David F. Duncan, Dr. P.H. was Born in Kansas City, Missouri on June 26, 1947. He is President of Duncan & Associates, a firm providing consultation on research design and data collection for behavioral and policy studies. He is also Clinical Associate Professor in the Department of Community Health at Brown University School of Medicine. His education included a B.A. in psychology from the University of Missouri at Kansas City, and graduate work in criminology at Sam Houston State University. He earned the degree of Doctor of Public Health from the University of Texas at Houston with an interdisciplinary concentration in behavioural sciences, epidemiology, biostatistics, and program and policy evaluation. He later earned a postdoctoral diploma in alcoholism early intervention and treatment effectiveness research from Brown University. Nickname: Location in Jackson, Clay, Platte, and Cass Counties in the state of Missouri. ... The Warren Alpert Medical School (Formerly known as Brown Medical School) is a graduate school of Brown University. ... The University of Missouri-Kansas City (abbreviated UMKC) is an institution of higher learning located in Kansas City, Missouri. ... Sam Houston State University Sam Houston State University, (known as SHSU and Sam, for short) founded in 1879, is a university located in Huntsville, Texas. ... The Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) is an advanced professional degree for those who intend to pursue or advance a professional practice career in public health and for leaders and future leaders in public health practice. ... Brown University is a private university located in Providence, Rhode Island. ...

Dr. Duncan is best known for his contributions in the field of drug abuse, which have often been highly controversial. In 1974, he and Edward Khantzian of Harvard Medical School, in separate publications, proposed what has come to be known as the self-medication hypothesis of addiction. Both authors proposed that addiction arose out of the use of drugs to medicate a preexisting disorder or problem. Dr. Duncan's version of the hypothesis is distinguished by its identification of addiction with negative reinforcement. Dr. Duncan argued that all of the characteristics commonly cited as typical of addiction, such as persistence in the face of negative consequences and high probability of relapse, are all common in any negatively reinforced behaviours. Dr. Edward J. Khantzian is a clinical professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School [1]. He developed the self-medication hypothesis of drug abuse which states that individuals abuse drugs in attempt to self-medicate themselves. ... Harvard Medical School (HMS) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University. ... Self-medication is the use of drugs, sometimes illicit, to treat a perceived or real malady, often of a psychological nature. ... In operant conditioning, reinforcement is the behavioral operationalization of the effects of reinforcers. ...

Dr. Duncan was also one of the pioneeers of the strategy of harm reduction. He has argued that harm reduction approaches to addictions, HIV or other public health concerns are instances of the traditional public health practice of tertiary prevention -- prevention of deaths or disability that might otherwise occur due to a health problem. Dr. Duncan first applied this approach in his work with adolescent drug abusers in Houston, Texas in the early 1970's and soon afterward with heroin addicts. In 1983 he and Dr. Robert S. Gold published an argument for this approach, which they then called "cultivating drug use", using the word cultivating in its sense of the elimination of weeds and promotion of healthy growth. Harm reduction is a philosophy of public health, intended to be a progressive alternative to the prohibition of certain lifestyle choices. ... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ...

Dr. Duncan was a consultant to President Clinton's White House Office of National Drug Control Policy during his tenure as Senior Study Director of the Substance Abuse Research Group of the Westat corporation. In this position he also provided consultation to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, National Academy of Science, New York City Housing Authority, and SPSS, Inc.. He served from 1996 to 1998 as Senior Public Health Epidemiologist in the Director's Office of the Rhode Island Department of Health where he was coordinator of health policy and Project Director of the state's Unified Needs Assessment Program for Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment. For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), a component of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, was established in 1988 by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act. ... Maryland Governor Robert L. Ehrlich and Westat President Joseph A. Hunt during a meeting on July 20, 2004 [1] Westat is an employee-owned research corporation centered in Rockville, Maryland. ... Cover of a NIDA educational booklet. ... NYCHA,Sheepshead Houses The New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) provides housing for low and moderate income residents throughout the five boroughs of New York City. ... The computer program SPSS (originally, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) was released in its first version in 1968, and is among the most widely used programs for statistical analysis in social science. ...

His varied career has included positions in both juvenile and adult corrections, as a deputy sheriff and a private detective. He has directed a halfway house for drug abusers, a comprehensive drug abuse treatment center, and a private school for emotionally disturbed children. He served as a research associate to the working group on substance abuse treatment for the President's Task Force on National Health Care Reform chaired by First Lady Hilary Clinton in 1993. He has held academic appointments as Associate Professor of Health Science at the State University of New York at Brockport, Professor of Health Education at Southern Illinois University, Professor of Biology at the Community College of Rhode Island, Professor of Health and Environmental Research at the University of Cologne in Germany, and Associate Professor of Community Health at Brown University. He has been a visiting lecturer at the University of Rochester, New York State School of Psychiatry, Columbia University's Teachers College and School of Public Health, New England Gerontology Academy, Trinity College (Dublin), Oxford University, German Academy of Public Health, University of Wurzburg, and Universidad Complutense de Madrid. In 1993, United States President Bill Clintons administration proposed a significant health care reform package. ... Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947), was First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, as the wife of President Bill Clinton. ... The State University of New York at Brockport, also known as SUNY Brockport, Brockport State University or the State University of New York College at Brockport, is a four-year liberal arts college located in Brockport, Monroe County, New York, near Rochester. ... Southern Illinois University is a university in southern Illinois with two institutions and multiple campuses. ... // From its modest beginning with 325 students in 1964, to its present enrollment of more than 16,000 students, Community College of Rhode Island has grown to meet the goals of its founders. ... The University of Cologne (German Universität zu Köln) is one of the oldest universities in Europe and, with over 44. ... The University of Rochester (UR) is a private, coeducational and nonsectarian research university located in Rochester, New York. ... Columbia University is a private research university in the United States. ... Teachers College, Columbia University (sometimes referred to simply as Teachers College; also referred to as Teachers College of Columbia University or the Columbia University Graduate School of Education) is the top ranked graduate school of education in the United States. ... Trinity College, Dublin TCD,corporately designated as the Provost, Fellows and Scholars of the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin, was founded in 1592 by Elizabeth I, and is the only constituent college of the University of Dublin, Irelands oldest university. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... The University of Würzburg is a university in Würzburg, Germany, founded in 1402. ... The Complutense University of Madrid, in Spanish Universidad Complutense de Madrid, is an important Spanish university, located in Madrid. ...

He is chair of the Council on Illicit Drugs and a member of the Board of Directors of the National Association for Public Health Policy. He chairs the Advisory Committee for the M.P.H. Program at Fort Valley State University. He is a member of the Corporation (governing body) of Butler Hospital, a psychiatric hospital in Providence, Rhode Island, and of the Board of Directors of the Bowling Green-Warren County Primary Care Center in Bowling Green, Kentucky. He is a past chairman of the Mental Health Section of the American Public Health Association, and has served on A.P.H.A.'s committees on Program, Membership, and Continuing Education. He was Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of the New England Gerontology Academy. Fort Valley State University (FVSU) is a historically black college and university (HBCU) located in Fort Valley, Georgia. ... Nickname: Location in Rhode Island Coordinates: Country United States State Rhode Island County Providence Government  - Mayor David N. Cicilline (D) Area  - City  20. ... Location of Bowling Green within Warren County in Kentucky. ... The American Public Health Association (APHA) is a professional organization for public health professionals in the United States. ...

References

Achalu, E.D. (2002). Self-Medication Hypothesis: A Review of the Two Major Theories and the Research Evidence. Available online at http://self-med-hypothesis.tripod.com/id1.html

Bibliography and Abstracts. Available online at http://www.angelfire.com/realm2/duncanian_theory/DuncanianBibliography.html

Duncan, D. F., & Gold, R. S. (1983). Cultivating drug use: A strategy for the 80s. Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 2, 143-147.

Duncan, D. F., Nicholson, T., Clifford, P., Hawkins, W., & Petosa, R. (1994). Harm reduction: An emerging new paradigm for drug education. Journal of Drug Education, 24, 281-290.

Laflin, M.T. and Black, D.R. (2004). Viewpoint: Conversation with Dr. David F. Duncan. American Journal of Health Behavior, 28(2), 180-188. Available online at http://www.duncan-associates.com/viewpoint.pdf

External links

• business webpage