Deamination is the removal of an amine group from a molecule. The general structure of an amine Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ... In science, a molecule is a group of atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds. ...

In the human body, deamination takes place in the liver. It is the process by which amino acids are broken down. The amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted to ammonia. The rest of the amino acid is made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen, and is recycled or oxidized for energy. Ammonia is toxic to the human system, and enzymes convert it to urea or uric acid by addition of carbon dioxide molecules in Urea Cycle. Urea and uric acid can safely diffuse into the blood and then be excreted in urine. The human body is the entire physical structure of an organism of human being. ... The liver is an organ in some animals, including vertebrates (and therefore humans). ... In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Standard atomic weight 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... The reactions of the urea cycle. ...

Deamination reactions in DNA

Cytosine

Spontaneous deamination is the hydrolysis reaction of cytosine into uracil, releasing ammonia in the process. This can occur in vitro through the use of bisulfite, which converts cytosine, but not 5-methylcytosine. This property has allowed researchers to sequence methylated DNA to distinguish non-methylated cytosine (shown up as uracil) and methylated cytosine (unaltered). Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound reacts with water. ... Cytosine is one of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at... Uracil is a pyrimidine which is common and naturally occurring. ... Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ... The bisulfite ion is the HSO3- ion. ... 5-methylcytosine is the methylated form of cytosine. ... DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. ... Uracil is a pyrimidine which is common and naturally occurring. ...

In DNA, this spontaneous deamination is corrected for by the removal of uracil (product of cytosine deamination and not part of DNA) and replacement with cytosine.. The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms. ...

5-methylcytosine

Spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine results in thymine and ammonia. In DNA, this reaction cannot be corrected because the repair mechanisms do not recognize thymine as erroneous (as opposed to uracil), and unless it affects the function of the gene, the mutation will persist. This flaw in the repair mechanism contributes to the rarity of CpG sites in the eukaryotic genome. For the similarly-spelled vitamin compound, see Thiamine Thymine, also known as 5-methyluracil, is a pyrimidine nucleobase. ... For other meanings of this term, see gene (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that mutant be merged into this article or section. ... CpG sites are regions of the DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is situated next to a guanine nucleotide. ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista Alternative Phylogeny Unikonta    Opisthokonta    Amoebozoa Bikonta    Apusozoa    Cabozoa       Rhizaria       Excavata    Corticata       Archaeplastida       Chromalveolata Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (IPA: ), organisms with a complex cell or cells, where the genetic material is organized into a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ...

Additional Proteins Performing This Function

• APOBEC3G - affects HIV