Look up De facto independence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

De facto is a Latin expression that means "in fact" or "in practice". It is commonly used in contrast to de jure (which means "by law") when referring to matters of law, governance, or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without or against a regulation. When discussing a legal situation, de jure(lawful) designates what the law says, while de facto(unlawful) designates what happens in practice. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary is a Wikimedia Foundation project intended to be a free wiki dictionary (hence: Wiktionary) (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ... It has been suggested that History of the Latin language be merged into this article or section. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Standardization, in the context related to technologies and industries, is the process of establishing a technical standard among competing entities in a market, where this will bring benefits without hurting competition. ...

The term de facto may also be used when there is no relevant law or standard, but a common practice is well established, although perhaps not quite universal.

A de facto government is one that maintains itself by a display of force against the will of the rightful legal government and is successful, at least temporarily, in overturning the institutions of the rightful legal government by setting up its own in lieu thereof. Wortham v. Walker, 133 Tex. 255, 128 S.W.2d 1138, 1145. Black’s Law Dictionary 4th Edition (1951) page 504.

Standards

A de facto standard is a technical or other standard that is so dominant that everybody seems to follow it like an authorized standard. The de jure standard may be different: one example is the act of speeding found on highways. Although the de jure standard is to drive at the speed limit or slower, in many places the de facto standard is to drive at the speed limit or slightly faster. Standardization, in the context related to technologies and industries, is the process of establishing a technical standard among competing entities in a market, where this will bring benefits without hurting competition. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ...

Another example: there is no law preventing a 27th letter such as Þ (thorn) from being added to the standard 26-letter Latin alphabet used for modern English; indeed, letters were added centuries ago without much difficulty. But today one is prevented from doing so by the practical difficulties involved, and thus there is a de facto limit on modifications to the alphabet; it is impractical to add such a letter as no one will recognize it. Þþ The letter Þ (miniscule: þ), which is also known as thorn or þorn is a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic alphabets. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

A de facto standard is sometimes not formalized and may simply rely on the fact that someone has come up with a good idea that is liked so much that it is copied. Typical creators of de facto standards are individual companies, corporations, and consortia. In computing, de facto standards can sometimes become de jure standards due to market superiority. For example, JavaScript by Netscape (standardized as ECMAScript) and parts of DOM Level 0 (standardized in DOM Level 1/2 HTML Specification). This is a list of types of companies, i. ... A corporation is a legal person that exists quite separately from the natural persons who work with and for it. ... Consortium is a word that comes from the Latin consortium meaning association or society, from the word consors meaning owner of means or comrade. ... JavaScript is the name of Netscape Communications Corporations implementation of ECMAScript, a scripting programming language based on the concept of prototypes. ... Netscape Communications Corporation was the publisher of the Netscape Navigator web browser as well as many other internet and intranet client and server software products. ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... Document Object Model (DOM) is a description of how an HTML or XML document is represented in an object-oriented fashion. ...

National language

The establishment of de facto national languages is used as a means of remaining unprejudice or biased. In the United States, the federal government has no declared national language. English is accepted as the de facto national language. To partially cope with this situation, the federal government has given states the right to declare their official language. This is not merely a formal permission not expected ever to be used; the official languages of New Mexico have been both English and Spanish ever since it became a state. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Official language(s) None; English and Spanish de facto Capital Largest city Santa Fe Albuquerque Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 5th 315,194 km² 550 km 595 km 0. ...

Similarly, in the former Soviet Union, Russian was not the official language, but by de facto. The same situation occurs in the UK (except in Wales where English and Welsh are jointly equal official languages by law). Sweden is another case of a country with no de jure language. For an explanation of often confusing terms such as Great Britain, Britain, United Kingdom, England and Wales and England, see British Isles (terminology). ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...

Politics

A de facto government is a government wherein all the attributes of sovereignty have, by usurpation, been transferred from those who had been legally invested with them to others, who, sustained by a power above the forms of law, claim to act and do act in their stead. 30 Am Jur 181. Law Dictionary, James A. Ballentine, Second Edition, 1948, page 345.

In politics, a de facto leader of a country or region is one who has assumed authority, regardless of whether by lawful, constitutional, or legitimate means; very frequently the term is reserved for those whose power is thought by some faction to be held by unlawful, unconstitutional, or otherwise illegitimate means, often by deposing a previous leader or undermining the rule of a current one. De facto leaders need not hold a constitutional office, and may exercise power in an informal manner. Their authority cannot be denied however, which forces their position as ruler to be recognized.

Not all dictators are de facto rulers. For example, Augusto Pinochet of Chile initially came to power as the chairman of a military junta, which briefly made him de facto leader of Chile, but then he later amended the nation's constitution and made himself President, making him the formal and legal ruler of Chile. Similarly, Saddam Hussein's formal rule of Iraq is often recorded as beginning in 1979, the year he assumed the Presidency of Iraq. However, in practice his de facto rule of the nation began at an earlier date, as during his time as vice president he exercised a great deal of power at the expense of the elderly Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Dictatorship. ... General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military dictatorship that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... Augusto Pinochet (sitting) was an army general who led a military coup in Chile in 1973. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti, (Arabic ), born April 28, 1937 , was the President of Iraq from 1979 until he lost power over Iraq when American troops arrived in Baghdad on April 9, 2003. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... The President of Iraq is Iraqs head of state. ... A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ... Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (Arabic أحمد حسن البكر) (July 1, 1914 - October 4, 1982) was President of Iraq from 1968 to 1979. ...

Another example of a de facto ruler is someone who is not the actual ruler, but exerts great or total influence over the true ruler, which is quite common in monarchies. Some examples of these de-facto rulers are Empress Dowager Cixi of China (for son Tongzhi and nephew Guangxu Emperors), Prince Alexander Menshikov (for his former lover Empress Catherine I of Russia), Cardinal Richelieu of France (for Louis XIII), and Queen Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily (for her husband King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies). Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) The Empress Dowager Cixi (Chinese: 慈禧太后; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Tzu-hsi) (November 29, 1835 –November 15, 1908), popularly known in China as the Western Empress Dowager (西太后), and officially known posthumously as Empress Xiaoqin Xian (孝欽顯皇后), was a powerful and charismatic figure who was the de... The Tongzhi Emperor (April 27, 1856–January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1861 to 1875. ... The Guangxu Emperor (August 14, 1871–November 14, 1908), born Zaitian (載湉), was the tenth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China, his reign lasting from 1875 to 1908, but in practice ruling from 1890 to 1898. ... Menshikov in Exile Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov (Александр Данилович Меншиков) (1673 – 1729) was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimo, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Izhora. ... Catherine I (In Russian: Екатерина I Алексеевна) (April 15, 1683/1684–May 17, 1727) was the second wife of Russia from 1725 until her death. ... Cardinal Richelieu was the French chief minister from 1624 until his death. ... Louis XIII (September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643), called the Just (French: le Juste), was King of France from 1610 to 1643. ... HM Queen Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily Her Majesty Queen Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily née Her Imperial & Royal Highness Archduchess Marie Caroline of Austria (1752-1814) was queen consort and de facto ruler of Naples from 1768 to 1799 and from 1799 to 1806, and of... King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (January 12, 1751 - January 4, 1825). ...

Some notable true de facto leaders have been Deng Xiaoping of the People's Republic of China and General Manuel Noriega of Panama. Both of these men exercised near-total control over their respective nations for many years, despite not having either legal constitutional office or the legal authority to exercise power. These individuals are today commonly recorded as the "leaders" of their respective nations; recording their legal, correct title would not give an accurate assesment of their power. Terms like strongman are often used to refer to defacto rulers of this sort. Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping (help· info) (Simplified Chinese: 邓小平; Traditional Chinese: 鄧小平; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904–February 19, 1997) was a leader in the Communist Party of China (CPC). ... Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (born February 11, 1938) was a Panamanian general and the de facto military leader of Panama from 1983 to 1989. ... A strongman is a political leader who rules by force and runs a authoritarian regime. ...

The term de facto head of state is sometimes used to describe the governor general in a Commonwealth Realm, or one who rules in lieu of the legal (de jure, or juridical) head of state (e.g., British monarch). A de facto head of state is an office-holder who fulfils some, many or all of the functions of a head of state. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... A Governor-General (in Canada, Governor General) is most generally a governor of high rank, or a principal governor ranking above ordinary governors . ... The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the 16 sovereign states of the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their Queen and head of state. ... This page lists English translations of several French phrases used in English texts and presumed to be understood by the English reader. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The de facto boundaries of a country are defined by the area that its government is actually able to enforce its laws in, and to defend against encroachments by other countries that may also claim the same territory de jure; the line of control in Kashmir is an example of a de facto boundary. As well as cases of border disputes, de facto boundaries may also arise in relatively unpopulated areas when the border was never formally established, or when the agreed border was never surveyed and its exact position is unclear. The same concepts may also apply to a boundary between provinces or other subdivisions of a federal state. Indian map of Kasmir depicting the LOC and LAC. Note the term Pakistan Occupied Kashmir to indicate the part of Kashmir under Pakistani administration. ... Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ... A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession/control of land by one state after it has conquered it from a former state no longer currently recognized by the occupying power. ... There are several uses of the word survey: // Kinds of surveys Statistical surveys are used in marketing and polling research. ... A federation (Latin: foedus, covenant) is a state comprised of a number of partially self-governing regions (often themselves referred to as states) united by a central (federal) government. ...

Similarly, a nation with de facto independence is one that is not recognized by other nations or by international bodies, even though it has its own government that exercises absolute control over its claimed territory..

Other usages

De facto racial segregation often occurs because users of a given facility, such as a library or school, tend to be residents of that neighborhood and so reflect its ethnic makeup. The facility tends to become racially or ethnically segregated without any law calling for de jure segregation, if the same applies to the neighborhood. Error creating thumbnail: convert: unable to open image `/mnt/upload3/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Rex_theatre. ...

A de facto monopoly is a system where many suppliers of a product are allowed, but the market is so completely dominated by one that the others might as well not exist. (Similarly for related terms such as oligopoly and monopsony.) This is the type of situation that antitrust laws are intended to eliminate, when they are used. In economics, a monopoly (from the Greek monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a kind of product or service. ... An oligopoly is market form in which a market is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). ... In economics, a monopsony is a market form with only one buyer, called monopsonist, facing many sellers. ... Antitrust or competition laws are laws which seek to promote economic and business competition by prohibiting anti-competitive behavior and unfair business practices. ...

One's unmarried partner is referred to as the de facto husband or wife by some authorities. This has passed into Australian casual usage, in contrast to other English-speaking countries, as the slang term defacto to refer to one's significant other. e.g. "This is my defacto, Rachel". This is equivalent to the term common-law husband or wife used in most other English-speaking countries. Rape is defined as a de facto act while marital coitus is dejure. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Domestic partner or domestic partnership identifies the personal relationship between individuals who are living together and sharing a common domestic life together but are not joined in any type of legal partnership, marriage or civil union. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

See also

• List of Latin phrases
• Status quo
• De jure