, thorn-apple (from the spiny fruit), pricklyburr (similarly), and somewhat paradoxically, both angel's trumpet and devil's trumpet,(from their large trumpet-shaped flowers), or as Nathaniel Hawthorne refers to it in the the Scarlet Letter apple-Peru. The word Datura comes from Hindi dhatūrā (thorn apple); record of this name dates back only to 1662 (OED). The Hindi derives this word from Sanskrit vedic literature that dates to long before 2000 BC^{[citation needed]}. Trumpeter redirects here. ... Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was a 19th century American novelist and short story writer. ... This article is about the 1850 book. ... Hindi (DevanāgarÄ«: or , IAST: , IPA:  ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the 22 official languages of India and is also used for central government administrative purposes , along with English. ... OED stands for Oxford English Dictionary Office of Enrollment & Discipline This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...

They are large, vigorous annual plants or short-lived perennial plants, growing to 1-3 m tall. The leaves are alternate, 10-20 cm long and 5-18 cm broad, with a lobed or toothed margin. The flowers are erect or spreading (not pendulous), trumpet-shaped, 5-20 cm long and 4-12 cm broad at the mouth; color varies from white to yellow, pink, and pale purple. The fruit is a spiny capsule 4-10 cm long and 2-6 cm broad, splitting open when ripe to release the numerous seeds. Peas are an annual plant. ... Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata. ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...

Datura species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Hypercompe indecisa. A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... The order Lepidoptera is the second most speciose order in the class Insecta and includes the butterflies, moths and skippers. ... Hypercompe is a genus of moths of the family Arctiidae. ...

Species

• Datura bernhardii
• Datura ceratocaula
• Datura discolor - Desert Thorn-apple
• Datura ferox
• Datura inoxia or Datura innoxia - Angel's Trumpet
• Datura kymatocarpa
• Datura lanosa
• Datura leichhardtii (syn. D. pruinosa) - Leichhardt's Datura
• Datura metel
• Datura quercifolia - Oak-leaf Thorn-apple
• Datura reburra
• Datura suaveolens - Known in Costa Rica as "Reina de la noche" (Night's Queen)
• Datura stramonium (syn. D. inermis) - Jimsonweed, Thorn-apple
• Datura wrightii - Sacred datura, Sacred Thorn-apple

Some species formerly included in Datura are now classified in the separate genus Brugmansia; this genus differs in being woody, making shrubs or small trees, and in having pendulous flowers. Other related genera include Hyoscyamus and Atropa. its also used by sadhus as prayer flower for lord shiva Binomial name Datura discolor Bernh. ... Binomial name Datura inoxia Mill. ... Species Metel Category: ... Binomial name L. Datura stramonium, also called Jimson Weed, Gypsum Weed, Loco Weed, Jamestown Weed, Thorn Apple, Angels Trumpet, Devils Trumpet, Devils Snare, Mad Hatter, Crazy Tea, Malpitte and Zombies Cucumber is a common weed in the Nightshade Family. ... Binomial name Datura wrightii Regel Datura wrightii is the name of a poisonous weed, sometimes used as a hallucinogen, commonly called Sacred Datura. ... Species See text Brugmansia is a genus of six species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, native to subtropical regions of South America, along the Andes from Colombia to northern Chile, and also in southeastern Brazil. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... Binomial name Hyoscyamus niger L. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) is a plant of the family Solanaceae that originated in Eurasia. ... Species Atropa belladonna Atropa mandragora Atropa is a genus of plants in the nightshade family. ...

Cultivation and uses

Fruit

D. inoxia with ripe, split-open fruit

Datura contains the alkaloids scopolamine and atropine and has long been used as a poison and hallucinogen. The dose-response curve for the combination of alkaloids is very^{[citation needed]} steep, so people who consume datura can easily take a potentially fatal overdose, hence its use as a poison. In the 1990s and 2000s, the United States media contained stories of adolescents and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting datura.^[1] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 919 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Datura - fruit Author: Goku122 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Datura Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 919 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Datura - fruit Author: Goku122 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Datura Metadata... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (960x1280, 234 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Datura Datura inoxia ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (960x1280, 234 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Datura Datura inoxia ... Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). ... Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. ... For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). ... The general group of pharmacological agents commonly known as hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. ... A dose-response curve is a simple X-Y graph with Y usually being the measured dose (usually in milligrams, micrograms, or grams per kilogram of body-wieght) and X being the response. ... For other uses, see Death (disambiguation), Dead (disambiguation), Death (band) or Deceased (band). ... A drug overdose occurs when a chemical substance (i. ... A separate article is about the punk band called The Adolescents. ...

Records of use

Datura stramonium is also called jimsonweed. This name comes from the town of Jamestown, Virginia. Various versions of the story exist, but in the most common version, British soldiers sent to quell Bacon's Rebellion of 1676 were accidentally served this unfamiliar plant as food, causing many to be incapacitated for 11 days. Datura wrightii, also called sacred datura or western jimsonweed, has similar effects. Binomial name Datura stramonium Datura stramonium is the name of a poisonous weed, sometimes used as a hallucinogen. ... At Jamestown Settlement, replicas of Christopher Newports 3 ships are docked in the harbour. ... Bacons Rebellion or the Virginia Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. ... Binomial name Datura wrightii Regel Datura wrightii is the name of a poisonous weed, sometimes used as a hallucinogen, commonly called Sacred Datura. ...

The effects of Datura can include a complete inability to differentiate reality from fantasy, blindness that lasts for days, and very bad "trips." Many experience accounts, generally quite negative, can be found at www.erowid.org. Numerous stories of datura-related deaths and critical illnesses can be found here.

Cultural references

Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.

Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...

In literature

• Ryu Murakami's novel, "Coin Locker Babies", Datura is one pinnacle of the book, with its idea driving the motives of certain characters and its effects much more gruesome than reality.
• Martin Cruz Smith's novel,"Nightwing" gives an excellent, if fictional account of datura usage and Hopi folklore surrounding same.

The distinctive datura flower

• Jean M. Auel described use of datura in her Earth's Children series: In The Clan of the Cave Bear, the clan share a retrocognitive vision under influence of datura. In The Plains of Passage Ayla uses datura as an analgesic and sedative.
• In Paul Theroux's 2005 novel Blinding Light, a writer becomes addicted to a rare species of datura. Under its influence he is blind, but inspired, transcendently aware, and megalomaniacal.
• Datura is the plant given to pacify the mentally handicapped brother in William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury.
• Datura is explained in Wade Davis's The Serpent and the Rainbow to be a critically important hallucinogen in a series of toxins and cultural practices that produce zombies, administered at the time of retrieval from the grave as an antidote to previously administered tetrodotoxin.
• The use of datura as a poison is mentioned in the novel The Eiger Sanction by Trevanian.
• Datura is a key entheogen in The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge by Carlos Castaneda
• In the novel The Sundial by Maarten 't Hart, datura is used twice as a poison.
• Cape Cod by Thoreau contains a quote from Beverly's History of Virginia describing the effects of datura usage.
• Also in the autobiographical novel "Jesus Weed" by Gerald Taylor.
• In Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Dr. Gonzo refers to a time he got sick from eating a large quantity of Jimson weed (in the section "A Terrible Experience with Extremely Dangerous Drugs").
• Datura as a psychoactive substance is featured in Leena Krohn's novel that has the Finnish name Datura tai harha jonka jokainen näkee; the novel has been translated at least to German, under the name Stechapfel.
• A discarded datura root grows into a tree over the abandoned boiler in Chapter 8 of John Steinbeck's "Cannery Row".
• Datura is the name of the evil woman who kidnaps Odd's friend in the book "Forever Odd" by Dean Koontz. He also refers to the actual tree in the same book, hence the relation between the two.
• Datura paste is used by the "witch woman" Nightshade to stun and pacify an evil Anastasi ruler in Micahel & Kathleen Gear's novel People of the Moon (2005)

Ryu Murakami (村上龍 Murakami Ryū, born 19 February 1952 in Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan) is a Japanese novelist and filmmaker. ... ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ... Martin Cruz Smith (né Martin William Smith, later changed his middle name to Cruz after his grandmothers surname) was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, USA in 1942. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1361 × 2048 pixel, file size: 222 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1361 × 2048 pixel, file size: 222 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Jean Marie Auel (born February 18, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American writer. ... Earths Children is a series of historical fiction novels written by Jean M. Auel, who has sold 34 million books worldwide. ... The Clan of the Cave Bear is a historical fiction novel by Jean M. Auel. ... The Plains of Passage is an historical fiction novel by Jean M. Auel published in 1990. ... An analgesic (colloquially known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). ... A sedative is a substance that depresses the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, and slowed breathing, as well as slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. ... Paul Edward Theroux (born April 10, 1941) is an American travel writer and novelist, whose best known work is The Great Railway Bazaar (1975), a travelogue about a trip he made by train from Great Britain through Europe and South Asia, then South-East Asia, up through East Asia, as... William Cuthbert Faulkner (September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American novelist and poet whose works feature his native state of Mississippi. ... The Sound and the Fury is a Southern Gothic novel written by American author William Faulkner, which makes use of the stream of consciousness narrative technique pioneered by European authors such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Serpent and the Rainbow is a 1988 American horror film, directed by Wes Craven and starring Bill Pullman. ... This article is about the undead. ... Tetrodotoxin (anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin, tetrodonic acid, TTX) is a potent neurotoxin with no known antidote, which blocks action potentials in nerves by binding to the pores of the voltage-gated, fast sodium channels in nerve cell membranes. ... The Eiger Sanction is a 1975 action/thriller film based on a 1972 novel by American author Dr. Rodney William Whitaker, under the pen name Trevanian, and directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Eastwood as Dr. Jonathan Hemlock. ... Trevanian is a pen name of Dr. Rodney William Whitaker, born June 12, 1931 in Granville, New York. ... This entry covers entheogens in the strict sense of the word (i. ... Carlos Castaneda (December 25, 1925/31? – April 27, 1998) was a Peruvian- or Brazilian-born American author. ... Maarten t Hart is a Dutch biologist who studied zoology and ethology at the university of Leiden and taught that subject before becoming a full-time writer in the 1980s. ... Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 - May 6, 1862; born David Henry Thoreau) was a noted American author and philosopher who is most famous for Walden, his essay on civil disobedience, and his call for the preservation of wilderness. ... Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author. ... The hard cover version of the book. ... Leena Krohn (born February 28, 1947) is a Finnish author. ... John Ernst Steinbeck (February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was one of the best-known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century. ... Cannery Row is the waterfront street in the New Monterey section of Monterey, California (36. ...

In music

• Singer/songwriter Tori Amos penned a trance song entitled "Datura" for her 1999 album "To Venus and Back". The song features Amos reading a list of various plants that are growing in her garden over hypnotic piano and rhythms. She consistently mentions datura within the list, as if to indicate it is overgrowing and destroying her garden.^[2]
• Emcee MF Doom has a song of looped beats entitled "Datura Stramonium" from Volume 0 of his "Special Herbs' series.
• In the opera Lakmé by Léo Delibes, Lakmé dies after eating datura leaves.
• Datura is also the name of an Italian techno/trance group formed 1991 in Bologna by the musicians Ciro Pagano and Stefano Mazzavillani and the DJs Ricci & Cirillo. One of their biggest hit singles Yerba Del Diablo ("Devil's weed") also pays reference to the plant.
• The band Murder By Death mentions datura in their song "Killbot 2000" from their album "Who Will Survive and What Will be Left of Them."
• The psychedelic rock band Bardo Pond named a song "Datura" in his album "Set and Setting". Many other Bardo Pond album and song titles have been derived from the names of esoteric psychedelic substances.
• The guitarist Buckethead named a song "Datura" in his album "Electric Tears".
• Icelandic hard rock/stoner band takes its name from this plant(spelling it in Hindi, though "Dhaturah"), claiming that the plant has influenced its songwriting. In the song "The Devil is a Nice Guy" the singer/actor/keyboardist Kjartan describes his experience when he was strung out on Devil's weed and spent two days in the Icelandic Kárahnjúkar writing songs and chatting with the devil"
• The Australian psychedelic rock band Grey Daturas takes its name from the plant.
• The band Dane and the Death Machine's album Thanatron has a track entitled "Datura".
• Argentine band Babasonicos mentions datura in their song named Esther Narcotica.

Tori Amos (born Myra Ellen Amos on August 22, 1963) is an American pianist and singer-songwriter. ... Trance is a style of electronic music that developed in the 1990s. ... To Venus and Back is a two-disc album set released by singer and songwriter Tori Amos in 1999. ... A short grand piano, with the lid up. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Original poster for Lakmé Lakmé is an opera in three acts by Léo Delibes to a French libretto by Edmond Gondinet and Philippe Gille, based on the 1880 novel Rarahu ou Le Mariage de Loti by Pierre Loti. ... Maestro Clément Philibert Léo Delibes, Paris, circa 1885 (Clément Philibert) Léo Delibes (February 21, 1836 – January 16, 1891) was a French composer of Romantic music. ... Techno is a form of electronic dance music that became prominent in Detroit, Michigan during the mid-1980s with influences from electro, New Wave, Funk and futuristic fiction themes that were prevalent and relative to modern culture during the end of the Cold War in industrial America at that time. ... For the food product, see Bologna sausage. ... Murder by Death is a 1976 ensemble comedy movie, written by Neil Simon and directed by Robert Moore. ... Psychedelic rock is a style of rock music that attempts to replicate the mind-altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs. ... Bardo Pond are an American psychedelic rock band formed in 1991. ... This article is about the Avant-garde metal composer and musician. ... The term devils weed originated from the Spanish Inquisition in which they used the term to denounce tobacco. ... Psychedelic rock is a style of rock music that attempts to replicate the mind-altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs. ... Grey Daturas are a noise rock band from Melbourne, Australia. ...

In film

• In the movie XXX the darts used to knock out Xander (Vin Diesel) and that he later uses to appear to kill an undercover policeman are referred to as 'Datura knockout darts' by their creator.

• A horror film by director Johnny Terris entitled 'Inside Inoxia' is based upon his personal experiences with Datura.

• Datura is one of the ingredients in 'zombie powder' in the movie Serpent and the Rainbow.

XXX movie poster XXX (also written xXx), pronounced Triple X, is a 2002 action movie starring Vin Diesel. ... Vin Diesel (born Mark Vincent on July 18, 1967 in New York City), is an American actor, writer, director, and producer, known for his muscular physique and deep voice. ... Johnny Terris is a Canadian born actor, model and filmmaker, born on July 3, 1973 and of Italian and Dutch heritage. ...

In games

• In The X-Files: Resist or Serve, Datura stramonium is used by Agent Dana Scully to, ironically, create a dart that "kills" zombies instantly.

• In Might and Magic VII: Day of the Destroyer, Datura is an ingredient that is used for creating potions.

• In Tsukihime, Kohaku has a garden of Datura flowers that are used to create sedatives and hallucinogens.

Dana Scully Dana Katherine Scully is a fictional character in The X-Files television show, played by Gillian Anderson. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Kohaku Kohaku lit. ...

Notes and references

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the leading United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• JimsonWeed: History, Perceptions, Traditional Uses, and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of the Genus Datura HerbalGram. 2006;69:40-50 © American Botanical Council by Kofi Busia & Fiona Heckels
• tratamientos Datura - Floripondio
• Germplasm Resources Information Network: Datura
• USDA Plant Profile: Datura
• Flora of China: Datura
• Account of accidental minor poisoning by Datura from the British Medical Journal
• Erowid Datura Vault
• Datura and Brugmansia species as Sacred Plants and Medicines
• Clinical Toxicology Review of Datura Poisoning
• Jimsonweed pictures and description at blackturtle.us
• Humorous song and discussion at YouTube: Moonflower

Fischer, Louis Gandhi USA 1954 The British Medical Journal (BMJ) is a medical journal published weekly in the United Kingdom by the British Medical Association (BMA)which published its first issue in 1845. ...