Livingstone
missionary and explorer
Born	19 March 1813 Blantyre, Scotland
Died	1 May 1873 near Lake Bangweulu, Zambia

David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish medical missionary and explorer in central Africa. He was the first European to see Victoria Falls, which he named. He is perhaps best remembered because of his meeting with Henry Morton Stanley, which gave rise to the popular quotation, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Image File history File links David_livingstone. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Blantyre is a burgh in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. ... Motto: , traditionally rendered in Scots as Wha daur meddle wi me?[1] and in English as No one provokes me with impunity. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Lake Bangweulu is a large but shallow lake in northern Zambia. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: , traditionally rendered in Scots as Wha daur meddle wi me?[1] and in English as No one provokes me with impunity. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ... This list of explorers is sorted by surname. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Sir Henry Morton Stanley (also known as Bula Matari (Breaker of Rocks) in Congo), born John Rowlands (January 28, 1841 – May 10, 1904), was a 19th-century Welsh-born American journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his search for David Livingstone. ...

Early life

David Livingstone was born on March 19, 1813 in the village of Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, into a family believed to be descended from the highland Livingstones, a clan that had been previously known as the Clan MacLea. He first studied Greek, medicine, and theology at the University of Glasgow and while working in London, he emulated the example of another Scot, Robert Moffat, and joined the London Missionary Society, becoming a minister. March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Blantyre is a burgh in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. ... South Lanarkshire (Siorrachd Lannraig a Deas in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, covering the southern part of the traditional county of Lanarkshire. ... Motto: , traditionally rendered in Scots as Wha daur meddle wi me?[1] and in English as No one provokes me with impunity. ... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Clan map of Scotland Scottish clans give a sense of identity and shared descent to people in Scotland and to their relatives throughout the world, with a formal structure of Clan Chiefs officially registered with the court of the Lord Lyon, King of Arms which controls the heraldry and Coat... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention of disease and injury. ... Theology (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason) means reasoned discourse concerning religion, spirituality and God. ... The University of Glasgow was founded in 1451, in Glasgow, Scotland. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom(coming from Roman Londinium ). An important settlement for around two millennia, London is today one of the worlds most important business and financial centres, [1] and its involvement in politics, culture, education, entertainment, media, fashion, sport and... Robert Moffat (born December 21, 1795 in Ormiston (Haddingtonshire); died August 9, 1883 in Leigh near Tunbridge Wells) was a Scottish Congregationalist missionary to Africa. ... The London Missionary Society was an Anglican and Nonconformist missionary society formed in England in 1795 with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ...

Livingstone originally planned to gain access to China through his medical knowledge (healing arts). The Opium Wars, which were raging at this stage with no signs of peace on the horizon, forced Livingstone to consider other options. Moffat seemed to have found an "inviting field" in Africa and Livingstone turned his thoughts there.^{[citation needed]} The Opium Wars were two wars fought in the mid-1800s that were the climax of a long dispute between Britain and China. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ...

From 1840 he worked in Bechuanaland (now Botswana), but was unable to make inroads into South Africa because of Boer opposition. 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Bechuanaland Protectorate (BP) was a protectorate established on March 31, 1885 by Britain in the area of what is now Botswana. ... Boer is the Afrikaans (and Dutch) word for farmer which came to denote the descendants of the Afrikaans-speaking migrating farmers of the expanding eastern Cape frontier. ...

He married Mary Moffat, daughter of Robert Moffat, in 1845,^[1] and she travelled with him for a brief time at his insistence, despite her pregnancy and the protests of the Moffats. She later returned to England with their children. 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2005 est. ...

David Livingstone

Image File history File links David_Livingstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103. ... Image File history File links David_Livingstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103. ...

Victoria Falls

In the period 1852–56, he explored the African interior, and was the first European to see the Mosi-oa-Tunya waterfall (which he renamed Victoria Falls after his monarch, Queen Victoria). Livingstone was one of the first Westerners to make a transcontinental journey across Africa. The purpose of his journey was to open the routes, while accumulating useful information about the African continent. In particular, Livingstone was a proponent of trade and Christian missions to be established in central Africa. His motto, inscribed in the base of the statue to him at Victoria Falls, was "Christianity, Commerce and Civilisation." At this time he believed the key to achieving these goals was the navigation of the Zambezi River. He returned to Britain to try to garner support for his ideas, and to publish a book on his travels. At this time he resigned from the London Missionary Society, to which he had belonged. 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India from 1 January 1877, until her death in 1901. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... Commerce is the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information or money between two or more entities. ... For other uses, see Civilization (disambiguation). ... Zambezi River in North Western Zambia The Zambezi (also spelled Zambesi) is a river in Southern Africa. ... The London Missionary Society was an Anglican and Nonconformist missionary society formed in England in 1795 with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ...

Zambezi expedition

Livingstone returned to Africa as head of the "Zambezi Expedition", which was a British government-funded project to examine the natural resources of southeastern Africa. The Zambezi river turned out to be completely unnavigable past the Cabora Bassa rapids, a series of cataracts and rapids that Livingstone had failed to explore on his earlier travels. The Cahora Bassa lake is southern Africas second-largest artificial lake, situated in the Tete Province in Mozambique. ... Hopetoun Falls near Otway National Park, Victoria, Australia A waterfall is usually a geological formation resulting from water, often in the form of a stream, flowing over an erosion-resistant rock formation that forms a sudden break in elevation. ... A rapid is a section of a river where it loses elevation over a relatively short distance (that is, the stream gradient is locally steepened), causing an increase in water flow and (usually) turbulence. ...

The expedition lasted from March 1858 until the middle of 1864. Livingstone was an inexperienced leader and had trouble managing a large-scale project. The artist Thomas Baines was dismissed from the expedition on charges (which he vigorously denied) of theft. Livingstone's wife Mary died on 29 April 1863 of dysentery, but Livingstone continued to explore, eventually returning home in 1864 after the government ordered the recall of the Expedition. The Zambezi Expedition was castigated as a failure in many newspapers of the time, and Livingstone experienced great difficulty in raising funds further to explore Africa. Nevertheless, the scientists appointed to work under Livingstone, John Kirk, Charles Meller, and Richard Thornton did contribute large collections of botanic, ecological, geological and ethnographic material to scientific institutions in the UK. Self-portrait, c1865. ... April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... Dysentery is an illness (formerly known as the bloody flux or simply flux) involving severe diarrhea that is often associated with blood in the feces. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... John Kirk (Dec 19, 1832 – Jan 15, 1922) was a Scottish physician, naturalist, companion to explorer David Livingstone, and British administrator in Zanzibar. ...

Source of the Nile

In March 1866, Livingstone returned to Africa, this time to Zanzibar (which is currently part of Tanzania), where he set out to seek the source of the Nile. Richard Francis Burton, John Hanning Speke, and Samuel Baker had (although there was still serious debate on the matter) identified either Lake Albert or Lake Victoria as the source (which was partially correct, as the Nile "bubbles from the ground high in the mountains of Burundi halfway between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria" ^[2]). Finding the Lualaba River, which feeds the Congo River, Livingstone decided that this river was in fact the "real" Nile. 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Motto: Uhuru na Umoja (Swahili: Freedom and Unity) Anthem: Mungu ibariki Afrika (God Bless Africa) Capital Stone Town Largest city Stone Town English, Lamu (de facto) Government Republic  - President Amani Abeid Karume  - Prime Minister Shamsi Vuai Nahodha Independence From the United Kingdom   - Tanganyika December 9, 1961   - Zanzibar December 19, 1963... The Nile (Arabic: ‎, translit: , Ancient Egyptian iteru) is a river in Africa, often regarded as the longest river on Earth, although some sources claim the Amazon in South America is longer. ... Richard Burton, portrait by Frederic Leighton, National Portrait Gallery, London. ... John Hanning Speke (May 4, 1827 – September 15, 1864) was an officer in the British Indian army, who made three voyages of exploration to Africa. ... Sir Samuel White Baker (8 June 1821-30 December 1893) was an English explorer. ... Lake Albert and its river systems. ... Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nalubaale) is one of the Great Lakes of Africa. ... Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in central Africa (3° 20 to 8° 48 South and from 29° 5 to 31° 15 East). ... Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nalubaale) is one of the Great Lakes of Africa. ... The Lualaba is the headstream of the Congo River, running from the vicinity of Lubumbashi north to Kisangani, where the Congo officially begins. ... The Congo River (formerly known as some River) is the largest river in Western Central Africa. ...

Illness, pain and death

Henry Morton Stanley meets David Livingstone

David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls

Livingstone was taken ill and completely lost contact with the outside world for six years. Only one of his 44 later dispatches made it to Zanzibar. Henry Morton Stanley, who had been sent in a publicity stunt to find him by the New York Herald newspaper in 1869, found Livingstone in the town of Ujiji, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, in October 1871. Stanley joined Livingstone, and together they continued exploring the north end of the Tanganyika (the other constituent of the present Tanzania), until Stanley left in March the next year. Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1096 KB)This photograph of the David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls was taken by Tim Rogers on 5 October 2000. ... Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1096 KB)This photograph of the David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls was taken by Tim Rogers on 5 October 2000. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Motto: Uhuru na Umoja (Swahili: Freedom and Unity) Anthem: Mungu ibariki Afrika (God Bless Africa) Capital Stone Town Largest city Stone Town English, Lamu (de facto) Government Republic  - President Amani Abeid Karume  - Prime Minister Shamsi Vuai Nahodha Independence From the United Kingdom   - Tanganyika December 9, 1961   - Zanzibar December 19, 1963... Sir Henry Morton Stanley (also known as Bula Matari (Breaker of Rocks) in Congo), born John Rowlands (January 28, 1841 – May 10, 1904), was a 19th-century Welsh-born American journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his search for David Livingstone. ... The New York Herald was a large distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6, 1835 and 1924. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Ujiji is the oldest town in western Tanzania. ... Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in central Africa (3° 20 to 8° 48 South and from 29° 5 to 31° 15 East). ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Despite Stanley's urgings, Livingstone was determined not to leave Africa until his mission was complete. His illness made him confused and he had judgement difficulties at the end of his life. He accepted help from Arab slave merchants, looking to capture slaves. They used him to facilitate contact with local people. He died there, in Chief Cazembe's village on the southern shores of Lake Bangweulu (now in Zambia), on 1 May 1873 from malaria and internal bleeding caused by dysentery. His body, carried over a thousand miles by his loyal attendants Chuma and Susi, was returned to Britain for burial in Westminster Abbey. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Merchants function as professional traders, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Lake Bangweulu is a large but shallow lake in northern Zambia. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Malaria is an infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. ... Dysentery is an illness (formerly known as the bloody flux or simply flux) involving severe diarrhea that is often associated with blood in the feces. ... The Abbeys western façade The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to as Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often considered one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

1939 Film

In 1939, a popular film called Stanley and Livingstone was released, with Cedric Hardwicke as Livingstone and Spencer Tracy as Stanley. Stanley and Livingstone is a 1939 movie about reporter Henry M. Stanleys quest for Dr. David Livingstone, a missionary presumed lost in Africa. ... Sir Cedric Webster Hardwicke (February 19, 1893 - August 6, 1964) was a British actor. ... Spencer Tracy (left) in 1960s Inherit the Wind with Fredric March. ...

Legacy

The city of Livingstone, Zambia and the town of Livingstonia, Malawi are named after him, as is Livingstone Falls on the Congo River. The city of Blantyre, Malawi is named for Livingstone's birthplace in Scotland. Memorial to David Livingstone Livingstone, main street Livingstone also Maramba is a town and provincial capital in Zambia, located about 10 km from Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. ... Livingstone Falls, named for David Livingstone, is a rapids of the lower Congo River in west equatorial Africa below Malebo Pool. ... Blantyre is the largest city in Malawi and the capital of the countrys Southern Region as well as the Blantyre District. ...

References

Other Sources

• Holmes, Timothy. Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth. Edinburgh: Canongate Press, 1993.
• Jeal, Tim (1973). Livingstone. London: Heinemann, 427p. ISBN 0-434-37208-0.
• Martelli, George. Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition, 1858-1864. London: Chatto & Windus, 1970.
• Ross, Andrew C. David Livingstone: Mission and Empire. London and New York: Hambledon and London, 2002.
• Nourbese Philip, Marlene. Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence, Toronto: The Mercury Press, 1991.
• (in French:) Livingstone, David. Dernier Journal. Arléa, 1999 – ISBN 2-86959-449-6
• (in Dutch:) Eynikel, Hilde. Mrs. Livingstone: een biografie. Schuyt & Co, 2006 – ISBN 90-5826-347-9

Tim Jeal (born 1945) is a British novelist, and biographer of notable Victorian men. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Marlene Nourbese Philip, usually credited as M. NourbeSe Philip, is a Canadian novelist, poet and playwright. ...

See also

• David Livingstone Museum
• Thomas Baines
• John Kirk

The David Livingstone Centre is a museum dedicated to the work of the Scottish explorer and missionary David Livingstone. ... Self-portrait, c1865. ... John Kirk (Dec 19, 1832 – Jan 15, 1922) was a Scottish physician, naturalist, companion to explorer David Livingstone, and British administrator in Zanzibar. ...

External links

• Works by David Livingstone at Project Gutenberg
  • Missionary Travels And Researches In South Africa
  • A Popular Account Of Dr. Livingstone's Expedition To The Zambesi and its tributaries
  • The Personal Life of David Livingstone
• A Brief Biography of David Livingstone
• David Livingstone biography