NationMaster - Encyclopedia: David Irving

David John Cawdell Irving (born March 24, 1938) is an English writer^[1] specializing in the military history of World War II. He is the author of 30 books, including The Destruction of Dresden (1963), Hitler's War (1977), Uprising! (1981), Churchill's War (1987), and Goebbels — Mastermind of the Third Reich (1996). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1051x1218, 192 KB) British historian David Irving in July 2003. ... The National Archives building at Kew. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Richard Harwoods Did Six Million Really Die? Holocaust denial is the claim that the mainstream historical version of the Holocaust is either highly exaggerated or completely falsified. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal Military history is composed of the events in the history of humanity that fall within the category of conflict. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Irving's reputation as a historian was widely discredited^[2] after he brought an unsuccessful libel case against American historian Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Books in 1998. During the trial, an English court found that Irving was an "active Holocaust denier," as well as an antisemite and racist, and that he "associates with right-wing extremists who promote neo-Nazism."^[3] The judge also ruled that Irving had "for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence."^[3]^[4] For other uses, see Historian (disambiguation). ... In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of making a false statement of fact that injures someones reputation. ... Lipstadts book: Denying The Holocaust Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18, 1947, New York City) is an American historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust. ... It has been suggested that Penguin Modern Poets, Penguin Great Ideas be merged into this article or section. ... Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism, also known as judeophobia) is prejudice and hostility toward Jews as a religious, racial, or ethnic group. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial quota... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into far right. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ...

He served a prison sentence in Austria from February to December 2006 on charges of "glorifying and identifying with the German Nazi Party", which is a crime in Austria under section 3g of the Verbotsgesetz law. Dorchester Penitentiary in New Brunswick, Canada is an institution that is part of Corrections Canada. ... The National Socialist German Workers Party, (German: , or NSDAP, commonly known as the Nazi Party), was a political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945. ... The Verbotsgesetz 1947 (Prohibition Act 1947) abbreviated VerbotsG, is an Austrian constitutional law, which bans the Nazi Party and provided the legal framework for the process of denazification in Austria. ...

Early life

Irving, along with his twin brother,^[5] was born in Hutton, near Brentwood, Essex, England. His father, John James Cawdell Irving, was a commander in the Royal Navy, his mother Beryl an illustrator. During the Second World War, his father was an officer aboard the light cruiser HMS Edinburgh. On 2 May 1942, while escorting Convoy QP-11 in the Barents Sea, the ship was sunk by the German U-boat U-456. Irving's father survived, but severed all links with his wife and their children after the incident.^[6] Brentwood is a town and the principal settlement of the Borough of Brentwood, part of Essex in England. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... His Majestys Ship Edinburgh (commissioned 1936, sunk 2nd May 1942) was a [[Town-class]] light cruiser of Britains Royal Navy. ... is the 122nd day of the year (123rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Arctic convoys of World War II travelled from the United States and the United Kingdom to the northern ports of the Soviet Union - Archangel and Murmansk. ... Location of the Barents Sea. ... U-boat is also a nickname for some diesel locomotives built by GE; see List of GE locomotives October 1939. ...

Student years

After completing A-levels at Brentwood School, Irving briefly studied physics (though never graduated, due to financial reasons^{[citation needed]}) at Imperial College London. He gained notoriety by writing for the student newspaper Phoenix and in 1959 served as editor of the University of London Carnival Committee's journal, Carnival Times. His time as editor was controversial, though Irving deflected criticism by characterizing the Carnival Times as "satirical".^{[citation needed]} He also stated he was against the formation of what is now the European Union. He later studied for a degree in Political Economy at University College London,^[7] which he dropped out of after two years. During his time at university, he seconded English Fascist Sir Oswald Mosley in a debate on Commonwealth immigration. He was heckled.^[8] The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in England, Northern Ireland and Wales, usually taken by students during the optional final two years of secondary school (Years 12 & 13*, commonly called the Sixth Form except for Scotland), or at a separate sixth form... Brentwood School Brentwood School is a public school in Brentwood in the English county of Essex. ... Affiliations Russell Group Association of MBAs IDEA League Association of Commonwealth Universities Golden Triangle Oak Ridge Associated Universities Nobel laureates 14 Website http://www. ... Website http://www. ... 1867 edition of Punch, a ground-breaking British magazine of popular humour, including a good deal of satire of the contemporary social and political scene. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Political economy was the original term for the study of production, the acts of buying and selling, and their relationships to laws, customs and government. ... Affiliations: University of London Russell Group LERU EUA ACU Golden Triangle G5 Website: http://www. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet (November 16, 1896 â€“ December 3, 1980), was a British politician known principally as the founder of the British Union of Fascists. ... The Commonwealth of Nations as of 2008. ...

According to the Anti-Defamation League, Irving also supported apartheid in South Africa, racist cartoons, and wrote appreciatively of Nazi Germany.^[9] Covering the controversy, the 1 May 1959 edition of the Daily Mail quoted Irving as saying, "You can call me a mild fascist if you like." He has denounced that article as libellous and the "handiwork of an imaginative Daily Mail journalist".^[10] The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an interest group founded in 1913 by Bnai Brith in the United States whose stated aim is to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... This box: Racism has many definitions, the most common and widely accepted is that members of one race are intrinsically superior or inferior to members of other races. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Daily Mail is a British newspaper, currently published in a tabloid format. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

The Destruction of Dresden

Sometime after serving in 1959 as editor of the University of London Carnival Committee's journal, Irving left for West Germany, where he worked as a steelworker in a Thyssen steel works in the Ruhr area and learned German. He then moved to Spain, where he worked as a clerk at an airbase. During his time in Spain, Irving married his first wife, a Spanish woman with whom he had five children. In 1962, he wrote a series of 37 articles on the Allied bombing campaign, Wie Deutschlands Städte starben (How Germany's Cities Died), for the right-wing German journal Neue Illustrierte. These were the basis of his first book, The Destruction of Dresden (1963), in which he examined the Allied bombing of Dresden in February 1945. By the 1960s, a debate about the morality of the carpet bombing of German cities and civilian population had already begun, especially in the United Kingdom. There was consequently considerable interest in Irving's book, which was illustrated with graphic pictures, and it became an international bestseller. ThyssenKrupp AG (ISIN: DE0007500001) is a very large German industrial conglomerate, with about 188,000 employees. ... For the conurbation see Ruhr Area. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... The bombing of Dresden, led by Royal Air Force (RAF) and followed by the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) between February 13 and February 15, 1945, remains one of the more controversial Allied actions of World War II. The exact number of casualties is uncertain, but most historians agree... The phrase carpet bombing refers to the use of large numbers of unguided gravity bombs, often with a high proportion of incendiary bombs, to attempt the complete destruction of a target region, either to destroy personnel and materiel, or as a means to demoralize the enemy (see terror bombing). ... A bestseller is a book that is identified as extremely popular by its inclusion on lists of currently top selling titles that are based on publishing industry and booktrade figures and published by newspapers, magazines, or bookstore chains. ...

In the first edition, Irving's estimates for deaths in Dresden were between 100,000 and 250,000 — notably higher than most previously published figures.^[11] These figures became authoritative and widely accepted in many standard reference works. In later editions of the book over the next three decades, he gradually adjusted the figure downwards to 50,000-100,000.^[12] According to the evidence introduced by Richard J. Evans at the libel trial of Deborah Lipstadt in 2000, Irving based his estimates of the dead of Dresden on the word of one individual who provided no supporting documentation, used forged documents, and described one witness who was a urologist as Dresden's Deputy Chief Medical Officer. The doctor has since complained about being misidentified by Irving, and further, was only reporting rumours about the death toll.^[13] Today, casualties at Dresden are estimated as most likely 25,000-35,000 dead, and probably towards the lower end of that range.^[14] This article is about the city in Germany. ... Professor Richard Evans (born 1947) is a British historian of Germany. ... Lipstadts book: Denying The Holocaust Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18, 1947, New York City) is an American historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust. ... Urology is the field of medicine that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and of the male reproductive system. ...

1963 burglary of Irving's apartment

By November 1963, Irving was in England when he called the London Metropolitan Police with suspicions he had been the victim of a burglary, perpetrated by three men who had gained access to his Mayfair apartment claiming to be General Post Office (GPO) engineers. Gerry Gable was subsequently arrested and held at Hornsey police station, where on 14 January 1964, along with Manny Carpel and another, Gable admitted breaking in with intent to steal private papers. At the trial, counsel for the defence claimed that this was no ordinary crime, telling the court, "they hoped to find material they could take to Special Branch". The case was reported in the Daily Telegraph, January 17, 1964 and other newspapers.^[15] Irving considered this incident important, and in his video 'Ich komme wieder' he describes this as the first indication he had that he was under attack for some reason.^[16] Gable was a former member of the British Communist Party, and would later run Searchlight a magazine devoted to anti-Fascist activities. In the notorious 'Gable Memorandum', a letter from Gable to London Weekend Television in May 1977, he would later boast of his "top level security service sources".^[17] The Metropolitan Police Service (usually just referred to as the Metropolitan Police or the Met) are the police of Greater London, England, with the exception of the square mile of the City of London, which has its own police force, the City of London Police. ... For other uses, see Mayfair (disambiguation). ... The British General Post Office (GPO) was officially established in 1660 by Charles II and it eventually grew to combine the functions of both the state postal system and telecommunications carrier. ... Gerry Gable (born 1937) is a British Jewish political activist. ... â€¹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Special Branch is the arm of the British, Irish and many Commonwealth police forces that deals with national security matters. ... This article deals with The Daily Telegraph in Britain, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia) for the Australian publication The Daily Telegraph is a British broadsheet newspaper founded in 1855. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was the largest communist party in the United Kingdom. ... Searchlight is a British anti-fascist magazine, founded in 1975, which publishes exposÃ©s about racism, antisemitism, and fascism in the UK. Searchlights main focus is on the British National Party (BNP), Combat 18, and other sections of the far right, although it has also published criticism of the... LWT redirects here. ... Security Service can mean: The British internal security service, MI5 A secret service or secret police agency ...

Historian

After the success of the Dresden book, Irving continued writing, including some works of revisionist history. In 1964, he wrote The Mare's Nest, an account of the German secret weapons projects and the Allied intelligence countermeasures against it, translated the Memoirs of Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel in 1965 (Edited by Walter Görlitz), and in 1967 published Accident: The Death of General Sikorski, in which Irving claimed that the plane crash which killed Polish government in exile leader General Władysław Sikorski in 1943 was really an "assassination" ordered by Winston Churchill, so as to enable Churchill to "betray" Poland to the Soviet Union. Irving's book inspired the highly controversial 1967 play Soldiers by his friend, the German playwright Rolf Hochhuth, which depicts Churchill ordering the “assassination” of General Sikorski. Also in 1967, he published two more works: The Virus House, an account of the German nuclear energy project, and The Destruction of Convoy PQ-17, in which he blamed the British escort group commander, Commander Jack Broome for the catastrophic losses of the Convoy PQ-17. Amid much publicity, Broome sued Irving for libel in October 1968, and in February 1970, after 17 days of deliberation before London's High Court, Broome won. Irving was forced to pay £40,000 in damages, and the book was withdrawn from circulation. Historical revisionism is often a legitimate effort in which historians seek to broaden the awareness of certain historical events by re-examining conventional wisdom. ... Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel (September 22, 1882â€“October 16, 1946) was a German field marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) and a senior military leader during World War II. // Keitel was born in Helmscherode, Brunswick, German Empire, the son of Carl Keitel, a middle-class landowner, and his wife Apollonia Vissering. ... The Government of the Polish Republic in Exile was the government of Poland after the country had been occupied by Germany and the Soviet Union during September-October 1939. ... WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Eugeniusz Sikorski (May 20, 1881 â€“ July 4, 1943; pronounced ) was a Polish military and political leader. ... Churchill redirects here. ... Rolf Hochhuth (born April 1, 1931 in Eschwege) is a German author and playwright. ... The German nuclear energy project was an endeavor by scientists during World War II in Nazi Germany to develop nuclear energy and an atomic bomb for practical use. ... Jack Broome DSC, RN, (1901 - 1985) was a Royal Navy officer who served in World War I as a junior officer and in World War II. His most important action as a naval officer was as commander of the escort group with the ill-fated Convoy PQ-17. ... PQ-17 was a World War II convoy carrying war materiel from Britain and the USA to the USSR. PQ-17 sailed in June-July 1942 and suffered the heaviest losses of any Russia-bound (PQ) convoy, with 25 vessels out of 36 lost to enemy action. ...

After PQ-17, Irving shifted to writing biographies. As a result of Irving's success with Dresden, but prior to the conclusion of the Broome trial, members of Germany's extreme right-wing assisted him in contacting surviving members of Hitler's inner circle. In an interview with the American journalist Ron Rosenbaum, Irving claimed to have developed sympathies towards them (referring to them as "the Magic Circle"). Many aging former mid- and high-ranked Nazis saw a potential friend in Irving and donated diaries and other material. In 1972, he translated the memoirs of General Reinhard Gehlen, and in 1973 published The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe, a biography of Air Marshall Erhard Milch. He spent the remainder of the 1970s working on Hitler's War and the War Path, his two-part biography of Adolf Hitler, The Trail of the Fox, a biography of Field Marshall Erwin Rommel, and a series in the Sunday Express describing the Royal Air Force's famous Dam Busters raid. For other uses, see Biography (disambiguation). ... Ron Rosenbaum (born on November 27, 1946, New York, New York) is an American journalist and author. ... Reinhard Gehlen (April 3, 1902 â€“ June 8, 1979) was a Major General in the Nazi Wehrmacht during World War II, with the position of chief of intelligence-gathering on the Eastern Front. ... (German IPA: ) is a generic German term for an air force. ... Erhard Milch (left) with his brother Dr. Werner Milch, who worked as his associate defense counsel at the Nuremberg Trials. ... Hitlers War is a history book by David Irving. ... Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ) (15 November 1891 â€“ 14 October 1944) was perhaps the most famous German Field Marshal of World War II. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname The Desert Fox (WÃ¼stenfuchs, ) for the skillful military campaigns he waged... The Daily Express is a British newspaper, currently tabloid, and it is owned by Richard Desmond. ... RAF redirects here. ... Combatants No. ...

Description of Irving as a historian, rather than a historical author, is controversial, with some publications continuing to refer to him as a "historian"^[18] or "disgraced historian,"^[19] while others insist he is not a historian, and have adopted alternatives such as "author" or "historic writer,"^[1]

The military historian John Keegan has praised Irving for his "extraordinary ability to describe and analyse Hitler's conduct of military operations, which was his main occupation during the Second World War."^[20] Sir John Keegan OBE (born 1934) is a British military historian, lecturer and journalist. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

Donald Cameron Watt, Emeritus Professor of Modern History at the London School of Economics, wrote that he admires some of Irving's work as a historian, though he rejects his conclusions about the Holocaust.^[21] At the libel proceedings against Irving, Watt declined Irving's request to testify, appearing only after a subpoena was ordered.^[22] He testified that Irving had written a "very, very effective piece of historical scholarship" in the 1960s, which was unrelated to his controversial work; he also suggested that Irving was "not in the top class" of military historian.^[22] A professor is a senior teacher and researcher, usually in a college or university. ... Mascot: Beaver Affiliations: University of London Russell Group EUA ACU CEMS APSIA Golden Triangle G5 Group Universities UK Website: http://www. ... A subpoena is a command to appear at a certain time and place to give testimony upon a certain matter. ...

Revisionism

In 1977 Irving published Hitler's War, the first of his two-part biography of Adolf Hitler. In it, Irving tried to describe the war from "Hitler's point of view". He portrayed Hitler as a rational, intelligent politician, whose only goal was to increase Germany's prosperity and influence on the continent. For instance, Irving's book faulted the Allied leaders, most notably Winston Churchill, for the eventual escalation of war, and claimed that the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 was a "preventative war" forced on Hitler to avert an impending Soviet attack (supported by some, notably Soviet GRU defector Victor Suvorov, and others; see Icebreaker). He also claimed that Hitler had no knowledge of the Holocaust; while not denying its occurrence, Irving claimed that Heinrich Himmler and his deputy Reinhard Heydrich were its originators and architects. Irving made much of the lack of any written order from Hitler ordering the Holocaust, and for decades afterward offered to pay £1000 to anyone who could find such an order. In addition, citing the work of such historians as Harry Elmer Barnes, David Hoggan, and Frederick J.P. Veale, Irving argued that Britain was primarily responsible for the outbreak of war in 1939. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Rolf Hochhuth (born April 1, 1931 in Eschwege) is a German author and playwright. ... Hitlers War is a history book by David Irving. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Belligerents Germany Romania Finland Italy Hungary Slovakia Croatia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Franz Halder Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Ernst Busch Erich Hoepner Alfred Keller Georg von KÃ¼chler GÃ¼nther von Kluge Heinz Guderian Hermann Hoth Albrecht Kesselring Adolf Strauss Carl-Heinrich von... For other uses, see GRU (disambiguation). ... Categories: People stubs | 1947 births | Defectors | Russian writers | Ukrainian people ... Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War?, by Viktor Suvorov (Russian title: Ledokol, Ð›ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð») is a documentary book, which alleges that the World War II started as a result of Joseph Stalins ploy to liberate the working class of Europe and eventually the whole world. ... â€œShoahâ€ redirects here. ... Himmler redirects here. ... Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 â€“ 4 June 1942) was an SS-ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer, chief of the Reich Security Main Office (including the Gestapo, SD and Kripo Nazi police agencies) and Reichsprotektor (Reich Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia. ... Harry Elmer Barnes (June 15, 1889 - August 25, 1968) was a leading American historian in the 20th century. ... David Leslie Hoggan (March 23, 1923-August 7, 1988) was an American historian whose work was the subject of much controversy. ... German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ...

Reaction to Hitler’s War was polarized. While some historians like John Keegan and Hugh Trevor-Roper—though disputing Irving’s claim that Hitler had no knowledge of the Holocaust—praised the book as well-written and well-researched, other historians were more hostile. John Lukacs in a very unfavourable book review in the 19 August 1977 edition of National Review called Hitler’s War a worthless book while Walter Laqueur when reviewing Hitler’s War in the The New York Times Book Review of 3 April 1977 accused Irving of selective use of the historical record in Hitler's favour. Various historians such as Gitta Sereny, Martin Broszat, Lucy Dawidowicz, Gerard Fleming, Charles W. Sydnor and Eberhard Jäckel wrote either articles or books rebutting what they considered to be erroneous information in Hitler’s War. Broszat wrote that: "He [Irving] is too eager to accept authenticity for objectivity, is overly hasty in interpreting superficial diagnoses and often seems insufficiently interested in complex historical interconnections and in structural problems that transcend the mere recording of historical facts, but are essential for their evaluation"^[23]. Broszat argued that in writing Hitler's War, Irving was too concerned with the "antechamber aspects" of Hitler's headquarters, and accused Irving of distorting historical facts in Hitler's favor^[24]. Broszat complained that Irving was focused too much on military events at the expense of the broader political context of the war, and that he had offered false interpretations such as accepting at face value the Nazi claim that the T4 "euthanasia" program was launched in September 1939 to free up hospital spaces for wounded German soldiers when in fact the Action T4 program was launched in January 1939^[25]. In particular, Broszat criticized Irving's claim that because of one telephone note written by Himmler stating "No liquidation" in regards to a train convey of German Jews passing through Berlin to Riga (whom the SS intended to have all shot upon arrival) on November 30, 1941 that this proved that Hitler did not to see the Holocaust happen^[26]. Broszat argued that this was not proof that Hitler had given any such order to Himmler to stop the killings of Jews, but rather that the comment "No liquidation" referred only to that particular train, and was mostly likely related to concerns about questions American reporters were asking about the fate of German Jews being sent to Eastern Europe^[27]. Likewise, Broszat criticized Irving for accepting the "fantastic" claims of the SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff that he did not know about the Holocaust (Irving's argument was that if Wolff did not know about the Holocaust, how could Hitler have known), despite the fact that Wolff was convicted of war crimes in 1963 on the basis of documentary evidence implicating him in the Holocaust^[28]. Broszat accused Irving of seeking to generate a highly misleading impression of a conference between Hitler and the Hungarian Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy in April 1943 by re-arranging the words to make Hitler appear less brutally anti-Semitic then what the original notes showed^[29]. Along the same lines, Broszat maintained that the picture of World War Two drawn by Irving was done in a such way to engage in moral equivalence between the actions of the Axis and Allied states, leading to Hitler's "fanatical, destructive will to annihilate" being downgraded to being "...no longer an exceptional phenomenon"^[30]. The criticism by Broszat was considered to be especially damaging to Irving because Broszat had based his critique largely by examining the same primary sources Irving had used for Hitler's War. Because of the controversy Hitler’s War generated, it was a best-seller in 1977. Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton (January 15, 1914 - January 26, 2003) was a notable historian of early modern Britain and Nazi Germany. ... John Lukacs (born 31 January 1924 in Budapest his name spelled LukÃ¡cs) is a Hungarian-born historian who has written more than twenty-five books, including Five Days in London, May 1940 and The New Republic. ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... National Review (NR) is a biweekly magazine of political opinion, founded by author William F. Buckley, Jr. ... Walter Laqueur (born 1921) is an American historian and political commentator. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... Gitta Sereny (born March 13, 1921) is a Hungarian-born British biographer, historian and journalist whose writing focuses mainly on the Holocaust and abused children. ... Martin Broszat (August 14, 1926 â€“ October 14, 1989) was a left-wing West German historian. ... Lucy S. Davidowicz (June 16, 1915 â€“ December 5, 1990), was a American historian, and an author of books in modern Jewish history in particular the Holocaust. ... Eberhard JÃ¤ckel (June 29, 1929-) is a Social Democratic German historian, noted for his studies of Adolf Hitlers role in German history. ... This poster reads: 60,000 Reichsmarks is what this person suffering from hereditary defects costs the community during his lifetime. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... For other uses, see Riga (disambiguation). ... SS-ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer Erich von dem Bach-Zalewski SS-ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer patch SA-ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer insignia ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was first created in 1932 as a rank of the SA. Translated as Senior Group Leader, the rank of SA-ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer was held by... Karl Wolff (2nd from the right) together with, from left to right: Heinrich Himmler (far l. ... Horthy redirects here. ...

Just months after the initial release of Hitler's War, Irving published The Trail of the Fox, a biography of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. In it, Irving attacked the members of the July 20 Plot to assassinate Hitler, branding them "traitors", "cowards", and "manipulators", and uncritically presented Hitler and his government's subsequent revenge against the plotters, of which Rommel was also a victim. Irving painted the men and women involved in the plot in the blackest of colours, and argued that their fate after July 20 was fully deserved. Irving challenged the popular notion that Rommel was one of the leaders of the rebellion: Rommel stayed loyal to Hitler until the end, Irving claimed, and the real blame for his forced suicide lay with his associates, who schemed against him so they could save their own lives and because they were jealous of Rommel's medals. In particular, Irving accused Rommel's friend and Chief of Staff General Hans Speidel of framing Rommel in the attempted coup. The British historian David Pryce-Jones in a book review of The Trail of the Fox in the 12 November 1977 edition of The New York Times Book Review accused Irving of mindlessly taking everything Hitler had to say at face value. Replica of the marshals baton of Generalfeldmarschall von Richthofen (Third Reich) Generalfeldmarschall ( ) (general field marshal, usually translated simply as field marshal, and sometimes written only as Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Austrian Empire. ... Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ) (15 November 1891 â€“ 14 October 1944) was perhaps the most famous German Field Marshal of World War II. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname The Desert Fox (WÃ¼stenfuchs, ) for the skillful military campaigns he waged... Claus von Stauffenberg The July 20 Plot was an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany, on July 20, 1944. ... (from left to right:) Gerd von Rundstedt, GÃ¼nther Blumentritt, Hans Speidel and Erwin Rommel in La RÃ´che Guillon Hans Speidel (born 28 October 1897, Metzingen - died at Bad Honnef, 28 November 1984) was a German general during World War II. Hans Speidel joined the German army in 1914... David Pryce-Jones (1936-) is a conservative British author and commenter. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... The New York Times Book Review is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to The New York Times in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed. ...

In 1978, Irving released The War Path, the companion volume to Hitler's War which covered events leading up to the war and which was written from a similar point of view. Again, professional historians such as D.C. Watt noted numerous inaccuracies and misrepresentations. Despite the criticism, the book sold well, as did all of Irving's books to that date. The financial success of his books enabled Irving to buy a home in the prestigious Mayfair district of London, own a Rolls-Royce car, and to enjoy a very affluent lifestyle.^[31] In addition, Irving, despite being married, became increasing open with his affairs with other women, all of which were detailed in his self-published diary.^[32] For other uses, see Mayfair (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Rolls-Royce car may refer to vehicles produced by: Rolls-Royce Limited (1906-1973) Rolls-Royce Motors (1973-2003), which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen. ...

In the 1980s Irving started researching and writing about topics other than Nazi Germany, but with less success. He began his research on his three-part biography of Winston Churchill. In 1981, he published two books. The first was The War Between the Generals, in which Irving offered an account of the Allied High Command, detailing the heated conflicts Irving alleges occurred between the various generals of the various countries and presenting rumours about their private lives. The second book was Uprising!, about the 1956 revolt in Hungary, which Irving characterized as "primarily an anti-Jewish uprising", supposedly because the Communist regime was itself controlled by Jews. Irving’s depiction of Hungary’s Communist regime as a Jewish dictatorship oppressing Gentiles sparked charges of anti-Semitism.^[33] In addition, there were complaints that Irving had grossly exaggerated the number of people of Jewish origin in the Communist regime and had ignored the fact that Hungarian Communists who did have a Jewish background like Mátyás Rákosi and Ernő Gerő had totally repudiated Judaism and sometimes expressed anti-Semitic attitudes themselves^[34]. Combatants Soviet Union ÃVH Hungarian government, various nationalist militias Commanders Yuri Andropov PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter, BÃ©la KirÃ¡ly, Gergely PongrÃ¡tz, JÃ³zsef DudÃ¡s Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 720 killed according to official... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... A Gentile refers to a non-Israelite; the word is derived from the Latin term gens (meaning clan or a group of families) and is often employed in the plural. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Portrait of MÃ¡tyÃ¡s RÃ¡kosi MÃ¡tyÃ¡s RÃ¡kosi (born March 14, 1892 as MÃ¡tyÃ¡s Rosenfeld â€“February 5, 1971) was a Hungarian politician and the leader of Hungary from 1945 to 1956 through his post as General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party. ... ErnÅ‘ GerÅ‘ (1898 - 1980) was a Hungarian Communist leader in the period after World War II and briefly leader of Hungary in 1956. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Hitler Diaries

In 1983, Irving played a major role in the Hitler Diaries controversy. Irving was an early proponent of the argument that the diaries were a forgery, and went so far as to crash the press conference held by Hugh Trevor-Roper at the Hamburg offices of Der Stern magazine on 25 April 1983 to denounce the diaries as a forgery and Trevor-Roper for endorsing the diaries as genuine (Trevor-Roper had called the press conference to announce his withdrawal of his endorsement, arguably rendering Irving's attack on Trevor-Roper irrelevant).^[35] Irving's performance at the Der Stern press conference where he violently harangued Trevor-Roper until ejected by security led him to be featured prominently on the news and the next day Irving appeared on Today television show as a featured guest.^[36] However, a week later on May 2, Irving reversed himself and claimed the diaries were genuine; at the same press conference, Irving took the opportunity to promote his translation of the memoirs of Hitler’s physician Dr. Theodor Morell. Robert Harris in his book Selling Hitler suggested that an additional reason for Irving's change of mind over the authenticity of the alleged Hitler diaries was that the fake diaries contain no reference to the Holocaust, thereby buttressing Irving's claim in Hitler's War that Hitler had no knowledge of the Holocaust.^[37] Subsequently Irving reversed himself again when the diaries were revealed as a forgery. At a press conference held to withdraw his endorsement of the diaries, Irving proudly claimed that he was the first to call the diaries a forgery, to which a reporter replied that he was also the last to call the diaries genuine. In his later accounts of his role in the Hitler Diaries matter, Irving has always mentioned his role as proponent of the theory that the diaries were fake while ignoring his change of opinion about their authenticity. Hitlers Diaries Discovered (Stern) In April 1983, the German news magazine Stern published extracts from what purported to be the diaries of Adolf Hitler, known as the Hitler Diaries, which were subsequently exposed as forgeries. ... Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton (January 15, 1914 â€“ January 26, 2003) was a notable historian of Early Modern Britain and Nazi Germany. ... For other uses, see Hamburg (disambiguation). ... Stern (English Star) is a weekly news magazine published in Germany. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Jimi Hendrix song, see 1983. ... Stern (English Star) is a weekly news magazine published in Germany. ... is the 122nd day of the year (123rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Theodor Morell Theodor (Theo) Gilbert Morell (July 22, 1886 â€“ May 26, 1948) was German dictator Adolf Hitlers personal physician. ... Robert Harris is an English TV reporter and author, born in 1957 in the city of Nottingham. ...

Churchill

By the mid-1980s, Irving had not had a successful book in years, and was behind schedule in writing the first volume of his Churchill series, the research for which had strained his finances^{[citation needed]}. By the time he finished the manuscript in 1985, his reputation was greatly diminished^{[citation needed]}, so it was not until 1987 that the book was published as Churchill's War, Volume I. In it, Irving writes a revisionist portrayal of Churchill — a debauched alcoholic, a coward, an unabashed racist, and a corrupt warmonger servile to the interests of "international Jewry"^{[citation needed]}. Irving also accused Churchill of "selling out the British Empire" and "turning Britain against its natural ally, Germany". King Alcohol and his Prime Minister circa 1820 Alcoholism is the consumption of or preoccupation with alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the alcoholics normal personal, family, social, or work life. ... For a comprehensive list of the territories that formed the British Empire, see Evolution of the British Empire. ...

Ernst Nolte

In 1986, Irving was one of the few English language authors to endorse the controversial thesis of the German philosopher Ernst Nolte who, in a 1986 article named Die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will ("The Past That Does Not Want To Go Away"), claimed that because the President of the World Zionist Organization Chaim Weizmann wrote a letter to the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain pledging the full support of his organization to the British war effort on 3 September 1939, that this constituted a “Jewish declaration of war” against Germany, and thus the German government was fully justified in “interning” the Jews of Europe in concentration camps. Many other historians attacked Nolte’s argument (and those, like Irving, who supported Nolte’s views) as highly factually incorrect and as coming very close to justifying the Holocaust. Nolte in his turn has been a great admirer of Irving and has often cited Irving’s work in his writings. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Ernst Nolte (born 11 January 1923, Witten, Germany) is a nationalistic German historian and philosopher, often described as one of the most brooding, German thinkers about history[1]. Nolteâ€™s major interest is the comparative studies of fascism and Communism. ... The World Zionist Organization, or WZO, was founded as the Zionist Organization, or ZO, on September 3, 1897, at the First Zionist Congress held in Basel, Switzerland. ... Chaim Azriel Weizmann (Hebrew: ×—×™×™× ×¢×–×¨×™××œ ×•×™×¦×ž×Ÿ) November 27, 1874 â€“ November 9, 1952) was a chemist, statesman, President of the World Zionist Organization, first President of Israel (elected February 1, 1949, served 1949 - 1952) and founder of a research institute in Israel that eventually became the Weizmann Institute of Science. ... This article is about the British Prime Minister. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ...

Göring

In 1989, Irving published his biography of Hermann Göring, in which he highlighted, though did not endorse, the more "positive" features of the Nazi Reichsmarschall. Irving avoided discussion of Göring's role in the Holocaust, describing instead Göring's jovial personality and offering a wealth of lesser-known facts about his life. Irving also recounts various incidents and produces documents as evidence that Göring disapproved of the persecution of Jews and other Nazi crimes. (January 12, 1893 â€“ October 15, 1946) was a German politician and military leader, a leading member of the Nazi Party, second in command of the Third Reich, designated successor to Adolf Hitler, and commander of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force). ... The original uniform of the Reichsmarschall Hermann GÃ¶ring shown in the Luftwaffe-Museum in Berlin. ...

Goebbels

In 1992, Irving signed a contract with Macmillan for a biography of Joseph Goebbels entitled Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich. Following charges that Irving had selectively "edited" a recently discovered complete edition of Goebbels's diaries in Moscow, Macmillan cancelled the book deal.^[38] In 1995, the St. Martin's Press of New York City agreed to publish the Goebbels biography.^[39] By this time, Irving's financial state was such that he very much needed this book deal to be completed in order to pay down the massive arrears on his mortgage.^[40] In March 1996, following widespread protests over allegations of anti-Semitism in Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich, St. Martin's cancelled the contract, and left Irving in a situation where he was desperate for both publicity and the need to re-establish his reputation as a historian.^[41] Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held international publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. ... Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation: IPA: ; English generally IPA: ) (October 29, 1897 â€“ May 1, 1945) was a German politician and Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during the National Socialist regime from 1933 to 1945. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Headquartered in the legendary Flatiron Building in New York City, St. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

Holocaust denial

Over the years, Irving's stance on the Holocaust has changed significantly. Until 1988, when he started to espouse Holocaust denial openly, Irving never sought to deny the reality of the Holocaust and for this reason many Holocaust deniers were ambivalent about him. They admired Irving for the pro-Nazi slant in his work and the fact that he possessed a degree of mainstream credibility that they lacked, but were annoyed that he did not openly deny the Holocaust. Typical of the ambiguity felt by them was a letter written in 1984 by the French Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson in the Journal of Historical Review (the official journal of the Institute for Historical Review (I.H.R)). In an open letter entitled “A Challenge to David Irving,” Faurisson praised Irving as a historian but criticized him for maintaining that the Holocaust had taken place, and challenged him to take up the cause of Holocaust denial. It has been alleged that the original draft of Faurisson's open letter was more critical of Irving, but Willis Carto persuaded Faurisson to tone down the criticism, lest it alienate Irving (who had spoken at a conference sponsored by the I.H.R. in September 1983) from the I.H.R. It is not known what Irving’s response to Faurisson’s letter was. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... Richard Harwoods Did Six Million Really Die? Holocaust denial is the claim that the mainstream historical version of the Holocaust is either highly exaggerated or completely falsified. ... Robert Faurisson (born January 25, 1929) is a French Holocaust denier who has generated controversy over various articles he has published in the Journal of Historical Review and elsewhere, as well as various letters he has sent to French newspapers (especially Le Monde) over the years which deny the existence... Logo/Banner of the Institute for Historical Review (Acronym IHR) The Institute for Historical Review (IHR), founded in 1978, is an American Holocaust denial[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] organization which describes itself as a public-interest educational, research and publishing center dedicated to promoting greater public awareness... Willis Allison Carto (born July 17, 1926 in Indiana) is a longtime figure on the far right wing of American politics. ...

Until 1988, Irving seemed torn between a desire to be taken seriously as a historian and a desire to associate with those he seemed to share an ideological affinity with. In the first edition of Hitler's War, Irving footnotes, "I cannot accept the view. .. [that] there exists no document signed by Hitler, Himmler or Heydrich speaking of the extermination of the Jews." By the mid-1980s, however, Irving associated himself with the Holocaust-denying I.H.R., began giving lectures to groups such as the far-right German Deutsche Volksunion, and publicly denied that the Nazis systematically exterminated Jews in gas chambers during World War II. He also alleged that parts of The Diary of Anne Frank might have been forged by her surviving father, and in 1988 testified for the defence at Canadian-based Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel's trial. Irving later claimed that Zündel had convinced him that the Holocaust had not occurred.^[42] There is open debate on rather facism is rightwing or not. ... The Diary of Anne Frank redirects here. ... Ernst Christof Friedrich ZÃ¼ndel (born April 24, 1939 in Bad Wildbad) is a German Holocaust denier and pamphleteer who was jailed several times in Canada for publishing literature which is likely to incite hatred against an identifiable group and for being a threat to national security, in the United...

In the 1988 Zündel trial, Irving repeated and defended his claim from Hitler's War that until October 1943 Hitler knew nothing about the actual implementation of the Final Solution. He also expressed his evolving belief that the Final Solution involved "atrocities", not systematic murder. This article is about the term with respect to the Jewish Question in World War II. For other uses, see Final Solution (disambiguation). ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ...

As to what evidence further led Irving to believe that the Holocaust never occurred, he cited a report by self-styled execution expert Fred A. Leuchter, which claimed there was no evidence for the existence of homicidal gas chambers at the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the trial, Irving published Leuchter's report in the United Kingdom and wrote its foreword. In Errol Morris' 1999 documentary about Leuchter, Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr., Irving said, "The big point [of the Leuchter report]: there is no significant residue of cyanide in the brickwork. That's what converted me. When I read that in the report in the courtroom in Toronto, I became a hard-core disbeliever."^[44] In his 1991 revised edition of Hitler's War he had removed all references to death camps and the Holocaust. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Frederick A. (Fred) Leuchter, Jr. ... For other uses, see Gas chamber (disambiguation). ... Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ... Errol Morris Errol Morris (born February 5, 1948) is an American Academy Award winning documentary film director. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... A death camp is either a concentration camp, the important (though not necessarily single) function of which is to facilitate mass murder of the people deported into such a camp (such as the Nazis Auschwitz and Majdanek, which acquired their murderous functions only some time after they had been...

Many have considered Irving’s historical arguments to be very convoluted. An example occurred in the above-mentioned interview with Ron Rosenbaum, when Rosenbaum questioned Irving about a memoir that had come into Irving's possession that was alleged to have been written by Adolf Eichmann in the 1950s. (The precise authenticity of the Eichmann Memoirs is in doubt, but parts of the book, according to the German Federal Archives, appeared to be genuine.) Irving had received the alleged memoir during a visit to Argentina in 1991 and was quite proud of his find. In The Eichmann Memoirs, Eichmann claimed to have heard from Himmler that Hitler had given a verbal order authorizing the Holocaust, thereby contradicting Irving's claim in Hitler’s War that Hitler was unaware of the Holocaust. Irving's response to the claim that Hitler ordered the Holocaust in The Eichmann Memoirs was to claim that Eichmann wrote his memoirs in 1956 at the time of the Suez War, and was fearful that Cairo, Egypt might fall to Israel. Irving's reasoning is that if Cairo was taken by the Israeli Defence Forces, then the Israelis might discover the "rat-line", as undercover smuggling networks for Nazis were known, that had allowed Eichmann to escape to Argentina, and that therefore Eichmann had written his memoirs as a potential defense in the event of being captured by the Israelis. In this way, Irving argued that The Eichmann Memoirs were genuine but that the claim that Hitler ordered the Holocaust was false — only made to reduce Eichmann's responsibility for the Holocaust. Also in the same interview, Irving claimed to want to be accepted as a scholar by other historians and bemoaned having to associate with what he called the lunatic anti-Semitic fringe groups; he claimed he would disassociate himself from these as soon as he was accepted by the historians' community. Ron Rosenbaum (born on November 27, 1946, New York, New York) is an American journalist and author. ... Otto Adolf Eichmann (known as Adolf Eichmann; March 19, 1906 â€“ June 1, 1962) was a high-ranking Nazi and SS ObersturmbannfÃ¼hrer (equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel). ... The Suez Crisis, also known as the Suez War, Suez Campaign or Kadesh Operation was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956. ... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. These escape routes mainly led toward safe havens in South America, particularly Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and Chile. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

In October 2007 Irving threatened to sue The Jewish Chronicle for describing him as a "holocaust denier." The Jewish Chronicle responded by printing their solicitor's name and address on its front page.^[45] Founded in 1841, The Jewish Chronicle (affectionately known as The JC) is the United Kingdoms national Jewish newspaper. ...

Racism

Irving has expressed, both publicly and privately, racist sentiments. Several of these were cited by the judge's decision in Irving's lawsuit against Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt.^[46] For instance, in his diary entry for September 17, 1994, Irving wrote about a ditty he composed for his young daughter "when halfbreed children are wheeled past": is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Christopher Hitchens writes that after having dinner in his New York apartment, Irving sang the rhyme to his daughter once they were alone in the building's elevator.^[47] He also stated that he would be "willing to put [his] signature" to the "fact" that "a great deal of control over the world is exercised by Jews," in one interview cited in the lawsuit.^[46] Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British-American author, journalist and literary critic. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

In 2007, The Guardian reported that Irving said, "The Jews are the architects of their own misfortune, but that is the short version A-Z. Between A-Z there are then 24 other characters in intervening steps."^[49] For other uses, see Guardian. ...

Libel suit

In September 1996, Irving filed a libel suit against Deborah Lipstadt and her British publisher Penguin Books for publishing a British edition of Lipstadt's book, Denying the Holocaust, which had first been published in the United States in 1993. At the same time, Irving also sued Gitta Sereny for libel for an article she had written about him in The Guardian newspaper although, as of 2007, the claim has yet to be heard in a court. In 1997, Irving threatened to sue John Lukacs for libel if he published a British edition of his book, The Hitler of History, but perhaps because Irving already had two libel suits going at that time, he did not follow through with this threat. Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Gitta Sereny (born March 13, 1921) is a Hungarian-born British biographer, historian and journalist whose writing focuses mainly on the Holocaust and abused children. ... Gitta Sereny (born March 13, 1921) is a Hungarian-born British biographer, historian and journalist whose writing focuses mainly on the Holocaust and abused children. ...

In her book, Denying the Holocaust, Lipstadt called Irving a Holocaust denier, falsifier, and bigot, and said that he manipulated and distorted real documents. Irving claimed to have been libeled under the grounds that Lipstadt had called him a Holocaust denier when in his opinion there was no Holocaust to deny as well as suggestions that Irving had falsified evidence or deliberately misinterpreted it. Though the author was American, Irving filed his suit in the English High Court, where the burden of proof in libel cases is on the defendant, unlike the U.S. where the burden is on the plaintiff. He was also able to file the lawsuit in the UK because the book was published there. As explained by the trial judge, Mr Justice Gray: In the common law, burden of proof is the obligation to prove allegations which are presented in a legal action. ... Sir Charles Gray is a British judge (Mr. ...

Irving approached Penguin and offered to drop them from his lawsuit if they would pull the book from publication in the UK, deny all of Lipstadt's conclusions and make a charitable donation in the name of Irving's daughter (who is disabled); he made clear he would not settle the lawsuit with Professor Lipstadt if Penguin settled with him. The publisher rejected his terms and the case went to trial.^[50]

Defence

Lipstadt and Penguin hired the British solicitor Anthony Julius to present her case and Irving briefed the libel barrister, Richard Rampton QC. They also retained Professor Richard J. Evans, historian and Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University, as an expert witness. Also working as an assistant expert witness was the American Holocaust historian Christopher Browning. Evans and his two assistants spent more than two years examining Irving's work, while gathering evidence to support the claim that Irving had misrepresented evidence to support his prejudice. Evans suggested that in his view, Irving had knowingly used forged documents as sources, and that for this reason, Irving could not be regarded as a historian. Evans' report was the most comprehensive, in-depth examination of Irving's work: Dr. Anthony Julius Anthony Julius (born 1956) is a prominent British lawyer and academic, best known for his actions on behalf of Diana, Princess of Wales and Deborah Lipstadt. ... Richard Rampton QC (b. ... For information about The Times satire Queens Counsel, see Queens Counsel (comic strip). ... Professor Richard Evans (born 1947) is a British historian of Germany. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... Christopher Robert Browning (born May 22, 1944) is an American historian of the Holocaust. ...

Claimant

In the trial, Irving represented himself. He called the American Kevin B. MacDonald, an evolutionary psychologist, to testify on his behalf. Irving also subpoenaed the diplomatic historian D.C. Watt and the military historian John Keegan to testify in his case against Lipstadt; both men had refused an earlier offer to testify for Irving on their own and appeared to be very reluctant on the stand. Rather than focus on the defence's evidence against him, or on whether or not Lipstadt had defamed him, Irving seemed to focus mainly on his "right to free speech". In his closing statement, Irving claimed to have been a victim of an international, mostly Jewish, conspiracy for more than three decades. At one point on 15 March 2000, during the course of Irving's closing argument, he referred to the Judge as 'Mein Führer' (page 193 of the transcript). Kevin B. MacDonald Kevin B. MacDonald, (born January 24, 1944) is a professor of psychology at California State University, Long Beach, best known for his use of evolutionary psychology to inform his study of Judaism as being what he claims is a group evolutionary strategy. MacDonalds most controversial claim... Evolutionary psychology (EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traitsâ€”such as memory, perception, or languageâ€”as adaptations, that is, as the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. ... Sir John Keegan OBE (born 1934) is a British military historian, lecturer and journalist. ... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ... is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

Ruling

In presenting his ruling, Mr. Justice Gray concluded (Paragraph 13.167) that he found the following claims against Irving to be 'substantially true': This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... Substantial truth is a legal doctrine affecting libel and slander laws in common law jurisdictions such as the US or the UK. Under the United States law, a statement cannot be held to be slanderous or libellous if it is true; the substantial truth doctrine extends this protection by holding...

Irving lost subsequent attempts at appeal, the appeal finally being rejected by Lord Justice Sedley.

A 2001 episode of PBS's NOVA (titled "Holocaust on Trial") focused on the case, and showed re-enactments of events in the courtroom. Irving was played by British actor John Castle. Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... Nova is a popular science television series from the USA produced by WGBH and can be seen on PBS and in more than 100 countries. ... John Castle (born 14 January 1940 in Croydon, Surrey, England) is an actor. ...

Aftermath

Not only did Irving lose the case, but in light of the evidence presented at the trial a number of his works that had previously escaped serious scrutiny were brought to public attention. He was also liable to pay all of the substantial costs of the trial, which ruined him financially and subsequently forced him into bankruptcy in 2002. Notice of closure stuck on the door of a computer store the day after its parent company, Granville Technology Group Ltd, declared bankruptcy (strictly, put into administrationâ€”see text) in the United Kingdom. ...

Criticism by historians

Irving was once highly regarded for his expert knowledge of German military archives. Much of his scholarship was disputed by historians to the point that his standing as a historian was challenged from his earliest publications.^[1] Contentious in large part for advancing interpretations of the war considered favourable to the German side and for association with far-right groups that advanced these views, by 1988 he began advocating the view that the Holocaust did not take place as a systematic and deliberate genocide, and quickly grew to be one of the most prominent advocates of Holocaust denial, costing him what scholarly reputation he had outside those circles.

In a review of Irving's 1988 book Churchill's War, David Cannadine, the director of the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, criticised Irving's "double standard on evidence", accusing Irving of "demanding absolute documentary proof to convict the Germans (as when he sought to show that Hitler was not responsible for the Holocaust), while relying on circumstantial evidence to condemn the British (as in his account of the Allied bombing of Dresden)."^[52] David Cannadine (born 1950) is a British historian, known for a number of books including The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy and Ornamentalism; and as a commentator and broadcaster on British public life, especially the British monarchy. ... The bombing of Dresden in World War II by the Allies remains controversial after more than 50 years. ...

Prominent British historian Sir John Keegan wrote in 1996 in his book The Battle for History, "Some controversies are entirely bogus, like David Irving's contention that Hitler's subordinates kept from him the facts of the Final Solution, the extermination of the Jews…" During the libel trial, Keegan — who had been subpoenaed by Irving to appear as a witness — lambasted Irving by saying: "I continue to think it perverse of you to propose that Hitler could not have known until as late as October 1943 what was going on with the Jewish people" and, when asked if it was perverse to say that Hitler did not know about the Final Solution, answered "that it defies common sense".^[53]

In an April 20, 1996 review in The Daily Telegraph of Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich, Keegan wrote that Irving "knows more than anyone alive about the German side of the Second World War", and claimed that Hitler's War was "indispensable to anyone seeking to understand the war in the round."^[52] In an article in The Daily Telegraph of 12 April 2000, Keegan spoke of his experience of the trial, writing that Irving had an "all-consuming knowledge of a vast body of material" and exhibited "many of the qualities of the most creative historians", that his skill as an archivist could not be contested, and that he was "certainly never dull". However, according to Keegan "Like many who seek to shock, he may not really believe what he says and probably feels astounded when taken seriously."^[54] is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... This article concerns the British newspaper. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

In the 1990s, Irving featured on his web-site a translation of a letter by the prominent German historian Hans Mommsen, praising Irving's skill as a researcher. Mommsen, who had written the letter in 1977, unsuccessfully attempted to have it removed, but did succeed in forcing Irving to feature a second letter from him written in 1998 in which Mommsen completely disavowed his 1977 letter. Hans Mommsen (November 5, 1930-) is a left-wing German historian and twin brother of Wolfgang Mommsen. ...

In a six-page essay in The New York Review of Books, Gordon A. Craig, a leading scholar of German history at Stanford University, noted Irving's claims that the Holocaust never took place and that Auschwitz was merely "a labor camp with an unfortunately high death rate".^[55] Though "such obtuse and quickly discredited views" may be "offensive to large numbers of people", Craig argued that Irving's work is "the best study we have of the German side of the Second World War" and that "we dare not" disregard his views. Craig called Irving a "useful irritant”; a devil's advocate historian who promoted what Craig considered to be a twisted and wrong-headed view of history, with a great deal of élan, but his advocacy of these views forced historians to make a fruitful epistemological examination about the current state of knowledge about the Third Reich. This article is about the literary magazine. ... Gordon Alexander Craig (November 13, 1913 - November 2, 2005) was a Scottish-born U.S historian of German, Swiss and of diplomatic history. ... Stanford redirects here. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... For other uses, see Devils advocate (disambiguation). ... This article or section should include material from Episteme Epistemology (from the Greek words episteme=science and logos=word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

Persona non grata

After Irving denied the Holocaust in two 1989 speeches given in Austria, the Austrian government issued an arrest warrant against him and barred him from entering the country. This case came up again in 2005 when Irving was arrested and brought to trial (see next section).^[56] In early 1992 a German court found him guilty of Holocaust denial under the Auschwitzlüge section of the law against Volksverhetzung (a failed appeal by Irving would see the fine rise from 10,000 DM to 30,000 DM), and he was subsequently barred from entering Germany.^[57] Other governments followed suit, including Austria, Italy and Canada,^[58] where he was arrested in November 1992 and deported back to the United Kingdom.^[57] In an administrative hearing surrounding those events, he was found by the hearing office to have engaged in a "total fabrication" in telling a story of an exit from and return to Canada which would, for technical reasons, have made the original deportation order invalid. He was also barred from entering Australia in 1992, a ban he made four unsuccessful legal attempts to overturn. This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... Volksverhetzung (stirring up the populace by hatemongering, verhetzen means to warp the mind into hate by presenting extremly biased propaganda, possibly lies; official translation from German: agitation of the people) is a concept in German criminal law that bans the incitement of hatred against a minority of the population. ...

On April 27, 1993 Irving was ordered to attend court to be examined on charges relating to the Loi Gayssot in France. The law, however, does not permit extradition and Irving simply refused to travel to France. is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Gayssot Act makes it an offense to contest (Contestation) the existence of the category of crimes against humanity as defined in the London Charter of 1945, on the basis of which Nazi leaders were convicted by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg in 1945-46. ...

Then, in February 1994, Irving spent ten days of a three month sentence in London's Pentonville prison for contempt of court following a legal wrangling over publishing rights. Irving's legal troubles continued as a Mannheim court indicted him for defaming the dead; because of this action, he would be fined 20,000 DM in mid-1997. Pentonville Prison is a prison built in 1842 in North London. ... Mannheim is a city in Germany. ...

Early in September 2004, Michael Cullen, the deputy prime minister of New Zealand, announced that Irving would not be permitted to visit the country, where he had been invited by the National Press Club to give a series of lectures under the heading "The Problems of Writing about World War II in a Free Society". The National Press Club defended its invitation of Irving, saying that it amounted not to an endorsement of his views, but rather an opportunity to question him. The intended visit provoked an outcry among Jewish groups, who were not appeased by Irving's promise not to speak about the Holocaust. Michael Cullen The Hon. ... The Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand is second most senior officer in the Government of New Zealand, although this seniority does not necessarily translate into power. ...

Irving had visited New Zealand twice before in the 1980s. His intended 2004 visit was refused on the grounds that he had been convicted of offences by a German court, and that at various times had been deported from, and/or refused entry to, Canada, the United States, Italy, and South Africa. "Mr. Irving is not permitted to enter New Zealand under the Immigration Act because people who have been deported from another country are refused entry", government spokeswoman Katherine O'Sullivan had told The Press earlier. Irving rejected the ban and attempted to board a Qantas flight for New Zealand from Los Angeles on 17 September 2004. He was not allowed on board. "As far as I'm concerned, the legal battle now begins", he was quoted as saying. The Press is a daily broadsheet newspaper published in Christchurch, New Zealand. ... Qantas Airways Limited (IPA: ) is the national airline of Australia. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 1,290. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Arrest and imprisonment in Austria

On November 11, 2005, the Austrian police in the southern state of Styria, acting under a 1989 warrant, arrested Irving. Four days later, he was charged by state prosecutors with the speech crime of "trivialising the Holocaust". His application for bail was denied on the grounds that he would flee or repeat the offence. He remained in jail awaiting trial. On 20 February 2006 Irving pleaded guilty to the charge of "trivialising, grossly playing down and denying the Holocaust". is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œStyriaâ€ redirects here. ... An arrest warrant is a warrant issued by a public officer which authorizes the arrest and detention of an individual. ... is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sentencing

Before Irving's sentencing hearing, he stated through his lawyer that he had changed his views and his ways. At the trial, Judge Liebtreu quoted numerous statements of Irving's, including that "There were no gas chambers at Auschwitz" and "It makes no sense to transport people from Amsterdam, Vienna and Brussels 500 kilometres to Auschwitz simply to liquidate them when it can be more easily done 8 km from the city where they live". Irving informed Judge Liebtreu that he "regretted the formulation". Amsterdam has historically been the center of the Dutch Jewish community, and has had a continuing Jewish community for the last 370 years [1]. Amsterdam is also known under the name Mokum, given to the city by its Jewish inhabitants (Mokum is Yiddish for town, derived from the Hebrew makom...

Towards the end of the hearing, Irving again publicly recanted, saying that "I've changed my views. I spoke then about Auschwitz and gas chambers based on my knowledge at the time, but by 1991 when I came across the Eichmann papers, I wasn't saying that any more and I wouldn't say that now. The Nazis did murder millions of Jews. ..I made a mistake by saying there were no gas chambers, I am absolutely without doubt that the Holocaust took place. I apologise to those few I might have offended though I remain very proud of the 30 books I have written." However, Irving continued to insist that Hitler knew nothing of the death camps, and that "The figure of six million killed Jews is just a symbolic number". Majdanek - crematorium Extermination camp (German Vernichtungslager) was the term applied to a group of camps set up by Nazi Germany during World War II for the express purpose of killing the Jews of Europe, although members of some other groups whom the Nazis wished to exterminate, such as Roma (Gypsies...

At the end of the one-day hearing, Irving was sentenced to three years' imprisonment in accordance with the Austrian Federal Law on the prohibition of National Socialist activities (officially Verbotsgesetz, "Prohibition Statute") for having denied the existence of gas chambers in National Socialist concentration camps in several lectures held in Austria in 1989. Irving sat motionless as Liebtreu asked Irving if he had understood the sentence, to which Irving replied "I'm not sure I do" before being bundled out of the court by Austrian police. Later, Irving declared himself shocked by the severity of the sentence. He reportedly had already purchased a plane ticket home to London, believing the court would "not be stupid enough" to lock him up.^[61]

After the sentencing, Liebtreu told the audience that "The court did not consider the defendant to have genuinely changed his mind. The regret he showed was considered to be mere lip service to the law."

On 28 February, Irving once again questioned the Holocaust, asking "Given the ruthless efficiency of the Germans, if there was an extermination programme to kill all the Jews, how come so many survived?" He claimed that the number of people gassed in Auschwitz was relatively small, and that his earlier claims that there had been no gassing at all had been a "methodological error". According to Irving, "You could say that millions died, but not at Auschwitz".^[62] Within hours, the Austrian government reacted by barring Irving from further communication with the media. is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ...

Time in prison

Irving stated that he would use time spent in prison to write his memoirs, entitled Irving's War.^{[citation needed]}

Deborah Lipstadt, upon hearing of Irving's sentence to three years' imprisonment, said, "I am not happy when censorship wins, and I don't believe in winning battles via censorship… The way of fighting Holocaust deniers is with history and with truth."^[63] For other uses, see Censor. ...

Indeed, many feared that Irving could become a martyr for far-right activists, and the issue also raised a debate on what grounds freedom of speech could be denied in democratic countries.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Martyr (disambiguation). ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change. ...

Concerning the Austrian 'Prohibition Statute,' the Austrian Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs insisted that it conforms with international law and international human rights standards, and that it is not contrary to Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950, that being a statute "...necessary in a democratic society (inter alia)... for the prevention of disorder or crime,... [and]... for the protection of the rights of others". Should Irving have wished to determine whether the Austrian authorities were correct on this point and not an excessive and illegal intrusion on the right of freedom of expression, he would have had to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights.^{[citation needed]} â€œECHRâ€ redirects here. ... â€œECHRâ€ redirects here. ... European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by...

Release

Both Irving, hoping to have the verdict overturned, and the Austrian prosecutor, calling for a longer sentence, served appeals on April 22, 2006. From September 1 to September 4, the Austrian Supreme Court considered Irving's appeal but ultimately ruled against him.^[64] The appeal over the length of sentence was heard and concluded on December 20. The court replaced two-thirds of Irving's jail sentence with probation. Since he had already served the balance of his sentence in jail, he was released from prison, and was deported to the United Kingdom.^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68] Upon Irving's arrival in the UK he reaffirmed his position, stating that he felt "no need any longer to show remorse" for his Holocaust views.^[69] On 21 December 2006, Irving was technically "expelled" from Austria; he was banned from ever setting foot in that country again.^[70] is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For specific national Supreme Courts, see Category:National supreme courts. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Controversy

His imprisonment caused some controversy and has been criticized on the grounds of free speech issues. The German historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler supported Irving’s imprisonment under the grounds that “The denial of such an unimaginable murder of millions, one third of whom were children under the age of 14, cannot simply be accepted as something protected by the freedom of speech”.^[71]. By contrast Deborah Lipstadt argued that Irving should not be imprisoned for expressing views that she finds odious and wrong.^[72]. Others have stated that "nothing could be more fatal to our rights to speak and to write than for us to deny others the right to deny our dearest beliefs."^[73] . Opponents of Irving’s imprisonment argue that free speech should be applied to everyone regardless of their viewpoints and that it is a slippery slope to imprison someone due to the lack of factual accuracy or unpopularity of their opinions.^[74]. It has also been argued that by imprisoning Irving the Austrian courts made a martyr out of Irving and did more damage than good, and that it would have been better to simply "let him go home and let him continue talking to six people in a basement," and "let him fade into obscurity where he belongs."^[75] Hans-Ulrich Wehler (September 11, 1931-) is a well-known left-wing German historian. ...

Post-release

Irving appeared in Hungary in 2007, where on 15 March he took part in and gave a speech for a far-right nationalist rally.^[76] is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 18 May 2007, he was expelled from the 52nd Warsaw International Book Fair in Poland because books he brought there were deemed by the organizers as promoting Nazism and anti-Semitism, which is in violation of Polish law.^[77] is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...

Irving and BNP leader Nick Griffin were invited to speak at a forum on free speech at the Oxford Union on 26 November 2007, along with Anne Atkins and Evan Harris.^[78] The debate took place after Oxford Union members voted in favour of it^[79], but was disrupted by protesters.^[80] The British National Party (BNP) is a white nationalist political party in the United Kingdom. ... Nicholas John Nick Griffin (born 1959) is a British politician. ... The Oxford Union Society, commonly referred to simply as the Oxford Union, is a prestigious debating society in the city of Oxford, UK, whose membership is drawn primarily but not exclusively from the University of Oxford. ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Anne Atkins is a Christian author, broadcaster and vicarâ€™s wife. ... Evan Harris Dr Evan Leslie Harris MP (born 21 October 1965) is a Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom. ...

Bibliography

Books

The Destruction of Dresden is a book by David Irving that describes the firebombing of Dresden in World War II. It was used as a source for the novel Slaughterhouse Five. ... Erhard Milch (left) with his brother Dr. Werner Milch, who worked as his associate defense counsel at the Nuremberg Trials. ... Hitlers War is a history book by David Irving. ... Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ) (15 November 1891 â€“ 14 October 1944) was perhaps the most famous German Field Marshal of World War II. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname The Desert Fox (WÃ¼stenfuchs, ) for the skillful military campaigns he waged... (January 12, 1893 â€“ October 15, 1946) was a German politician and military leader, a leading member of the Nazi Party, second in command of the Third Reich, designated successor to Adolf Hitler, and commander of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force). ...

Translations

Monographs

Collected articles in German

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Not a historian:
- "In 1969, after David Irving's support for Rolf Hochhuth, the German playwright who accused Winston Churchill of murdering the Polish wartime leader General Sikorski, The Daily Telegraph issued a memo to all its correspondents. 'It is incorrect,' it said, 'to describe David Irving as a historian. In future we should describe him as an author.'" Ingram, Richard. Irving was the author of his own downfall, The Independent, 25 February 2006.
- "It may seem an absurd semantic dispute to deny the appellation of ‘historian’ to someone who has written two dozen books or more about historical subjects. But if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past, and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible, then Irving is not a historian. Those in the know, indeed, are accustomed to avoid the term altogether when referring to him and use some circumlocution such as ‘historical writer’ instead. Irving is essentially an ideologue who uses history for his own political purposes; he is not primarily concerned with discovering and interpreting what happened in the past, he is concerned merely to give a selective and tendentious account of it in order to further his own ideological ends in the present. The true historian’s primary concern, however, is with the past. That is why, in the end, Irving is not a historian." Irving vs. (1) Lipstadt and (2) Penguin Books, Expert Witness Report by Richard J. Evans FBA, Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge, 2000, Chapter 6.
- "State prosecutor Michael Klackl said: 'He's not a historian, he's a falsifier of history.'" Traynor, Ian. Irving jailed for denying Holocaust, The Guardian, February 21, 2006.
- "...Irving has never examined and interpreted facts for the simple reason that he is not a historian. He twists or suppresses evidence to fit a foregone conclusion -- the opposite of what any reputable historian does." Taylor, Charles. Evil takes the stand, Salon.com, May 24, 2001. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
^ Discredited:
- Taylor, Matthew, The Guardian, "Discredited Irving plans comeback tour", September 29, 2007.
- "One of Britain's most prominent speakers on Muslim issues is today exposed as a supporter of David Irving... Bukhari contacted the discredited historian, sentenced this year to three years in an Austrian prison for Holocaust denial, after reading his website." Doward, Jamie. "Muslim leader sent funds to Irving", The Guardian, November 19, 2006.
- "David Irving, the discredited historian and Nazi apologist, was last night starting a three-year prison sentence in Vienna for denying the Holocaust and the gas chambers of Auschwitz." Traynor, Ian. "Irving jailed for denying Holocaust", The Guardian, February 21, 2006.
- "Conclusion on meaning 2.15 (vi): that Irving is discredited as an historian." David Irving v. Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt/II.
- "DAVID Irving, the discredited revisionist historian and most outspoken British Holocaust denier, has added further fuel to the controversy over his early release from an Austrian jail by recanting his court statement of regret over his views." Crichton, Torcuil. "Holocaust denier reneges on regret", The Sunday Herald, December 24, 2006.
- "Discredited British author David Irving spoke in front of some 250 people at a small theatre on Szabadság tér last Monday." Hodgson, Robert. "Holocaust denier David Irving draws a friendly crowd in Budapest", The Budapest Times, March 19, 2007.
- "An account of the 2000 - 2001 libel trial in the high court of the now discredited historian David Irving, which formed the backdrop for his recent conviction in Vienna for denying the Holocaust." Program Details - David Irving: The London Trial 2006-02-26 17:00:00, BBC Radio 4.
- "Yet Irving, a discredited right-wing historian, was described by a High Court judge after a long libel trial as a racist anti-semite who denied the Holocaust." Edwards, Rob. "Anti-green activist in links with Nazi writer; Revealed: campaigner", The Sunday Herald, May 5, 2002.
- "'The sentence against Irving confirms that he and his views are discredited, but as a general rule I don’t think that this is the way this should be dealt with,' said Antony Lerman, director of the London-based Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 'It is better to combat denial by education and using good speech to drive out bad speech.'" Gruber, Ruth Ellen. "Jail sentence for Holocaust denier spurs debate on free speech", j., February 24, 2006.
- "Deborah Lipstadt is Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies and director of The Rabbi Donald A. Tam Institute for Jewish Studies at Emory University. She is the author of two books about the Holocaust. Her book Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory led to the 2000 court case in which she defeated and discredited Holocaust denier David Irving." Understanding Auschwitz Today, Task of Justice & Danger of Holocaust Deniers, Public Broadcasting Service.
- "After the discredited British historian David Irving was sentenced to a three-year jail term in Austria as a penalty for denying the Holocaust, the liberal conscience of western Europe has squirmed and agonised." Glover, Gillian. "Irving gets just what he wanted - his name in the headlines", The Scotsman, February 23, 2006.
- "...is a disciple of discredited historian and Holocaust denier David Irving." Horowitz, David. The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America, Regnery Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0895260034, p. 175.
- "If the case for competence applies to those who lack specialist knowledge, it applies even further to those who have been discredited as incompetent. For example, why ought we include David Irving in a debate aiming to establish the truth about the Holocaust, after a court has found that he manipulates and misinterprets history?" Long, Graham. Relativism and the Foundations of Liberalism, Imprint Academic, 2004, ISBN 1845400046, p. 80.
- "Ironically, Julius is also a celebrated solicitor famous for his defence of Schuchard's colleague, Deborah Lipstadt, against the suit for of libel brought by the discredited historian David Irving brought when Lipstadt accused him of denying the Holocaust." "T S Eliot's anti-Semitism hotly debated as scholars argue over new evidence", University of York, Communications Office, February 5, 2003.
- "Irving, a discredited historian, has insisted that Jews at Auschwitz were not gassed." "Irving vows to continue denial", Breaking News, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 7, 2007.
- "David Irving, the discredited historian and Nazi apologist, was on Monday night starting a three-year prison sentence in Vienna for denying the Holocaust and the gas chambers of Auschwitz." "Historian jailed for denying Holocaust", Mail & Guardian, February 21, 2006.
- "Irving, a discredited historian, has insisted that Jews at Auschwitz were not gassed." "Irving Vows To Continue Denial", The Jewish Week, December 29, 2006.
- "The two best-known present-day Holocaust deniers are the discredited historian David Irving, jailed last year in Austria for the offence, and the Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who wants Israel wiped off the map." Wills, Clair. " Ben Kiely and the 'Holocaust denial'", Irish Independent, March 10, 2007.
- "[Irving] claimed that Lipstadt's book accuses him of falsifying historical facts in order to support his theory that the Holocaust never happened. This of course discredited his reputation as a historian. .. On April 11, High Court judge Charles Gray ruled against Irving, concluding that he indeed qualified as a Holocaust denier and anti-Semite and that as such he has distorted history in order to defend his hero, Adolf Hitler." Wyden, Peter. The Hitler Virus: the Insidious Legacy of Adolf Hitler, Arcade Publishing, 2001, ISBN 1559705329, p. 164.
- "Now that holocaust denier David Irving has been discredited, what is the future of history?" Kustow, Michael. "History after Irving", Red Pepper, June, 2000.
- "In Britain, which does not have a Holocaust denial law, Irving had already been thoroughly discredited when he unsuccessfully sued historian Deborah Lipstadt in 1998 for describing him as a Holocaust denier." Callamard, Agnès. "Debate: can we say what we want?", Le Monde diplomatique, April, 2007.
- "Holocaust denier and discredited British historian David Irving, for example, asserts. .. that Auschwitz gas chambers were constructed after World War II." "Hate-Group Web Sites Target Children, Teens", Psychiatric News, American Psychiatric Association, February 2, 2001.
- "Holocaust denier: An Austrian court hears discredited British historian David Irving's appeal against his jail sentence for denying the Nazi genocide of the Jews.", "The world this week", BBC News, December 20, 2006.
- "DISCREDITED British historian David Irving began serving three years in an Austrian prison yesterday for denying the Holocaust, a crime in the country where Hitler was born." Schofield, Matthew. "Controversial Nazi apologist backs down, but still jailed for three years", The Age, February 22, 2006.
^ ^a ^b "The ruling against David Irving", excerpts from High Court Judge Charles Gray's ruling, The Guardian, 11 April 2000.
^ "Hitler historian loses libel case", BBC News, April 11, 2000.
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial, p. 41.
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial, p. 40.
^ Real History and the 1942 North Russian Convoys
^ http://www.fpp.co.uk/online/08/03/images/Mosley_at_UCL.gif
^ ADL profile
^ Real History and the 1942 North Russian Convoys
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001 pages 225-226
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001 page 43
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001 page 225
^ Evans, Lying about Hitler, Pg. 170
^ "Searchlight" & the State
^ David Irving's World of Real History.
^ Fighting the Holocaust deniers
^ e.g. The Guardian
^ Philippe Naughton and agencies in Vienna. "Irving jailed for three years, despite Holocaust U-turn", The Times, February 20, 2006.
^ The trial of David Irving -- and my part in his downfall By John Keegan, Defence Editor, Daily Telegraph (UK) ISSUE 1783 Wednesday 12 April 2000
^ "History needs David Irvings" by Donald Cameron Watt, The Evening Standard, April 11, 2000.
^ ^a ^b Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial. 2001, page 128.
^ Broszat, Martin "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 390-429 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch pages 392-393.
^ Broszat, Martin "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 390-429 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch pages 393 & 413-419
^ Broszat, Martin "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 390-429 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch page 394.
^ Broszat, Martin "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 390-429 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch pages 413-415
^ Broszat, Martin "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 390-429 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch pages 414-415
^ Broszat, Martin "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 390-429 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch pages 420-421
^ Broszat, Martin "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 390-429 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch pages 427-428.
^ Broszat, Martin "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 390-429 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch page 395.
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial page 52
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial page 51
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial page 47
^ Ascherson, Neal "A Bucketful of Slime" from The Observer, March 29, 1981
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial
^ Harris, Robert Selling Hitler : The Story Of The Hitler Diaries London : Faber and Faber, 1986 pages 320-323
^ Harris, Robert Selling Hitler : The Story Of The Hitler Diaries pages 338-339
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial page 55
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial page 56
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial page 56
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial pages 56-57
^ Guttenplan, D.D. The Holocaust on Trial page 54
^ The 'False News' Trial of Ernst Zündel -- 1988: David Irving
^ Mr. Death: Transcript
^ JC Reporters, David Irving: Call me a denier and I'll sue the JC, The Jewish Chronicle, 2007-11-18, Retrieved on 2007-12-24.
^ ^a ^b David Irving vs Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt
^ Hitchens, Christopher. "Churchill Take a Fall", The Atlantic Monthly, April 2002.
^ David Irving's Talk to the Clarendon Club
^ Taylor, Matthew. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/secondworldwar/story/0,,2179841,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront "Discredited Irving plans comeback tour." Guardian Unlimited. 29 September 2007. 15 January 2008.
^ Guttenplan, D.D. (2001). The Holocaust on Trial. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 103-4. ISBN 0-39302044-4.
^ Holocaust Denial On Trial
^ ^a ^b Taking a Holocaust Skeptic Seriously
^ Day 16 of David Irving vs Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt
^ The trial of David Irving - and my part in his downfall
^ Craig, Gordon "The Devil in the Details" pages 8-14 from New York Review of Books, September 19, 1996
^ Irving jailed for denying Holocaust | World news | The Guardian
^ ^a ^b "In early 1992, German authorities fined him 10,000 marks (about $6,000) after he violated a federal law against public expression of the "Auschwitz Lie". Appealing the fine, an unrepentant Irving declared, "there were no gas chambers at Auschwitz, I will not change my opinion." (His fine was subsequently tripled.) In 1993, he was banned from the country. His criminal convictions in Germany led Canadian authorities to deny him entrance as well; he was deported from Canada in 1992 after he admitted having lied to a Canadian customs official." David Irving: Propagandists' Poster Boy, Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
^ Duff, Oliver. " David Irving: An anti-Semitic racist who has suffered financial ruin", The Independent, 21 February, 2006.
^ Irving gets three years' jail in Austria for Holocaust denial - Europe, News - Independent.co.uk
^ Scotsman.com News
^ Irving clutches Hitler book in court
^ Irving goes on denying Holocaust
^ Holocaust denier Irving is jailed
^ Holocaust denier verdict upheld - BBC News
^ Holocaust Denier Freed, Gets Probation - Salon
^ Irving wins appeal on Holocaust denial
^ Holocaust denier freed from prison - CNN
^ "Holocaust denier to be released, BBC News, December 20, 2006.
^ Holocaust denier: 'No need to show remorse'
^ Convicted Holocaust Denier Irving Expelled from Austria | Europe | Deutsche Welle | 22.12.2006
^ Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (February 2006). Pity for this man is out of place. Spiegel. Retrieved on 2008-05-29.
^ Lipstadt, Deborah (November 05). Irving, Let the Guy Go Home. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Glass, Charles (November 05). Free Speech Is For Everyone- Even David Irving. The Independent - UK. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Shermer, Michael (February 2006). Free speech, even if it hurts. La Times. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ O'Neill, Brendan (January 06). 'Irving? Let the guy go home'. BBC news. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6453183.stm - BBC News
^ British writer David Irving asked to leave Polish book fair - International Herald Tribune
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/oxfordshire/7112480.stm - BBC News
^ BNP to speak to Oxford students. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/oxfordshire/7114343.stm - BBC News

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References

Lipstadts book: Denying The Holocaust Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18, 1947, New York City) is an American historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust. ... Gordon Alexander Craig (November 13, 1913 - November 2, 2005) was a Scottish-born U.S historian of German, Swiss and of diplomatic history. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Professor Richard Evans (born 1947) is a British historian of Germany. ... Eberhard JÃ¤ckel (June 29, 1929-) is a Social Democratic German historian, noted for his studies of Adolf Hitlers role in German history. ... Alternate use: see Robert Fulford (croquet player) for the English croquet player. ... Robert Harris is an English TV reporter and author, born in 1957 in the city of Nottingham. ... John Lukacs (born 31 January 1924 in Budapest his name spelled LukÃ¡cs) is a Hungarian-born historian who has written more than twenty-five books, including Five Days in London, May 1940 and The New Republic. ... Ron Rosenbaum (born on November 27, 1946, New York, New York) is an American journalist and author. ... Martin Broszat (August 14, 1926 â€“ October 14, 1989) was a left-wing West German historian. ... is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

Early life

Student years

The Destruction of Dresden

1963 burglary of Irving's apartment

Historian

Revisionism

Hitler Diaries

Churchill

Ernst Nolte

Göring

Goebbels

Holocaust denial

Racism

Libel suit

Defence

Claimant

Ruling

Aftermath

Criticism by historians

Persona non grata

Arrest and imprisonment in Austria

Sentencing

Time in prison

Release

Controversy

Post-release

Bibliography

Books

Translations

Monographs

Collected articles in German

Notes

References

See also

External links

Irving v. Penguin Books Limited and Deborah E. Lipstadt trial

Contents

Early life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Student years

The Destruction of Dresden

1963 burglary of Irving's apartment

Historian

Revisionism

Hitler Diaries

Churchill

Ernst Nolte

Göring

Goebbels

Holocaust denial

Racism

Libel suit

Defence

Claimant

Ruling

Aftermath

Criticism by historians

Persona non grata

Arrest and imprisonment in Austria

Sentencing

Time in prison

Release

Controversy

Post-release

Bibliography

Books

Translations

Monographs

Collected articles in German

Notes

References

See also

External links

Irving v. Penguin Books Limited and Deborah E. Lipstadt trial

Early life