Henry David Reginald Margesson, 1st Viscount Margesson, of Rugby (July 26, 1890 – December 24, 1965) was a British Conservative politician most popularly remembered for his tenure as Government Chief Whip in the 1930s. His reputation was of a stern disciplinarian who was one of the harshest and most effective whips. This assessment has, however, been challenged by some, who argue from weaknesses of his system, and the number of high-profile rebellions during his tenure. is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Chief Whip is a political office in some legislatures assigned to an elected member whose task is to administer the whipping system that ensures that members of the party attend and vote as the party leadership desires. ... Face The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... In politics, a whip is a member of a political party in a legislature whose task is to ensure that members of the party attend and vote as the party leadership desires. ... Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The son of Sir Mortimer Margesson, he grew up in Worcestershire and was educated at Harrow School. and Magdalene College, Cambridge. He did not complete his degree, choosing instead to seek his fortune in the United States of America; but the First World War intervened. Worcestershire (pronounced ; abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England. ... Harrow School, (originally: The Free Grammar School of John Lyon; generally: Harrow), is one of the worlds most famous schools. ... Full name The College of Saint Mary Magdalene Motto Garde ta Foy Keep your Faith Named after Mary Magdalene Previous names Buckingham College Established 1428 Sister College(s) Magdalen College Master Duncan Robinson Location Magdalene Street Undergraduates 335 Postgraduates 169 Homepage Boatclub Magdalene College (pronounced ) was founded in 1428 as... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

Margesson served as an adjutant in the 11th Hussars. After the war he entered politics at the suggestion of Lord Lee of Fareham. In the 1922 general election he was elected as Member of Parliament for Upton. Adjutant is a military rank or appointment. ... The 11th Hussars (Prince Alberts Own) was a British Army cavalry regiment. ... The UK general election of 1922 was held on 15th November 1922. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ... Upton was a parliamentary constituency in East London which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until it was abolished for the 1950 general election. ...

Very soon after his election he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Labour Anderson Montague-Barlow. In the 1923 general election he lost his seat, but at the 1924 general election he returned to Parliament for Rugby, the seat for which he would sit for the next eighteen years, defeating the future Liberal National leader Ernest Brown in the process. A Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) is a junior role given to a United Kingdom Member of Parliament (MP). ... Minister of Labour re-directs here. ... Sir (Clement) Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet KBE , PC (28 February 1868 – 31 May 1951) was an English Barrister and Conservative Party politician. ... The UK general election of 1923 was held on 5th December 1923. ... The 1924 UK general election was held on 29th October 1924. ... Rugby is a local government district and borough in eastern Warwickshire, England. ... National Liberal Party was a name used by two groups of politicians, who had formerly been associated with the Liberal Party. ... Alfred Ernest Brown CH (August 27, 1881-February 16, 1962) was a British politician who served as leader of the National Liberals from 1940 until 1945. ...

Margesson was appointed as an Assistant Government Whip, then two years later he became a more senior whip with the title Junior Lord of the Treasury. He held this until the Conservative's defeat in the 1929 general election and in August 1931 he was reappointed to the same position upon the formation of the National Government. Following the November 1931 general election he was promoted to the senior position of Government Chief Whip. In the United Kingdom, there are at least six Lords of the Treasury who serve concurrently. ... The 1929 UK general election was held on 30th May 1929, and resulted in a hung parliament. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In the United Kingdom the term National Government is in an abstract sense used to refer to a coalition of some or all UK major political parties. ... The UK general election on Tuesday 27 October 1931 was the last in the United Kingdom not held on a Thursday. ...

Margesson's position was in many ways unprecedented,having the task of keeping in power a grouping composed of the Conservatives, National Labour and two groups of Liberals - the official Liberal Party and the Liberal National Party all behind a single government that sought to stand above partisan politics. With the government as whole commanding the support of five hundred and fifty-six MPs, as opposed to just fifty-eight opposition members, his main task was to ensure that the government stayed together and was ableto pass contentious legislation without risking a major breach within the government. In several areas this proved tricky as different sections of the National combination came to denounce areas of government policy. Margesson adopted a method of strong disciplinarianism, combined with selective use of patronage and the social effect of ostracism to secure every vote possible. Despite this he remained a much liked individual, with many members expressing personal admiration for him. Away from his duties he was known to be quite sociable and within the parliamentary party few bore him ill. This article is about the political party that existed from 1931-1945. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... National Liberal Party was a name used by two groups of politicians, who had formerly been associated with the Liberal Party. ...

A major faultline lay over the question of introducing protective tariffs on imports as a prelude to negotiating a customs union within the British Empire. This proposed policy had deeply divided the Conservatives over the previous thirty years, but by now they, along with most of the National Labour and Liberal National members of the government had become in favour of the policy amidst the chaos of the Great Depression. However the Liberal Party remained committed to the principle of Free Trade and were deeply reluctant to compromise. Whilst the Liberals themselves barely commanded the support of thirty-three MPs, they were one of only two parties in the government with a long independent history and there were fears that their withdrawal would turn the National Government into a mere Conservative rump, something the National Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald wished to avoid. At one stage it was agreed that members of the cabinet would suspend the principle of collective responsibility and "agree to differ" on the issue of tariffs. Matters were complicated further by the question of Cabinet appointments. When the Liberal President of the Board of Education Sir Donald Maclean died, Margesson insisted that to appoint another Liberal merely on the basis of party balance would inflame tensions amongst Conservative MPs, potentially lead to a poor appointment and maintain an imbalance since the Liberals had one more Cabinet Minister than the Liberal Nationals (and the National Labour Lord Privy Seal Lord Snowden was increasingly siding with the Liberals on all key divisions, thus providing a surrogate), despite the latter having two more MPs. The appointment of the Conservative Lord Irwin upset the Liberals who could not secure an assurance that the next Cabinet vacancy would be filled by a Liberal. Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over... A customs union is a free trade area with a Common External Tariff. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... The Great Depression was a dramatic, worldwide economic downturn beginning in some countries as early as 1928. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... James Ramsay MacDonald (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Cabinet collective responsibility is constitutional convention in the states that use the Westminster System. ... The Secretary of State for Education and Skills is the chief minister of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom government. ... Sir Donald Maclean (January 9, 1864 – June 15, 1932), was a Liberal politician in the United Kingdom. ... The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is one of the traditional sinecure offices in the British Cabinet. ... Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden (July 18, 1864 - May 15, 1937) was a British politician, and the first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer. ... Cover of Time Magazine April 12, 1926 Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, known as Lord Irwin from 1926 until 1934, (1881-1959) was a British Conservative politician. ...

In the summer of 1932 the Ottawa Agreement was negotiated between the Dominion Governments and Free Trade seemed a dead cause within government. In September the Liberals resigned their ministerial offices, though did not withdraw complete support for the government until the following November. However the National Government did not break up as the remaining National Labour and Liberal National elements remained in government. Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The government also came under fire from the Diehard wing of the Conservative Party over plans to implement Indian Home Rule. This policy was widely felt to be a hangover from the previous Labour government and one that few Conservative governments would have implemented. Many believed that the plan was only being pursued because of a desire to prove the government's non-partisan credentials and Conservative leader Stanley Baldwin's determination to implement the policy. For some the question of the success of the policy became a question of the survival of the National Government. Opponents to Indian Home Rule found several spokespersons, most notably Winston Churchill, and they harried the Government at every stage, culminating in a rebellion of nearly one hundred Conservative MPs voting against the third reading of the Bill — the single highest number of Conservatives to vote against a three line whip in the twentieth century. Despite this, the Bill passed overwhelmingly. The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 – 14 December 1947) was a British statesman and thrice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (Can) (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. ...

Margesson was retained as Chief Whip when Stanley Baldwin retook the Premiership in June 1935 and now had to face further ruptions in the party over foreign policy and other matters. The government's majority was cut to two hundred and fifty in the November 1935 general election and the following month the leaking of the proposed Hoare-Laval Plan to grant two-thirds of Abyssinia to invading Italy provoked outrage amongst Conservative MPs. Margesson's reading of the mood led to the Foreign Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare being dropped from the government to abate feelings and keep the government in power. 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Stanley Baldwin Clement Attlee The UK general election held on 14th November 1935 resulted in a large, though reduced, majority for the National Government now led by Stanley Baldwin. ... The Hoare-Laval Pact was a plan concocted by Samuel Hoare and Pierre Laval in December 1935 for the partitioning of Ethiopia, as a means of ending the Italo-Ethiopian War. ... This article needs cleanup. ... The position of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs was created in the United Kingdoms governmental reorganization of 1782, in which the Northern and Southern Departments became the Home and Foreign Offices. ... Samuel John Gurney Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood (1880-1959), more commonly known as Sir Samuel Hoare, was a British Conservative politician who served in various capacities in the Conservative and National governments of the 1920s and 1930s. ...

The late 1930s were a turbulent time within the National Government, with rebellions over foreign policy, over unemployment, over agriculture and other matters routinely threatened to rock the government. Margesson was instrumental in heading off many of these rebellions and performing damage limitation upon others. He was instrumental in warding these of fo first Baldwin and then Neville Chamberlain. However a well of discontent with the government's foreign policy grew, especially after Britain entered the Second World War. Eight months into the conflict, severe reverses in the Norwegian Campaign led to the two day "Norway Debate" of May 7 and May 8, 1940 in which the government came under severe criticism from its own supporters and witnessed a massive rebellion on a motion of confidence. The government maintained a majority, but Margesson's soundings revealed that that majority was imperilled unless the political composition of the government was widened. When Chamberlain realised he was unable to achieve this he resigned and was succeeded by Winston Churchill. Face The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 – 9 November 1940), known as Neville Chamberlain, was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... German battle cruisers in a Norwegian port in June 1940 The Norwegian Campaign, lasting from 9 April to 10 June 1940, led to the first direct land confrontation between the military forces of the Allies — United Kingdom and France — against Nazi Germany in World War II. The primary reason for... The Norway Debate was a famous debate in the British House of Commons that took place on May 7 and May 8, 1940. ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or other such assembly) a chance to register their confidence in a government. ...

Many were surprised that Churchill retained Margesson as Chief Whip, little realising that there was no personal animosity between the two and that Churchill would have regarded Margesson lower if he had not carried out his functions as Chief Whip. Margesson proved a useful butres of support as Churchill consolidated his position in government and when at the end of 1940 the position of Secretary of State for War fell vacant, Margesson was promoted to it. Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The secretary of war in cabinet position was Henry Knox. ...

In this office Margesson proved competent and efficient, but when in February 1942 Britain suffered severe military setbacks, including the loss of Singapore, Churchill was forced to make changes to his ministerial team and find scapegoats for the disasters. Margesson was dropped and replaced by his own Permanent Under-Secretary Sir P.J. Grigg — an unprecedented move. Margesson was first told of the change by Grigg himself, but accepted his fate as necessary for the government's future. Later that year he was made Viscount Margesson and his political influence waned heavily. He subsequently worked in the City. Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Permanent Secretary, in most departments officially titled the Permanent Under-Secretary of State (although the full title is rarely used), is the most senior civil servant of a British Government ministry, charged with running the department on a day-to-day basis. ... Sir Percy James Grigg, better known as Sir P.J. Grigg (December 16, 1890-May 5, 1964) was a British civil servant who was surprisingly moved from being the Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the War Office to become Secretary of State for War, the political head of the... Motto: Domine dirige nos Latin: Lord, guide us Shown within Greater London Sovereign state United Kingdom Constituent country England Region Greater London Status sui generis, City and Ceremonial County Admin HQ Guildhall Government  - Leadership see text  - Mayor John Stuttard  - MP Mark Field  - London Assembly John Biggs Area  - City  1. ...