|
Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), also known as belladonna or dwale, is a well-known perennial herbaceous plant, with leaves and berries that are highly toxic and hallucinogenic. It is in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which it shares with potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, jimsonweed, tobacco, and chili peppers. In addition, Solanum nigrum is also called Deadly nightshade. Image File history File links Koeh-018. ...
For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ...
Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta...
Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ...
Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ...
Families at least the following: Solanaceae Convolvulaceae and others, varying between classification systems; for details see text The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. ...
“Nightshade†redirects here. ...
Species Atropa belladonna Atropa mandragora Atropa is a genus of plants in the nightshade family. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
Species Atropa belladonna Atropa mandragora Atropa is a genus of plants in the nightshade family. ...
Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ...
A herb (pronounced hurb in Commonwealth English and urb in American English) is a plant grown for culinary, medicinal, or in some cases even spiritual value. ...
Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Hallucinogenic drug - drugs that can alter sensory perceptions. ...
“Nightshade†redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Tomato (disambiguation). ...
“Aubergine†redirects here. ...
Binomial name Datura stramonium Datura stramonium is the name of a poisonous weed, sometimes used as a hallucinogen. ...
Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. ...
For other uses, see Chili. ...
Binomial name Solanum nigrum L. Subspecies subsp. ...
The Belladonna is native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and has become naturalized in parts of North America. It is not nearly as common in the wild as many field guides would suggest. This is because it is readily attacked by mint flea beetles Longitarsus waterhousei and has a low tolerance for direct sunlight. In areas where it has become naturalized it can often be found in shady, moist areas with a limestone-rich soil. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...
A map showing Southwest Asia - The term Middle East is more often used to refer to both Southwest Asia and some North African countries Southwest Asia, or West Asia, is the southwestern part of Asia. ...
North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...
Genera many; see text. ...
Naturalization is the process whereby a person becomes a national of a nation, or a citizen of a country, other than the one of his birth. ...
For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ...
Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland Technically, soil forms the pedosphere: the interface between the lithosphere (rocky part of the planet) and the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. ...
Description
The Belladonna has dull green leaves and bell-shaped flowers that are an unremarkable shade of purple, which yield black, shiny berries measuring approximately 1 cm in diameter. The yellow form (Atropa belladonna var. lutea) has pale yellow flowers and fruit. The berries are sweet, but most of their alkaloids are in the seed. It is an herbaceous plant, and can grow to be approximately five metre tall. The leaves have an oily, "poison ivy"-like feel and can cause vesicular pustular eruptions if handled carelessly. Many animals, such as rabbits, birds and deer, seem to eat the plant without suffering harmful effects, though dogs and cats are affected. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the fruit. ...
A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ...
A herb (pronounced hurb in Commonwealth English and urb in American English) is a plant grown for culinary, medicinal, or in some cases even spiritual value. ...
This article is about the unit of length. ...
Binomial name Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Poisonivy (Toxicodendron radicans or Rhus toxicodendron), in the family Anacardiaceae, is a woody vine that is well-known for its ability to produce urushiol, a skin irritant which for most people will cause an agonizing, itching rash. ...
For other uses, see Rabbit (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the ruminant animal. ...
When Belladonna is in its first stages of growing the star shaped base of the berries is barely visible.
Germination is often difficult due to the presence of germination inhibitors in the seeds. Belladonna is not common as a garden plant, and is considered a weed in some areas. Belladonna is a perennial branching herb growing to 5 metre tall, with 18 cm long ovate leaves. Belladonna contain the heaviest leaf in its angiosperm group. It is not a very hardy perennial and is sensitive to being transplanted. Germination requires several weeks in warm, moist, absolutely sterile soil, usually far from normal garden conditions. Not to be confused with Gemination in phonetics. ...
Yellow starthistle, a thistle native to southern Europe and the Middle East that is an invasive weed in parts of North America. ...
Sterilization (or sterilisation) refers to any process that effectively kills or eliminates transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and prions) from a surface, equipment, foods, medications, or biological culture medium. ...
Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland Technically, soil forms the pedosphere: the interface between the lithosphere (rocky part of the planet) and the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. ...
Toxicity Belladonna is one of the most toxic plants found in the Western hemisphere. Children have been poisoned by eating as few as three berries[citation needed]. Ingestion of a leaf of the Belladonna can be fatal to an adult[citation needed]. The root of the plant is generally the most toxic part[citation needed], though this can vary from one specimen to another. See Harrison's Principle's of Internal Medicine. (11th edition, page 842: "Antimuscarinic Compounds: fatalities have occurred from as little as 10 mg atropine, but doses of 500 mg have been non-fatal.Young children are particularly susceptible to poisoning with belladonna alkaloids.") Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The geographical western hemisphere of Earth, highlighted in yellow. ...
All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids. The berries pose the greatest danger to children because they look attractive and have a somewhat sweet taste. Symptoms of belladonna poisoning are the same as those for atropine (a tropane alkaloid), and include dilated pupils, tachycardia, hallucinations, blurred vision, loss of balance, a feeling of flight, staggering, a sense of suffocation, paleness followed by a red rash, flushing, husky voice, extremely dry throat, constipation, urinary retention, and confusion. The skin can completely dry out and slough off. Fatal cases have a rapid pulse that turns feeble. The antidote is physostigmine or pilocarpine, the same as for atropine. For biological toxicity, see toxin and poison. ...
Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
A hallucination is a sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ...
In psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret visible light information reaching the eyes which is then made available for planning and action. ...
Equilibrioception or sense of balance is one of the physiological senses. ...
A hummingbird Female Mallard Duck in midflight A dragonfly in flight Flight is the process by which an object achieves sustained movement either through the air by aerodynamically generating lift or aerostatically using buoyancy, or movement beyond earths atmosphere, in the case of spaceflight. ...
Suffocation can mean two things: Suffocation, or Asphyxia, is a medical condition where the body is depraved of oxygen. ...
A rash is a change in skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture. ...
For other uses, see Throat (disambiguation). ...
Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ...
Urinary retention also known as ischuria is a lack of ability to urinate. ...
Severe confusion of a degree considered pathological usually refers to loss of orientation (ability to place oneself correctly in the world by time, location, and personal identity), and often memory (ability to correctly recall previous events or learn new materal). ...
ˌ For other uses, see Pulse (disambiguation). ...
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. ...
Physostigmine is a parasympathomimetic, specifically, an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor obtained from the Calabar bean. ...
Pilocarpine is a muscarinic alkaloid obtained from the leaves of tropical American shrubs from the genus Pilocarpus. ...
The reason for most of these symptoms is atropine's effect on the parasympathetic nervous system. Atropine competitively inhibits the action of acetylcholine (ACh) at the acetylcholine receptor in the nerve synapse, thereby preventing the parasympathetic nervous system from sending out electrical nerve impulses. Since the parasympathetic nervous system regulates non-volitional/subconscious activities (such as sweating, breathing, and heart rate) when it is prevented from sending out signals, the heartbeat and breathing become extremely irregular. Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the sympathetic and parasympathetic (craniosacral) systems, in red and blue, respectively The parasympathetic nervous system is one of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. ...
The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ...
The Belladonna is toxic to many domestic animals and livestock; Belladonna poisoning can lead to colic, depression, weakness, and lack of coordination in horses, with fatalities reported even for small amounts from 1 to 10 pounds (0.5 to 5 kg). Colic may refer to: Baby colic – a condition, usually in infants, characterized by incessant crying. ...
In everyday language depression refers to any downturn in mood, which may be relatively transitory and perhaps due to something trivial. ...
Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ...
Uses
Cosmetics The name belladonna originates from the historic use by women (Bella Donna is Italian for beautiful lady) to dilate their pupils; an extract of belladonna was used as eye drops as part of their makeup preparations. The Belladonna toxin's atropine content had the effect of dilating the pupil, thus making their eyes supposedly more attractive. It is now known that atropine has anticholinergic activity - by blocking the ability of the iris to constrict, mydriasis results. Dilated pupils are considered more attractive because pupils normally dilate when a person is aroused, thus making eye contact much more intense than it already is. It had the adverse effect of making their vision a little blurry and making their heart rates increase. Prolonged usage was reputed to cause blindness. Mydriasis is an excessive dilation of the pupil due to disease or drugs. ...
The human eye The pupil is the central transparent area (showing as black). ...
Eye drops are saline-containing drops used as a vector to administer medication in the eye. ...
Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. ...
An anticholinergic agent is a member of a class of pharmaceutical compounds which serve to reduce the effects mediated by acetylcholine in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. ...
In anatomy, the iris (plural irises or irides) is the most visible part of the eye of vertebrates, including humans. ...
Mydriasis is an excessive dilation of the pupil due to disease or drugs. ...
Sexual arousal is the process and state of an animal being ready for sexual intercourse. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Gaze aversion. ...
Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended side-effect, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. ...
In psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret visible light information reaching the eyes which is then made available for planning and action. ...
Modern medicine The plant is an important source of atropine, which is an effective treatment for the effects of poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitors such as Parathion and Malathion. Atropine will also reverse the effects of poisoning by nerve agents designed for chemical warfare. In Europe, the plant is specifically cultivated for this purpose. While atropine can treat the symptoms of poisoning from these organophosphate compounds, the antidote is the unrelated compound pralidoxime. Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. ...
For biological toxicity, see toxin and poison. ...
A cholinesterase inhibitor or anticholinesterase is a chemical that inhibits a cholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, so increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. ...
// Properties and uses Parathion, or diethyl parathion, is a very potent insecticide and acaricide. ...
Malathion is a organophosphate parasympathomimetic which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. ...
Nerve agents (also known as nerve gases, though these chemicals are liquid at room temperature) are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals (organophosphates) that inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in animals. ...
Chemical warfare is warfare (and associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate an enemy. ...
An organophosphate (sometimes abbreviated OP) is the general name for esters of phosphoric acid and is one of the organophosphorus compounds. ...
Structure of the molecule pralidoxime Pralidoxime belongs to a family of compounds, called oximes that bind to organophosphate inactivated acetylcholinesterase. ...
Optometrists and ophthalmologists use atropine for pupil dilation in eye examinations, though the dose used is small. Atropine degrades slowly, typically wearing off in 2 to 3 days, so tropicamide and phenylephrine is generally preferred as a mydriatic. Atropine is contraindicated in patients predisposed to narrow angle glaucoma. Optometrists are primary care practitioners for vision and ocular health concerns. ...
Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diseases of the eye and their treatment. ...
Tropicamide (troe-PIK-a-mide) is an acetylcholine receptor blocker. ...
Phenylephrine or Neo-Synephrine is an α-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as a decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil and to increase blood pressure. ...
Belladonna (as Atropa Belladonna Extract) can also be found in some over-the-counter cold and flu medicines (in small amounts) due to its pseudoephedrine-like qualities of clearing up nasal and other passages where mucus forms. Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a decongestant. ...
Being parasympathomimetic, Belladonna (by prescription as a syrup) is also used to treat colicky babies, as the gut naturally produces atropine, and it is thought that colic develops due to inadequate atropine production. The Gastrointestinal tract is one of the last systems to form before birth, so it is thought that the inadequate atropine production is a result of the GI tract not being finished developing at birth, thus resulting in colic. Belladonna supplements the gut until there is adequate atropine production. Upper and Lower gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also called the digestive tract, or the alimentary canal, is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ...
Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. ...
Alternative Medicine Homeopathy uses Belladonna to treat a variety of afflictions, including sore throat, and conjunctivitis.[1] Homeopathy (also spelled homœopathy or homoeopathy), from the Greek words homoios (similar) and pathos (suffering), is a controversial system of alternative medicine involving the use of remedies without chemically active ingredients. ...
Recreational drug Occasionally, the plant is used for recreational purposes: it is consumed in the form of either a tea or simply raw, which can produce vivid hallucinations, described by many as a 'living dream'. Upon consumption of this plant, the user will experience all the severe, adverse anticholinergic effects before hallucinating and continue to do so while hallucinating. Use for recreational purposes is considered dangerous because of the risk of accidental overdose. For other uses, see Tea (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested by Alexander Kuklin's book How Do Witches Fly? that the aconitine in aconite (another toxic hallucinogen) can counter/reduce the toxic effects of atropine in belladonna, while combining their hallucinogenic effects, and that this combination of belladonna and aconite was used by witches in the Middle Ages. Structure of Aconitine Aconitine is a highly poisonous alkaloid derived from the aconite plant. ...
Species See below Aconitum (known as aconite, monkshood, or wolfsbane) is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). ...
Folklore Stories claim that the devil has the exclusive rights to plant and harvest this plant. Hence, anyone eating it is visited and killed by the devil. Many also believed it was a temptation for greedy children as the berries seem to be offered on green, pentagram plates and look very appetizing.[citation needed] This is an overview of the Devil. ...
Belladonna is sometimes claimed as a cure for lycanthropy. In folklore, Lycanthropy is the ability or power of a human being to undergo transformation into a wolf. ...
Trivia - Alcoholics Anonymous co-founder Bill Wilson reports having undergone the "belladonna cure" while hospitalized for what would become his final encounter with alcohol in 1935.[2]
- The 1998 fantasy movie "Practical Magic" had Sandra Bullock's character mixing it in a bottle of tequila to sedate the abusive boyfriend of Nicole Kidman's character, but an overdose kills him instead.
- The fictional character Sally in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas uses Deadly Nightshade several times in the movie to get away from her master Doctor Finklestein
- Belladonna features prominently in the 2007 movie Perfect Stranger starring Halle Berry and Bruce Willis. The character played by Nicki Aycox is killed by belladonna ingestion and is found to have had her pupils dilated with the substance.
Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an informal society for recovering alcoholics. ...
Practical Magic was a 1998 film in which Sandra Bullock and Nicole Kidman star as witches who carry on a family legacy of witchcraft and tragedy. ...
Timothy Tim William Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an Academy Award-nominated American film director, writer and designer. ...
“Halloween Town†redirects here. ...
Dr. Finklestein Dr. Finklestein is a fictional character from the film The Nightmare Before Christmas. ...
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Halle Maria Berry (IPA: ) (born August 14, 1966[1]) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. ...
Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955 in Idar-Oberstein, Germany) is an American actor and singer. ...
See also For other uses, see Toxin (disambiguation). ...
Binomial name Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans or Rhus toxicodendron), in the family Anacardiaceae, is a woody vine that is well-known for its ability to produce urushiol, a skin irritant which for most people will cause an agonizing, itching rash. ...
Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ...
Species See below Aconitum (known as aconite, monkshood, or wolfsbane) is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). ...
Binomial name (Burm. ...
Species C. canadensis C. fiber Beavers are semi-aquatic rodents native to North America and Europe. ...
Look up Cannabis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Binomial name Lam. ...
Binomial name Hyoscyamus niger L. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) is a plant of the family Solanaceae that originated in Eurasia. ...
Lactucarium is the milky fluid secreted by several species of wild Lettuce, usually from the base of the stems. ...
“Mandrake root†redirects here. ...
Species Metel Category: ...
This article is about the drug. ...
Binomial name Conium maculatum L. Conium is a genus of 2-3 species of perennial herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae. ...
Species See text. ...
Binomial name Datura inoxia Mill. ...
Species About 350, including: Salix acutifolia - Violet Willow Salix alaxensis - Alaska Willow Salix alba - White Willow Salix alpina - Alpine Willow Salix amygdaloides - Peachleaf Willow Salix arbuscula - Mountain Willow Salix arbusculoides - Littletree Willow Salix arctica - Arctic Willow Salix atrocinerea Salix aurita - Eared Willow Salix babylonica - Peking Willow Salix bakko Salix barrattiana...
Al Qasim prince: HRH Faisal Bin Bandar ALSaud (Arabic: الأمير Ùيصل بن بندر آل سعود) Al Qasim IPA: (Arabic: القصيم) is a province of Saudi Arabia, located in the centre of the country. ...
For other uses, see Razi. ...
(ابن سينا) (c. ...
Aulus Cornelius Celsus Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC—50) was a Roman encyclopedist and possibly, although not likely, a physician. ...
Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. ...
For other uses, see Galen (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Hippocrates (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Sushruta. ...
Theophrastus (Greek ΘεόφÏαστος, 370 — about 285 BC), a native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. ...
Zhang Ji (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ), style name Zhang Zhong Jing (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ), an Eastern Han (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ) physician and author of the Shang Han Za Bing Lun (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: , lit. ...
Structure of Aconitine Aconitine is a highly poisonous alkaloid derived from the aconite plant. ...
The acronym THC has several possible meanings: Teens Hate Chains, a Japanese singing group Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active ingredient in Cannabis Tetrahydrocurcuminoids, extracted from Turmeric as an active ingredient in cosmetics Texas Historical Commission Therapeutic Humane Cannabis Act Thermohaline circulation The History Channel Terminal Handling Charges This page concerning a...
Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. ...
Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ...
Coniine or 2-propylpiperidine is a poisonous alkaloid found in poison hemlock. ...
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. ...
Morphine (INN) (IPA: ) is a highly potent opiate analgesic drug and is the principal active agent in opium and the prototypical opiate. ...
Salicylic acid is the chemical compound with the formula C6H4(OH)CO2H, where the OH group is adjacent to the carboxyl group. ...
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). ...
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Deadly nightshade |
Feeds |
Contact