David Livingstone
Born	March 19, 1813(1813-03-19) Blantyre, Scotland
Died	May 4, 1873 (aged 60) near Lake Bangweulu, Zambia
Occupation	Missionary and explorer

David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in central Africa. He was the first European to see Mosi-oa-Tunya (Victoria Falls), to which he gave the English name in honor of his monarch, Queen Victoria. He is the subject of the meeting with H. M. Stanley, which gave rise to the popular quotation, "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" Image File history File links David_livingstone. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Blantyre (Gaelic: Baile an t-Saoir) is a burgh in South Lanarkshire, Scotland with a population of about 17,000. ... This article is about the country. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Lake Bangweulu is a large but shallow lake in northern Zambia. ... For other uses, see Missionary (disambiguation). ... This list of explorers is sorted by surname. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the country. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation indepedently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... For other uses, see Missionary (disambiguation). ... The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ... This list of explorers is sorted by surname. ...  Central Africa  Middle Africa (UN subregion)  Central African Federation (defunct) Central Africa is a core region of the African continent often considered to include: Burundi Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Rwanda Middle Africa (as used by the United Nations when categorising geographic subregions) is an analogous... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Victoria Falls entrance At lower water levels, more of the First Gorge can be seen. ... Queen Victoria redirects here. ... Sir Henry Morton Stanley, also known in the Congo as Bula Matari (Breaker of Rocks or, alternatively, Sledge Hammer) , born John Rowlands (January 28, 1841 – May 10, 1904), was a journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his search for David Livingstone. ...

Perhaps one of the most popular national heroes of the late-nineteenth century in Victorian Britain, Livingstone's mythic status operated on a number of interconnected levels: that of Protestant missionary martyr, that of working-class "rags to riches" inspirational story, that of scientific investigator and explorer, that of imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader and advocate of commercial empire. The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ...

His fame as an explorer helped drive forward the obsession with discovering the sources of the Nile River that formed the culmination of the classic period of European geographical discovery and colonial penetration of the African continent. At the same time his missionary travels, "disappearance" and death in Africa, and subsequent glorification as posthumous national hero in 1874 led to the founding of several major central African Christian missionary initiatives carried forward in the era of the European "Scramble for Africa."^[1] The Nile (Arabic: , transliteration: , Ancient Egyptian iteru, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ...

Early life

Part of a series on Protestant missions to Africa

Robert Moffat

Background Christianity Protestantism Missions timeline Christianity in Africa Image File history File links Size of this preview: 416 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (629 × 906 pixel, file size: 19 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From: The lives of Robert and Mary Moffat; Moffat, John Smith, 1835-1918; New York : Armstrong; 1885 This image is in the public domain in the... Robert Moffat (born December 21, 1795 in Ormiston (Haddingtonshire); died August 9, 1883 in Leigh near Tunbridge Wells) was a Scottish Congregationalist missionary to Africa. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... Timeline of the spread of the Christian Gospel c. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

People William Anderson John Arthur Samuel Bill David Livingstone George Grenfell William Henry Sheppard Alexander Murdoch Mackay Helen Roseveare Mary Slessor Charles Studd Dr John Arthur in later life John William Arthur, OBE, MD (born Glasgow, 1881, died Edinburgh, 1952) was a medical missionary and Church of Scotland minister who served in British East Africa (Kenya) from 1907 to 1937. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... George Grenfell (1849-1906) was an English missionary and explorer. ... Reverend William Henry Sheppard (1865 - 1927) was one of the earliest African-Americans to become a missionary for the Presbyterian Church. ... Alexander Murdoch Mackay Alexander Murdoch Mackay (October 13, 1849 - February 4, 1890) was a Presbyterian missionary to Uganda. ... Dr. Helen Roseveare was an English Christian missionary to the Congo from 1953 to 1973. ... Mary Slessor Mary Slessor (2 December 1848 - 13 January 1915) was a Scottish missionary to Nigeria. ... Charles Thomas Studd was born 2 December 1860, Spratton, Northamptonshire, England, and died 16 July 1931, Ibambi, Belgian Congo. ...

Missionary agencies American Board Africa Inland Mission Baptist Missionary Society Congo-Balolo Mission Church Missionary Society Heart of Africa Mission Livingstone Inland Mission London Missionary Society Mission Africa Rhenish Missionary Society SPG WEC International Proposed in 1810 by recent graduates of Williams College and officially chartered in 1812, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) was the first American Christian foreign mission agency. ... Categories: Christianity-related stubs | Christian evangelicalism | Africa ... The Baptist Missionary Society (from 2000 BMS World Mission) is a Christian missionary society founded by Baptists from England around 1792AD. The original name of the society was the Particular Baptist Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Amongst the Heathen. ... The Church Mission Society (formerly the Church Missionary Society) is a voluntary society working with the Anglican Church and other Protestant Christians around the world. ... Formed by C.T. Studd in 1913 the Heart of Africa Mission later became more widely known as WEC International. ... The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ... Mission Africa (formerly known as the Qua Iboe Fellowship) is an interdenominational, evangelical, Christian mission organisation. ... The Rhenish Missionary Society was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. ... Seal of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG), formed in 1701, was a missionary organization of the Church of England. ... WEC logo WEC International is a Mission Agency founded in 1913 by Charles Studd (CT), the cricketer. ...

Pivotal events Slave Trade Act 1807 Slavery Abolition Act 1833 A replica of the slave ship the Zong, moored by Tower Bridge to mark 200 years since the Slave Trade Act 1807 (April 2007). ... The Slavery Abolition Act (citation ) was an 1833 Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire. ... This box: view • talk • edit

David Livingstone was born on March 19, 1813 in the mill town of Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotland,^[2] into a Protestant family believed to be descended from the highland Livingstones, a clan that had been previously known as the Clan MacLea. Born to Neil Livingstone (1788-1856) and his wife Agnes (1782-1865), David, along with many of the Livingstones, was employed in the cotton mill of H. Monteith - David and brother John working 12-hour days as "piecers," tying broken cotton threads on the spinning machines. is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Blantyre (Gaelic: Baile an t-Saoir) is a burgh in South Lanarkshire, Scotland with a population of about 17,000. ... Lanarkshire (Siorrachd Lannraig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... This article is about the country. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Lowland-Highland divide Highland Sign with welcome in English and Gaelic The Scottish Highlands (A Ghàidhealtachd in Gaelic) include the rugged and mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Clan map of Scotland Scottish clans (from Old Gaelic clann, children), give a sense of identity and shared descent to people in Scotland and to their relations throughout the world, with a formal structure of Clan Chiefs officially registered with the court of the Lord Lyon, King of Arms which... The Clan MacLea is a Highland Scottish clan, which was traditionally located in the district of Lorn in Argyll, Scotland. ...

David Livingstone's father Neil was very religious, a Sunday School teacher and teetotaller who handed out Christian tracts on his travels as a door to door tea salesman, and who read books on theology, travel and missionary enterprises. This rubbed off on the young David, who became an avid reader, but he also loved scouring the countryside for animal, plant and geological specimens in local limestone quarries. Neil Livingstone had a fear of science books as undermining Christianity and attempted to force him to read nothing but theology, but David's deep interest in nature and science led him to investigate the relationship between religion and science.^[3] When in 1832 he read Philosophy of a Future State by the science teacher, amateur astronomer and church minister Dr Thomas Dick, he found the rationale he needed to reconcile faith and science, and apart from the Bible this book was perhaps his greatest philosophical influence. ^[4] Sunday school, Indians and whites. ... Teetotalism is the principle or practice of complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages. ... Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, the earth) and λογος (logos, word, reason)) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it. ... Science and Religion are portrayed to be in harmony in the Tiffany window Education (1890). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      For other types of... Thomas Dick (1774 - 1857), a popular Scottish scientific teacher and writer known for his works on astronomy. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Philosophy (from the Greek words philos and sophia meaning love of wisdom) is understood in different ways historically and by different philosophers. ...

Other significant influences in his early life were Thomas Burke, a Blantyre evangelist and David Hogg, his Sunday School teacher.^[4] At age nineteen David and his father left the Church of Scotland for a local Congregational church, influenced by preachers like Ralph Wardlaw who denied predestinatarian limitations on salvation. Influenced by American revivalistic teachings, Livingstone's reading of the missionary Karl Gützlaff's "Appeal to the Churches of Britain and America on behalf of China" enabled him to persuade his father that medical study could advance religious ends. ^[5] Look up evangelist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Church of Scotland (CofS; Scottish Gaelic: ), known informally by its pre-Union Scots name, The Kirk, is the national church of Scotland. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... The statue of Wardlaw at his grave in the Glasgow Necropolis, overlooking the citys cathedral. ... Predestination (also linked with foreknowledge) is a religious concept, which involves the relationship between the beginning of things and their destinies. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Revival in... Karl Friedrich August Gützlaff, anglicized as Charles Gutzlaff, (8 July 1803–9 August 1851) was a German missionary to the Far East, notable as one of the first Protestant missionaries in Bangkok, and for his books about China. ...

Livingstone's experience from age ten to twenty-six in H. Montieth's Blantyre cotton mill, first as a piecer, later as a spinner was also important. Necessary to support his impoverished family, this work was monotonous but gave him persistence, endurance, and a natural empathy with all who labour, as expressed by lines he used to hum from the egalitarian Robbie Burns song: "When man to man, the world o'er / Shall brothers be for a' that".^[6]. A hand-turned spinning wheel in action Cones of yarn for industrial use Z-twist and S-twist yarns Spinning is the process of creating yarn (or thread, rope, cable) from various raw fiber materials. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: A Mans a Man for A That The Scots song Is There For Honest Poverty, by Robert Burns, is more commonly known as A Mans A Man For A That, and famous for its expression of egalitarian ideas of society...

His studies

Livingstone attended Blantyre village school along with the few other mill children with the endurance to do so, but a family with a strong, ongoing commitment to study also reinforced his education. After reading Gutzlaff's appeal for medical missionaries for China in 1834, he began saving money and in 1836 entered Anderson's College in Glasgow, founded to bring science and technology to ordinary folk, and attended Greek and theology lectures at the University of Glasgow.^[7] In addition, he attended divinity lectures by Wardlaw, a leader at this time of vigorous anti-slavery campaigning in the city. Shortly after he applied to join the London Missionary Society (LMS) and was accepted subject to missionary training. He continued his medical studies in London while training there and in Essex to be a minister under the supervision of the LMS. ^[5] Despite his impressive personality, he was a poor preacher and would have been rejected by the LMS had not the Director given him a second chance to pass the course.^[4] The University of Strathclyde (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a university in Glasgow, Scotland. ... The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA // – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ... Master of Theology (MTh) Dentistry Nursing Affiliations Russell Group Universitas 21 Website http://www. ... The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Livingstone hoped to go to China as a missionary, but the First Opium War broke out in September 1839 and the LMS suggested the West Indies instead. In 1840, while continuing his medical studies in London, Livingstone met LMS missionary Robert Moffat, on leave from Kuruman, a missionary outpost in South Africa, north of the Orange River. Excited by Moffat's vision of expanding missionary work northwards, and influenced by abolitionist T.F. Buxton's arguments that the African slave trade might be destroyed through the influence of "legitimate trade" and the spread of Christianity; Livingstone focused his ambitions on Southern Africa. ^[5] He was deeply influenced by Moffat's judgement that he was the right person to go to the vast plains to the north of Bechuanaland, where he had glimpsed "the smoke of a thousand villages, where no missionary had ever been".^[4] Combat at Guangzhou during the Second Opium War The Opium Wars (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or the Anglo-Chinese Wars were two wars fought around the middle of the 19th century (1839-1842 and 1858-1860 respectively)[1] that were the climax of a long dispute between China and... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... Robert Moffat (born December 21, 1795 in Ormiston (Haddingtonshire); died August 9, 1883 in Leigh near Tunbridge Wells) was a Scottish Congregationalist missionary to Africa. ... Kuruman is a town in Northern Cape Province, South Africa, famous for its scenic beauty and the Eye, a geographic phenomenon bringing water from deep underground to the surface in the Kalahari Desert. ... Thomas Fowell Buxton (1786 – 1845) was a British Member of Parliament and social reformer. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | Southern Africa ... The Bechuanaland Protectorate (BP) was a protectorate established in 1885 by Britain in the area of what is now Botswana. ...

Missionary work in southern Africa

Livingstone was assigned to Kuruman by the LMS and sailed in December 1840, arrived at Moffat's mission, now part of South Africa, in July 1841. Upon arrival, Livingstone was disappointed at the unexpectedly small size of the village and an indigenous Christian population, after Moffat's twenty years of work, of only about forty communicants and a congregation of 350. Reasoning that conversions would be more likely if the missionaries were themselves indigenous converts, Livingstone rapidly attached himself to the plans of missionary Rogers Edwards to found a mission farther north in territory increasingly disturbed by traders, hunters, and Afrikaner settlers.^[8] Setting up the new mission at Mabotswa among the Kgatla people in 1844, he was mauled by a lion which might have killed him if it had not been distracted by the African teacher Mebalwe, who was also badly injured. Both recovered but Livingstone's arm was partially disabled and caused him pain for the rest of his life.^[4]

Robert Moffat arrived in Kuruman with his family in December 1843, and shortly afterward Livingstone married Moffat's eldest daughter Mary on January 2, 1845. She was also Scottish but had lived in Africa since she was four. After falling out with Edwards he moved to an out-station at Chonuane among the Kwena under chief Sechele, and finally moved with the Kwena to Kolobeng in 1847 under pressure of drought. Mary travelled with Livingstone for a brief time at his insistence, despite her pregnancy and the protests of the Moffats.^[4] She gave birth to a daughter, Agnes, in May 1847, and at Kolobeng began an infant's school while Livingstone worked on a philological analysis of the Setswana language, in which he had become fluent. The first and only Christian convert of Livingstone's career was made in Kolobeng when Sechele was baptized after renouncing all but his senior wife, although he was later denied communion after he took back one of his previous wives. Livingstone always emphasized the importance of understanding local custom and belief as well as the necessity of encouraging Africans to proselytize, however he always had acute difficulties finding converts he considered suited for training to be missionaries.^[5] As he realized, unlike many observers before him, Christianity was a radical threat to African society and unity, particularly when condemnations of civil rituals that bound Africans together were made in the name of "civilization" and when simplistic demands for the abandonment of polygamy were made in the name of morality. Increasingly aware of the complexities of transmitting a culturally constructed faith like Christianity into communities whose language (like Setswana) made no distinction between spiritual and sexual "love," which, he believed, had no term for "the soul," and which had little concept of "sin" in the European sense, Livingstone grew increasingly frustrated with settled missionary strategies and more willing to imagine more unconventional missionary methods.^[8] As Livingstone began to plan for new missionary initiatives, he recognized the difficulties presented by his growing family, and in 1849 he sent his family (now including daughter Agnes and sons Robert and Thomas) back to Kuruman as he planned further inland travels.^[5] Later Mary and David's family returned to England, but came to Africa again on the Zambezi Expedition. Tswana, also known as Setswana, is a Bantu language. ...

Exploration of southern and central Africa

After the Kolobeng mission had to be closed due to drought, he explored the African interior to the north, in the period 1852–56, and was the first European to see the Mosi-oa-Tunya ("the smoke that thunders") waterfall (which he renamed Victoria Falls after his monarch, Queen Victoria). A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Victoria Falls entrance At lower water levels, more of the First Gorge can be seen. ... Queen Victoria redirects here. ...

Livingstone was one of the first Westerners to make a transcontinental journey across Africa, Luanda on the Atlantic to Quelimane on the Indian Ocean near the mouth of the Zambezi, in 1854-56.^[4] Despite attempts especially by the Portuguese, the great peninsula of central and southern Africa had not been crossed by Europeans at that latitude owing to their susceptibility to malaria, dysentery and sleeping sickness which was prevalent in the interior and which also prevented use of draught animals (oxen and horses), as well as to the opposition of powerful chiefs and tribes, such as the Lozi, and the Lunda of Mwata Kazembe. For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ... Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the largest city and capital of Angola. ... The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ... Quelimane (pronounced Kelly-mane) is a seaport in Mozambique, with a population of 153,187 (1997 census). ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... A peninsula in Croatia A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered on three or more sides by water. ... This article is about the geographical term. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... Sleeping sickness or African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease in people and animals, caused by protozoa of genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly. ... A draught animal is a (semi-)domesticated animal used for transport and haulage (the heavy labour of pulling carts, hauling timber and ploughing fields are examples). ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... The flag of the Lozi people The Lozi people are an ethnic group primarily of western Zambia, inhabiting the region of Barotseland. ... The Lunda people of the Luapula River valley in Zambia and DR Congo are called by others the Eastern Lunda to distinguish them from the western Lunda people who remained in the heartland of the former Lunda Kingdom, but they themselves would use Kazembe-Lunda to make that distinction. ... This article is about the Kazembe kings and chiefs. ...

The qualities and approaches which gave Livingstone an advantage as an explorer were that he usually travelled lightly, and he had an ability to reassure chiefs that he was not a threat. Other expeditions had dozens of soldiers armed with rifles and scores of porters carrying supplies, and were seen as military incursions or were mistaken for slave-raiding parties. Livingstone on the other hand travelled on most of his journeys with a few servants and porters, bartering for supplies along the way, with a couple of guns for protection. He preached a Christian message but did not force it on unwilling ears; he understood the ways of local chiefs and successfully negotiated passage through their territory, and was often hospitably received and aided, even by Mwata Kazembe.^[4]

Livingstone was a proponent of trade and Christian missions to be established in central Africa. His motto, inscribed in the base of the statue to him at Victoria Falls, was "Christianity, Commerce and Civilisation." At this time he believed the key to achieving these goals was the navigation of the Zambezi River as a Christian commercial highway into the interior.^[9] He returned to Britain to try to garner support for his ideas, and to publish a book on his travels which brought him fame as one of the leading explorers of the age. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Civilization (disambiguation). ... Zambezi River in North Western Zambia The Zambezi (also spelled Zambesi) is a river in Southern Africa. ...

Believing he had a spiritual calling for exploration rather than mission work, and encouraged by the response in Britain to his discoveries and support for future expeditions, in 1857 he resigned from the London Missionary Society.^[4]

Zambezi expedition

The British government agreed to fund Livingstone's idea and he returned to Africa as head of the Zambezi Expedition to examine the natural resources of southeastern Africa and open up the River Zambezi. Unfortunately it turned out to be completely unnavigable past the Cabora Bassa rapids, a series of cataracts and rapids that Livingstone had failed to explore on his earlier travels.^[9] The Cahora Bassa lake is southern Africas second-largest artificial lake, situated in the Tete Province in Mozambique. ... For other uses, see Waterfall (disambiguation). ... A rapid is a section of a river where it loses elevation over a relatively short distance (that is, the stream gradient is locally steepened), causing an increase in water flow and (usually) turbulence. ...

The expedition lasted from March 1858 until the middle of 1864. Livingstone was an inexperienced leader and had trouble managing a large-scale project. The artist Thomas Baines was dismissed from the expedition on charges (which he vigorously denied) of theft. Livingstone's wife Mary died on 29 April 1863 of malaria, but Livingstone continued to explore, eventually returning home in 1864 after the government ordered the recall of the Expedition. The Zambezi Expedition was castigated as a failure in many newspapers of the time, and Livingstone experienced great difficulty in raising funds further to explore Africa. Nevertheless, the scientists appointed to work under Livingstone, John Kirk, Charles Meller, and Richard Thornton did contribute large collections of botanic, ecological, geological and ethnographic material to scientific institutions in the UK. Self-portrait, c1865. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... John Kirk (Dec 19, 1832 – Jan 15, 1922) was a Scottish physician, naturalist, companion to explorer David Livingstone, and British administrator in Zanzibar. ...

Source of the Nile

In January 1866, Livingstone returned to Africa, this time to Zanzibar, from where he set out to seek the source of the Nile. Richard Francis Burton, John Hanning Speke and Samuel Baker had (although there was still serious debate on the matter) identified either Lake Albert or Lake Victoria as the source (which was partially correct, as the Nile "bubbles from the ground high in the mountains of Burundi halfway between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria" ^[10]). Finding the Lualaba River, Livingstone decided it was the "real" Nile, but in fact it is the Upper Congo River. Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar is part of Tanzania Coordinates: , Country Tanzania Islands Unguja and Pemba Capital Zanzibar City Settled AD 1000 Government  - Type semi-autonomous part of Tanzania  - President Amani Abeid Karume Area  - Both Islands  637 sq mi (1,651 km²) Population (2004)  - Both Islands 1,070... The Nile (Arabic: , transliteration: , Ancient Egyptian iteru, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. ... For other persons named Richard Burton, see Richard Burton (disambiguation). ... John Hanning Speke (May 4, 1827 – September 15, 1864) was an officer in the British Indian army, who made three voyages of exploration to Africa. ... Sir Samuel White Baker (8 June 1821-30 December 1893) was an English explorer. ... For other uses, see Lake Albert (disambiguation). ... For other places with the same name, see Lake Victoria (disambiguation). ... Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in central Africa (3° 20 to 8° 48 South and from 29° 5 to 31° 15 East). ... For other places with the same name, see Lake Victoria (disambiguation). ... The Lualaba is the headstream of the Congo River, running from the vicinity of Lubumbashi north to Kisangani, where the Congo officially begins. ... Image of Kinshasa and Brazzaville, taken by NASA; the Congo River is visible in the center of the photograph Length 4,380 km Elevation of the source m Average discharge 41,800 m³/s Area watershed 3,680,000 km² Origin Mouth Atlantic Ocean Basin countries Dem. ...

Geographical discoveries

Although Livingstone was wrong about the Nile, he discovered for western science numerous geographical features, such Lake Ngami, Lake Malawi, and Lake Bangweulu in addition to Victoria Falls mentioned above. He filled in details of Lake Tanganyika, Lake Mweru and the course of many rivers, especially the upper Zambezi, and his observations enabled large regions to be mapped which previously had been blank. Even so, the furthest north he reached, the north end of Lake Tanganyika, was still south of the Equator and he did not penetrate the rainforest of the River Congo any further downstream than Ntangwe near Misisi.^[11] Lake Ngami is a lake in Botswana north of the Kalahari desert. ... Lake Malawi (also known as Lake Nyasa, Lake Nyassa, Lake Niassa, and Lago Niassa in Mozambique), is the most southerly lake in the Great African Rift Valley system. ... Lake Bangweulu is a large but shallow lake in northern Zambia. ... Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in central Africa (3° 20 to 8° 48 South and from 29° 5 to 31° 15 East). ... Lake Mweru is a lake located on the border between Zambia and Democratic Republic of the Congo, about 150 km west of the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. ... World map showing the equator in red In tourist areas, the equator is often marked on the sides of roads The equator marked as it crosses Ilhéu das Rolas, in São Tomé and Príncipe. ... Image of Kinshasa and Brazzaville, taken by NASA; the Congo River is visible in the center of the photograph Length 4,380 km Elevation of the source m Average discharge 41,800 m³/s Area watershed 3,680,000 km² Origin Mouth Atlantic Ocean Basin countries Dem. ...

Livingstone was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London and was made a fellow of the society, with which he had a strong association for the rest of his life.^[4] The Royal Geographical Society is a British learned society founded in 1830 with the name Geographical Society of London for the advancement of geographical science, under the patronage of King William IV. It absorbed the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa (founded by Sir Joseph... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

Livingstone and slavery

"And if my disclosures regarding the terrible Ujijian slavery should lead to the suppression of the East Coast slave trade, I shall regard that as a greater matter by far than the discovery of all the Nile sources together" - Livingstone in a letter to the editor of the New York Herald.^[12]

Livingstone's letters, books and journals ^[13] did stir up public support for the abolition of slavery.^[14] However he became humiliatingly dependent for assistance on the very slave-traders whom he wanted to put out of business. Because he was a poor leader of his peers, he ended up on his last expedition as an individualist explorer with servants and porters but no expert support around him. At the same time he did not use the brutal methods of maverick explorers such as Stanley to keep his retinue of porters in line and his supplies secure. For these reasons from 1867 onwards he accepted help and hospitality from Mohamad Bogharib and Mohamad bin Saleh (also known as Mpamari), traders who kept and traded in slaves, as he recounts in his journals. They in turn benefited from Livingstone's influence with local people, which facilitated Mpamari's release from bondage to Mwata Kazembe.^[13] Sir Henry Morton Stanley, also known in the Congo as Bula Matari (Breaker of Rocks or, alternatively, Sledge Hammer) , born John Rowlands (January 28, 1841 – May 10, 1904), was a journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his search for David Livingstone. ... Slave redirects here. ... Mwata Kazembe XVII Paul Kanyembo Lutaba in 1961 For more than 250 years Kazembe has been an influential kingdom or chieftainship of the Chibemba-speaking Lunda people of south-central Africa[1] (also known as the ‘Luunda’, ‘Eastern Lunda’, and ‘Lunda-Kazembe’). Its position on trade routes in a well...

Livingstone was also furious to discover some of the replacement porters sent at his request from Ujiji were slaves.^[13]

Illness, pain and death

Henry Morton Stanley meets David Livingstone

David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls, the first statue on the Zimbabwean side.

A new statue of David Livingstone on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls

Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world for six years and was ill for most of the last four years of his life. Only one of his 44 letter dispatches made it to Zanzibar. Henry Morton Stanley, who had been sent to find him by the New York Herald newspaper in 1869, found Livingstone in the town of Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika on November 10, 1871,^[15] greeting him with the now famous words "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" These famous words may be a fabrication, as Stanley has torn out the pages of this encounter in his diary.^[16] Even Livingstone's account of this encounter doesn't mention these words. However, the phrase appears in a New York Herald editorial dated 10 August, 1872 and the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography both quote it without questioning its validity. Image File history File links Stanley_and_Livingstone. ... Image File history File links Stanley_and_Livingstone. ... Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1096 KB)This photograph of the David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls was taken by Tim Rogers on 5 October 2000. ... Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1096 KB)This photograph of the David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls was taken by Tim Rogers on 5 October 2000. ... Victoria Falls entrance At lower water levels, more of the First Gorge can be seen. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 250 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): David Livingstone Metadata This file contains... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 250 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): David Livingstone Metadata This file contains... Victoria Falls entrance At lower water levels, more of the First Gorge can be seen. ... Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar is part of Tanzania Coordinates: , Country Tanzania Islands Unguja and Pemba Capital Zanzibar City Settled AD 1000 Government  - Type semi-autonomous part of Tanzania  - President Amani Abeid Karume Area  - Both Islands  637 sq mi (1,651 km²) Population (2004)  - Both Islands 1,070... Sir Henry Morton Stanley, also known in the Congo as Bula Matari (Breaker of Rocks or, alternatively, Sledge Hammer) , born John Rowlands (January 28, 1841 – May 10, 1904), was a journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his search for David Livingstone. ... The New York Herald was a large distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6, 1835 and 1924. ... Ujiji is the oldest town in western Tanzania. ... Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in central Africa (3° 20 to 8° 48 South and from 29° 5 to 31° 15 East). ... is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

A possibly apocryphal story is included in Presidential Elections by Paul F. Boller, Jr. (1985). The story goes that Stanley told Livingstone what had occurred in Europe and America during his expedition; among othere things he said that the 1872 U. S. presidential election campaign had begun and the Democratic Party had nominated Horace Greeley. Livingstone stopped Stanley there; he said, "You have told me curious things and wonderful, but there is a limit--when you tell me the Democrats have nominated Greeley for President I am hanged if I will believe it." Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician. ...

Some in Burundi claim the famous meeting took place 12 km south of Bujumbura at the spot marked by the Livingstone-Stanley Monument, Mugere, but that marks a visit they made 15 days after their first meeting - see linked article for references - on their joint exploration of the north end of Lake Tanganyika, which ended when Stanley left in March the next year. Bujumbura, estimated population 300,000 (1994), is the capital of Burundi. ... The stone monument at Mugere, south of Bujumbura An engraving can just been seen on this close-up. ...

Despite Stanley's urgings, Livingstone was determined not to leave Africa until his mission was complete. His illness made him confused and he had judgment difficulties at the end of his life. He explored the Lualaba and failing to find connections to the Nile, returned to Lake Bangweulu and its swamps to explore possible rivers flowing out northwards.^[13] Lake Bangweulu is a large but shallow lake in northern Zambia. ...

David Livingstone died in that area in Chief Chitambo's village at Ilala southeast of Lake Bangweulu in Zambia, on 1 May 1873 from malaria and internal bleeding caused by dysentery. He took his final breaths while kneeling in prayer at his bedside. (His journal indicates that the date of his death would have been 1 May, but his attendants noted the date as 4 May, which they carved on a tree and later reported; this is the date on his grave.) Livingstone's heart was buried under a Mvula tree near the spot where he died, now the site of the Livingstone Memorial. His body together with his journal was carried over a thousand miles by his loyal attendants Chuma and Susi, and was returned to Britain for burial in Westminster Abbey.^[4] is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... The Livingstone Memorial built in 1902 marks the spot where missionary explorer David Livingstone died on 1 or 4 May 1873[1] in Chief Chitambos village at Ilala near the edge of the Bangweulu Swamps in Zambia. ... Chuma and Susi were loyal servants of explorer David Livingstone. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

Livingstone's legacy

By the late 1860s Livingstone's reputation in Europe had suffered owing to the failure of the missions he set up, and of the Zambezi Expedition; and his ideas about the source of the Nile were not supported. His expeditions were hardly models of order and organisation.^[9]

His reputation was rehabilitated by Stanley and his newspaper,^[9] and by the loyalty of Livingstone's servants whose long journey with his body inspired wonder. The publication of his last journal revealed stubborn determination in the face of suffering.^[4]

He had made geographical discoveries for European knowledge. He inspired abolitionists of the slave trade, explorers and missionaries. He opened up Central Africa to missionaries who initiated the education and health care for Africans, and trade by the African Lakes Company. He was held in some esteem by many African chiefs and local people and his name facilitated relations between them and the British.^[4] The African Lakes Company (ALC) was an early business operating in the from the 1880s in the area of Nyasaland, now Malawi. ...

Partly as a result, within fifty years of his death, colonial rule was established in Africa and white settlement was encouraged to extend further into the interior.

On the other hand, within a further fifty years after that, two other aspects of his legacy paradoxically helped end the colonial era in Africa without excessive bloodshed. Livingstone was part of an evangelical and nonconformist movement in Britain which during the 19th century changed the national mindset from the notion of a divine right to rule 'lesser races', to ethical ideas in foreign policy which, with other factors, contributed to the end the British Empire.^[17] Secondly, Africans educated in mission schools founded by people inspired by Livingstone were at the forefront of national independence movements in central, eastern and southern Africa.^[18]

Family Life

While Livingstone had a great impact on British Imperialism, he did so at a tremendous cost to his family. In his absences, his children grew up fatherless, and his wife Mary (daughter of Mary and Robert Moffat) eventually died of malaria trying to follow him in Africa. He had six children: Robert, Agnes, Thomas, Elizabeth (who died two months after her birth), William (nicknamed Zouga for the river along which he was born) and Anna Mary. His one regret in later life was that he did not spend enough time with his children.^[19] Robert Moffat (born December 21, 1795 in Ormiston (Haddingtonshire); died August 9, 1883 in Leigh near Tunbridge Wells) was a Scottish Congregationalist missionary to Africa. ...

Places named in his honor and other memorials

In Africa

• The Livingstone Memorial in Ilala, Zambia marks where he died.
• The city of Livingstone, Zambia which includes a memorial in front of the Livingstone Museum and a new statue erected in 2005.^[20]
• The Rhodes-Livingstone Institute in Livingstone and Lusaka, Zambia, 1940s to 1970s, was a pioneering research institution in urban anthropology.
• David Livingstone Teachers Training College, Livingstone, Zambia
• The David Livingstone Memorial statue at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, erected in 1954 on the western bank of the falls.
• A new statue of David Livingstone was erected in November 2005 on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls.^[20]
• A plaque was unveiled in November 2005 at Livingstone Island on the lip of Victoria Falls marking where Livingstone stood to get his first view of the falls.^[20]
• The town of Livingstonia, Malawi.
• The city of Blantyre, Malawi is named for his birthplace in Lanarkshire, Scotland, and includes a memorial.
• The David Livingstone Scholarships for students at the University of Malawi, funded through Strathclyde University, Scotland.
• The Kipengere Range in south-west Tanzania at the north-eastern end of Lake Malawi is also called the Livingstone Mountains
• Livingstone Falls on the River Congo, named by Stanley.
• The Livingstone Inland Mission, a Baptist mission to the Congo Free State 1877-1884, located in what is now Kinshasa.
• A memorial in Ujiji commemorates his meeting with Stanley.
• The Livingstone-Stanley Monument, Mugere, Burundi marks a spot that Livingstone and Stanley visited on their exploration of Lake Tanganyika, mistaken by some as the first meeting place of the two explorers.
• There is a memorial to Livingstone at the ruins of the Kolobeng Mission, 40 km west of Gaborone, Botswana.
• The church tower of the Catholic Holy Ghost Mission in Bagamoyo, Tanzania is called Livingstone Tower because his body was laid down there for one night before it was shipped to London.
• Livingstone House in Stone Town, Zanzibar, provided by the Sultan for Livingstone's use, January to March 1866, to prepare his last expedition; the house was purchased by the Zanzibar government in 1947.
• Plaque commemorating his departure from Mikindani on his final expedition on the wall of the house that has been built over the house he reputedly stayed in.

The Livingstone Memorial built in 1902 marks the spot where missionary explorer David Livingstone died on 1 or 4 May 1873[1] in Chief Chitambos village at Ilala near the edge of the Bangweulu Swamps in Zambia. ... Memorial to David Livingstone Livingstone, main street Livingstone also Maramba is a town and provincial capital in Zambia, located about 10 km from Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. ... Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. ... Victoria Falls from the far side of the gorge Victoria Falls is one of the worlds most spectacular waterfalls. ... Livingstonia is a town located in the Northern Region district of Karonga in Malawi. ... Blantyre is the largest city in Malawi and the capital of the countrys Southern Region as well as the Blantyre District. ... Lanarkshire (Siorrachd Lannraig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... This article is about the country. ... The University of Malawi is an educational institution located in Zomba, in Southern Malawi. ... The Kipengere Range, also known as the Livingstone Mountains, lies in southwest Tanzania at the northern end of Lake Malawi. ... Lake Malawi (also known as Lake Nyasa, Lake Nyassa, Lake Niassa, and Lago Niassa in Mozambique), is the most southerly lake in the Great African Rift Valley system. ... Livingstone Falls, named for David Livingstone, is a rapids of the lower Congo River in west equatorial Africa below Malebo Pool. ... Capital Boma Government Monarchy Ruler and owner Leopold II of Belgium Historical era New Imperialism  - Established 1885  - Annexation by Belgium 15 November, 1908 The Congo Free State was a corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II, King of the Belgians through a dummy non-governmental organization, the Association Internationale Africaine. ... Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville or, before 1960, also Leopoldstad) is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... Ujiji is the oldest town in western Tanzania. ... The stone monument at Mugere, south of Bujumbura An engraving can just been seen on this close-up. ... Satellite image of Gaborone Location of Gaborone in Botswana Gaborone (pron. ... The town of Bagamoyo is the oldest town in Tanzania, founded by the end of the 18th century. ... Stone Town or Mji Mkongwe, in Swahili, is the old part of Zanzibar City, the capital of the island of Zanzibar, a part of Tanzania. ... Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar is part of Tanzania Coordinates: , Country Tanzania Islands Unguja and Pemba Capital Zanzibar City Settled AD 1000 Government  - Type semi-autonomous part of Tanzania  - President Amani Abeid Karume Area  - Both Islands  637 sq mi (1,651 km²) Population (2004)  - Both Islands 1,070... Sayyid Majid bin Said Al-Busaid (1834/1835 - October 7, 1870) was the first Sultan of Zanzibar. ... Mikindani [translation: young palm trees], is a coastal African, Swahili town in south-eastern Tanzania. ...

In Scotland

• A statue stands near the base of the Scott Monument in the Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh, Scotland.
• The David Livingstone Centre in Blantyre, Scotland is a museum in his honour.
• David Livingstone Memorial Primary School in his birthplace, Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotland.
• David Livingstone Memorial Church of the Church of Scotland, in Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotland.
• A bust of David Livingstone is among those of famous Scotsmen in the William Wallace Memorial near Stirling, Scotland.
• Strathclyde University, Glasgow (successor to Anderson's University), commemorates him in the David Livingstone Institute for International Development Studies, the David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability, and Livingstone Tower.
• The David Livingstone (Anderson College) Memorial Prize in Physiology commemorates him at the University of Glasgow.

Edinburgh viewed from Arthurs Seat. ... The David Livingstone Centre is a museum dedicated to the work of the explorer and missionary David Livingstone. ... This article is about the location in Scotland. ... Broad St at the heart of Stirlings Old Town on a rare snowy day This article is about the Scottish city. ... The University of Strathclyde in Scotland is a top research-led British University which originated as Andersons Institution in 1796. ... Master of Theology (MTh) Dentistry Nursing Affiliations Russell Group Universitas 21 Website http://www. ...

In London

• His grave is marked in Westminster Abbey, London.
• The Royal Geographic Society has a statue of Livingstone in the hall of their London headquarters.
• The London Missionary Society named their headquarters Livingstone House, in Carteret St SW1.
• David Livingstone Primary School, Thornton Heath, Croydon
• Livingstone Primary School, New Barnet, London

The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Royal Geographical Society with the associated Institute of British Geographers is a learned society of geography and geographers. ...

In Canada

• The Livingstone Range of mountains in southern Alberta
• David Livingstone Elementary School, Vancouver
• David Livingstone Community School, Winnipeg
• Bronze bust in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Relief of Alberta Mount Andromeda Mount Arethusa View from Lake Louise Cascade Mountain Castle Mountain Mount Columbia Crownest Mountain Mount Edith Cavell Grotto Mountain Heart Mountain Mount John Laurie (Yamnuska) Mount Kitchener Mount Michener Pyramid Mountain Roche a Perdrix Mount Rundle Mount Temple Three Sisters Valley of the Ten Peaks... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ... Motto: E Mari Merces(Latin) From the Sea, Wealth Coordinates: , Country Province Established April 1, 1996 Government  - Type Regional Municipality  - Mayor Peter Kelly  - Governing body Halifax Regional Council  - MPs List of MPs Alexa McDonough Geoff Regan Michael Savage Peter Stoffer (Bill Casey) (Gerald Keddy) (Peter MacKay)  - MLAs List of MLAs... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 11 Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867...

In USA

• Livingstone College, Salisbury, North Carolina
• Livingstone Adventist Academy, Salem, Oregon

Livingstone College is a private, historically black, four-year college in Salisbury, North Carolina. ... Nickname: Location in Marion and Polk Counties, state of Oregon Coordinates: , Country State Counties Marion, Polk Founded 1842 Government  - Mayor Janet Taylor Area  - City  46. ...

In popular culture

• In the film The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Arthur Dent dresses up as Dr Livingstone at a fancy dress party.
• In 1939, a popular film called Stanley and Livingstone was released, with Cedric Hardwicke as Livingstone and Spencer Tracy as Stanley, portraying the works Livingstone did in Africa.
• "Dr Livingstone, I Presume" is a song on the 1968 Moody Blues album, In Search of the Lost Chord.
• Mountains of the Moon is a 1990 film in which Livingstone is portrayed by Bernard Hill.
• "What about Livingstone" is a song by Swedish pop group ABBA on the album "Waterloo".
• Livingstone appears on the album cover for The Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The cover was a collage made by artist Peter Blake. Livingstone appears in the third row.
• "Doctor Livingstone" is a song by