Dead weight tonnage refers to the weight, in long tons, that a ship can safely carry when fully loaded. It is a unit of shipping cargo capacity. It also describes the total weight of a ship if it has sunk as a sunken ship does not displace water, making the term 'displacement' incorrect.
It will be noted that each bar is divided in two parts, the portion on the left showing the dead-weight tonnage of the troop ships and that on the right the tonnage of the cargo ships.
To economize tonnage materials were obtained in Europe as far as possible, sometimes at high prices, The Engineer Corps ran its own quarries and its own logging camps and sawmills.
As the menace of the submarine became less acute, and as the need of shiptonnage for other supplies became more pressing, the required reserve was cut to 45 days; It will be seen from the diagram that at no time during the period of active operations did the reserve fall below this line.
As was typical in the industry of that day, miners were paid by tons of coal mined and not reimbursed for "dead work," i.e., laying rails, timbering, and shoring the mines to make them operable.
Furthermore, the miners felt they were being short-changed on the weight of the coal they mined, arguing that the scales used for paying them were different from those used for coal customers.
Most miners also lived in "company towns" where homes, schools, doctors, clergy, and law enforcement were provided by the company, as well as stores offering a full range of goods that could be paid for in company scrip.
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