December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. It is the final day of the Gregorian year. A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. ... The Gregorian calendar is the calendar that is used nearly everywhere in the world. ...

Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up December in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 4 is the 338th day (339th on leap years) of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). ... December 24 is the 358th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (359th in leap years). ... December 25 is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 6 days remaining. ... December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, 361st in leap years. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... December 28 is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 3 days remaining. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Events

• 406 - Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
• 1229 - James I of Aragon the Conqueror enters Medina Mayurqa (nowadays Palma de Mallorca, Spain) thus consuming the Christian conquest of the island of Mallorca.
• 1600 - British East India Company is chartered.
• 1687 - The first Huguenots set sail from France to the Cape of Good Hope.
• 1695 - A window tax is imposed in England, causing many shopkeepers to brick up their windows to avoid the tax.
• 1775 - American Revolutionary War: British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Quebec.
• 1831 - Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.
• 1857 - Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa, Ontario, as the capital of Canada.
• 1862 - American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union (thus dividing Virginia in two).
• 1862 - American Civil War: The Battle of Stones River is fought near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
• 1879 - Thomas Edison demonstrates incandescent lighting to the public for the first time.
• 1904 - The first New Year's Eve celebration is held in Times Square, then known as Longacre Square, in New York, New York.
• 1909 - Manhattan Bridge opens.
• 1916 - The Hampton Terrace Hotel in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the United States at the time, burns to the ground.
• 1929 - Guy Lombardo performs Auld Lang Syne at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City for the first time.
• 1944 - World War II: Hungary declares war on Germany.
• 1946 - President Harry Truman officially proclaims the end of hostilities in World War II.
• 1955 - General Motors becomes the first U.S. corporation to make over USD $1 billion in a year.
• 1960 - The farthing coin ceases to be legal tender in the United Kingdom.
• 1961 - The Marshall Plan expires after distributing more than USD $12 billion in foreign aid to rebuild Europe.
• 1963 - The Central African Federation officially collapses and splits into Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia.
• 1968 - Marien Ngouabi assumed the presidency of the Republic of the Congo.
• 1983 - The AT&T Bell System is broken up by the United States Government.
• 1986 - A fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, kills 97 and injures 140.
• 1990 - Garry Kasparov holds his title by winning the World Chess Championship match against his countryman Anatoly Karpov.
• 1991 - The Soviet Union is officially dissolved.
• 1992 - In the last of the great ITV franchise renewals, Thames Television, Television South West and Television South cease broadcasting, replaced by Carlton Television, Westcountry Television and Meridian Television respectively.
• 1999 - Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia, to be replaced by Vladimir Putin.
• 1999 - Five hijackers, who had been holding 155 hostages on an Indian Airlines plane, leave the plane with two Islamic clerics that they had demanded be freed.
• 1999 - The Panama Canal comes completely under Panama's jurisdiction.

Events December 31 - Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia Roman legions in Britain mutiny against the Roman Emperor and select Marcus as new Roman Emperor. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. ... The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of mixed backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and shared, in a broad sense, a common culture. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin Gallia, Greek Galatia) was the region of Western Europe occupied by present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Events March 18 - Sixth Crusade of Emperor Frederick II ends in truce with Sultan al-Kamil and coronation of Frederick as King of Jerusalem. ... James I of Aragon (Catalan: Jaume I, Spanish: Jaime I) (Montpellier February 2, 1208 – July 27, 1276), surnamed the Conqueror, was the king of Aragon, count of Barcelona and Lord of Montpellier from 1219 to 1276. ... Palma de Mallorca Palma de Mallorca is the major city and port in the island of Majorca and capital city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus Christ. ... Mallorca (in Catalan, Spanish, and English; also called Majorca in English) is one of the Balearic Islands (Catalan: Illes Balears, Spanish: las islas baleares), which are located in the Mediterranean Sea and are part of Spain. ... 1597 1598 1599 - 1600 - 1601 1602 1603 |- | align=center colspan=2 | Decades: 1570s 1580s 1590s - 1600s - 1610s 1620s 1630s |- | align=center | Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century |} // Events January January 1 - Scotland adopts January 1st as being New Years Day February February 17 - Giordano Bruno burned at the... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was a joint-stock company string of investors, which was granted a Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1599, with the intent to favour trade privileges in India. ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ... In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name of Huguenots came to apply to members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France. ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ... Events January 27 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed II to Mustafa II (1695-1703) July 17 - The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. ... The window tax was a glass tax which was an important social, cultural, and architectural force in the United Kingdom during the 17th and 18th centuries. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my [birth]right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages English (de facto) Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked... A tax is a charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ... 1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants American Revolutionaries, France, Netherlands, Spain, Native Americans Great Britain, German mercenaries, Loyalists, Native Americans Commanders George Washington Comte de Rochambeau Nathanael Greene William Howe Henry Clinton Charles Cornwallis (more commanders) The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence,[1] was a conflict that... Illustration depicting uniforms and weapons used during the 1779 to 1783 period of the American Revolution by showing four soldiers standing in an informal group General George Washington, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. ... An engraving depicting the death of General Montgomery at the Battle of Quebec. ... Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold (January 14, 1741 – June 14, 1801) was a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. ... Combatants United States Great Britain Commanders Richard Montgomery † Benedict Arnold Sir Guy Carleton Allen Maclean Strength 900 regulars and militia 300 regulars 1,500 sailors, marines, and militia Casualties 60 killed and wounded 426 captured 6 dead 19 wounded The Battle of Quebec was an attempt on December 31, 1775... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Gramercy Park is a small, fenced-in private park in the Gramercy neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, accessible only to residents of certain townhouses in the area who have keys to the park. ... Nickname: The Big Apple Official website: City of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and Empress of India from 1 January 1877, until her death. ... This article is about the capital city of Canada. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln† Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Strength 2,213,363 1,064,200 Casualties KIA: 110,100 Total dead: 359,500 Wounded: 275,200 KIA: 74,500 Total dead: 198,500 Wounded: 137,000+  The American... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 41st 62,809 km² 210 km 385 km 0. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln† Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Strength 2,213,363 1,064,200 Casualties KIA: 110,100 Total dead: 359,500 Wounded: 275,200 KIA: 74,500 Total dead: 198,500 Wounded: 137,000+  The American... The Battle of Stones River or Second Battle of Murfreesboro (in the South, simply the Battle of Murfreesboro), was fought from December 31, 1862, to January 3, 1863, in central Tennessee, as the culmination of the Stones River Campaign in the American Civil War. ... Murfreesboro is a city located in Rutherford County, Tennessee. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847–October 18, 1931) was an inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life in the 20th century. ... The incandescent light bulb uses a glowing wire filament heated to white-hot by electrical resistance, to generate light (a process known as thermal radiation). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... New Years Eve is a celebration held the day before New Years Day, on December 31, the final day of the Gregorian year. ... Times Square, named after the one-time headquarters of The New York Times, is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, New York City, which centers on 42nd Street and Broadway. ... Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the state of New York and the entire United States. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... View from the East River Cross section Lower level of the Manhattan Bridge The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the East River in New York City, connecting Lower Manhattan with Brooklyn. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 - The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... The Hampton Terrace Hotel was located in North Augusta, South Carolina. ... North Augusta is a city located in Aiken County, South Carolina on the north bank of the Savannah River. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Guy Lombardo, photographed by William P. Gottlieb, 1947 Gaetano Alberto Guy Lombardo (June 19, 1902 – November 5, 1977) was a Canadian bandleader and violinist. ... Auld Lang Syne — Eng: “old long since” — might be better translated as “old long ago”, “times gone by”, or “days gone by” is a poem by Robert Burns, and one of the best known songs in English-speaking countries. ... Nickname: The Big Apple Official website: City of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Combatants Allies: • Poland, • UK & Commonwealth, • France, • Soviet Union, • United States, • China, ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Italy, • Japan, ...and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total: 50 million Full list Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total: 12 million Full list World War II, also... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... For the victim of Mt. ... Combatants Allies: • Poland, • UK & Commonwealth, • France, • Soviet Union, • United States, • China, ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Italy, • Japan, ...and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total: 50 million Full list Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total: 12 million Full list World War II, also... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... General Motors Corporation (NYSE: GM), also known as GM, is a United States-based automobile maker with worldwide operations and brands including Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saturn, Saab and Vauxhall. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... A farthing (presumably from four thing) was a British coin worth one quarter of a penny. ... Legal tender or forced tender is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt denominated in the same currency by virtue of law. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Map of Europe showing the countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... Foreign aid, international aid or development assistance are situations in which one country helps another country through some form of donation. ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... National motto: Sit Nomine Digna (Latin: May she be worthy of the name} Official language English Capital Salisbury Political system Parliamentary system Form of government Republic - Last President John Wrathall - Prime Minister Ian Smith Area  - Total  - % water 390 580 km² 1% Population  - 1978 est. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Marien Ngouabi (or NGouabi; 1938 - March 18, 1977) was the military President of the Republic of the Congo from January 1, 1969 - March 18, 1977. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... AT&T Inc. ... The Bell System was a trademark and service mark used by the US telecommunications company American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and its affiliated companies to co-brand their extensive circuit-switched telephone network and their affiliations with each other. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dupont Plaza Hotel and Casino was a hotel located in Condado, Puerto Rico, a district of San Juan. ... San Juan from space, July 1997 Nickname: The Walled City Motto: Official website: http://www. ... This article is about the year. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the board game chess. ... Anatoli Yevgenyevich Karpov (Анато́лий Евге́ньевич Ка́рпов) (born May 23, 1951) is a Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Current ITV logo. ... The classic Thames Television logo (1969 - 1989), featuring a geographically incorrect montage of London landmarks. ... Categories: Television stubs | ITV ... TVS Entertainment plc, or Television South (the company was referred to on air as Television South from 1985 to 1987, but as TVS before and after those dates), was the ITV franchise holder in the South of England which replaced its predecessor, Southern Television on the morning of 1 January... Carlton logo in cinemas Carlton Television Limited is the United Kingdom Channel 3 (ITV) licencee for London and the surrounding areas, Monday 9:25am, to Friday, 5:15pm. ... Westcountry TV logo, 1993 Current ITV Westcountry logo Westcountry Television is the ITV franchise holder in the South West (of England), replacing its predecessor, TSW - Television South West, on 1 January 1993. ... Meridian is the ITV station for the South and South East of England. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Russian: Борис Николаевич Ельцин; (help· info)) (born February 1, 1931) was President of Russia from 1991 to 1999. ... Flag of the President of Russia The President of Russia (ru: Президент России) is the highest position within the Government of Russia. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин, (help· info), Vladímir Vladímirovich Pútin; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician, and the current President of the Russian Federation. ... Hijacking or highjacking is the forcible robbery from, or seizure of, a vehicle in transit. ... New A319 OF Indian Airlines rebranded as Indian Indian Airlines (Hindi: इंडियन एयरलाइन्स) is Indias state owned primarily domestic airline, under the federal Union Ministry of Civil Aviation and based in New Delhi. ... A canal tug, making its way down to the Caribbean end of the canal, waits to be joined by a ship in the uppermost chamber of the Gatun Locks. ...

Births

• 1378 - Pope Callixtus III (d. 1458)
• 1491 - Jacques Cartier, French explorer (d. 1557)
• 1514 - Vesalius, Flemish anatomist (d. 1564)
• 1572 - Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan, (d. 1617)
• 1668 - Herman Boerhaave, Dutch humanist and physician (d. 1738)
• 1720 - Charles Edward Stuart, pretender to the British throne (d. 1788)
• 1738 - Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British general (d. 1805)
• 1763 - Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (d. 1806)
• 1869 - Henri Matisse, French painter and graphic artist (d. 1954)
• 1880 - George Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959)
• 1881 - Max Pechstein, German painter and graphic artist (d. 1955)
• 1894 - Pola Negri, Polish actress (d. 1987)
• 1903 - Nathan Milstein, Ukrainian violinist (d. 1992)
• 1905 - Jule Styne, English-born composer (d. 1994)
• 1908 - Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Holocaust survivor and activist (d. 2005)
• 1910 - Carl Dudley, American film director (died 1973)
• 1919 - Tommy Byrne, baseball player
• 1920 - Rex Allen, American actor and singer (d. 1999)
• 1928 - Siné, French cartoonist
• 1930 - Odetta, American singer
• 1931 - Bob Shaw, Northern Irish science fiction writer (d. 1996)
• 1934 - Akram Awan, Islamic scholar, Sufi
• 1937 - Avram Hershko, Israeli biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
• 1937 - Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor
• 1938 - Rosalind Cash, American actress (d. 1995)
• 1941 - Alex Ferguson, Scottish football player and manager
• 1942 - Andy Summers, British musician (The Police)
• 1943 - John Denver, American musician (d. 1997)
• 1943 - Ben Kingsley, English actor
• 1945 - Taylor Hackford, American film producer and director
• 1945 - Diane von Fürstenberg, fashion designer
• 1947 - Burton Cummings, Canadian musician (The Guess Who)
• 1947 - Tim Matheson, American actor
• 1948 - Donna Summer, American singer
• 1951 - George Thorogood, American musician
• 1951 - Tom Hamilton, American musician (Aerosmith)
• 1953 - James Remar, American actor
• 1953 - Jane Badler, American actress
• 1958 - Bebe Neuwirth, American actress
• 1959 - Phill Kline, American politician
• 1959 - Val Kilmer, American actor
• 1959 - Paul Westerberg, American singer/songwriter, musician (Replacements)
• 1960 - John Allen Muhammad, American serial killer
• 1963 - Scott Ian, British musician (Anthrax)
• 1964 - Allen D'Nulderf, American stuntman
• 1971 - Brent Barry, American basketball player
• 1980 - Richie McCaw, New Zealand rugby player
• 1980 - Bob Bryar, American drummer

Events March - John Wyclif tried to gain public favour by laying his theses before parliament, and then made them public in a tract. ... Calistus and Calixtus III redirect here. ... Events January 24 - Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary Foundation of Magdalen College, University of Oxford George of Podebrady becomes king of Bohemia Pope Pius II becomes pope Turks sack the Acropolis Births February 15 - Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (d. ... // Events December 6 - King Charles VIII marries Anne de Bretagne, thus incorporating Brittany into the kingdom of France. ... Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel, ca. ... Events Spain is effectively bankrupt. ... 1514 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Andreas Vesalius (portrait from the Fabrica). ... Events March 27 — Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death June 22 — Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World September 10 — The Battle of Kawanakajima Ottoman Turks invade Malta Modern pencil becomes common in England Conquistadors crossed the Pacific Spanish founded a colony... Events January 16 - Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. ... Emperor Go-Yōzei (後陽成天皇) (December 31, 1572 - September 25, 1617) was the 107th imperial ruler of Japan. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). ... // Events January - The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed. ... Herman Boerhaave (December 31, 1668 - September 23, 1738) was a Dutch humanist and physician of European fame. ... Events February 4 - Court Jew Joseph Suss Oppenheimer is executed in Württenberg April 15 - Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel. ... // Events January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace. ... Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Silvester Maria Stuart (December 31, 1720 – January 31, 1788), was the exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie. Charles was the son of James Francis Edward Stuart who was in turn the son of King James... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Events February 4 - Court Jew Joseph Suss Oppenheimer is executed in Württenberg April 15 - Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de Villeneuve Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de Villeneuve (31 December 1763 – 22 April 1806) was a French naval officer during the Napoleonic Wars. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Photo of Henri Matisse taken by Carl Van Vechten, 1933 Henri Matisse (December 31, 1869 – November 3, 1954) was a French Artist, noted for his use of color and his fluid, brilliant and original draftsmanship. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... George Catlett Marshall, GCB (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader and Secretary of State best remembered for his leadership in the Allied victory in World War II and for his work establishing the post-war reconstruction effort for Europe, which became known as the Marshall... Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... The Nobel Peace Prize Medal featuring a portrait of Alfred Nobel The Nobel Peace Prize is one of five Nobel Prizes bequested by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Max Hermann Pechstein (1881-1955) was a German expressionist painter and graphic artist, born in Zwickau. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Pola Negri (December 31, c. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Nathan Milstein (Odessa December 31, 1903 – December 21, 1992, London) was a Russian-Jewish born violinist who took United States citizenship in 1942 after spending much of his life there. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Jule Styne (December 31, 1905 – September 20, 1994) was a British born United States songwriter. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Simon Wiesenthal Simon Wiesenthal, KBE, (December 31, 1908 – September 20, 2005) was an Austrian-Jewish architectural engineer who became a Nazi hunter after surviving the Holocaust. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... -1... Carl Ward Dudley (December 31, 1910_September 2, 1973) was an American film director and producer best known for the Cinerama feature South Seas Adventure (1958). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1973 calendar). ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Tommy Byrne, born Thomas Joseph Byrne (December 31, 1919 in Baltimore, Maryland), is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher who played for the New York Yankees (1943, 1946-51, 1954-57), St. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Rex Allen (December 31, 1920--December 17, 1999) was an American actor, singer, and songwriter. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Maurice Sinet, known as Siné (born December 31, 1928 in Paris) is a French cartoonist. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Odetta (b. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Bob Shaw (December 31, 1931 - February 12, 1996) was a British science fiction author and fan. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Avram Hershko (born December 31, 1937) is an Israeli biologist. ... This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ... Sir Anthony Hopkins (IPA: ) KBE (born December 31, 1937) is an Oscar winning Welsh-born actor. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Rosalind Cash was an actress whose career endured and flourished on stage, screen, and television, despite her staunch refusal to portray stereotyped black roles. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ... Sir Alex Ferguson Sir Alex Ferguson OBE (born Alexander Chapman Ferguson December 31, 1941 in Govan, Glasgow) is a Scottish football manager and former player, currently managing Manchester United F.C. He has won more trophies than any other manager in the history of English football and been in charge... This article is about the year. ... Andy Summers, 1996 Andy Summers was born Andrew James Summers on December 31, 1942 in Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire, England. ... The Police was a three-piece British new wave band which was strongly influenced by reggae. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) is a common year starting on Friday. ... John Denver (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997), born Henry John Deutschendorf, Jr. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII in Roman) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Bhanji on December 31, 1943) is a British-Indian actor. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Taylor Hackford (born December 31, 1944 in Santa Barbara, California) is an American film director. ... A line of high-end womens apparel which is only offered in the most elite stores such as Bergdorf Goodman, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Neiman Marcus. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Burton Cummings Burton Cummings (born December 31, 1947) is a Canadian musician and songwriter. ... Not to be confused with The Who. ... Tim Matheson, an American actor, was born Tim Matthieson on December 31, 1947, in Glendale, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Donna Summer on the cover of her 1993 collection The Donna Summer Anthology Donna Summer (born Donna Andrea Gaines on December 31, 1948) is an American pop music singer best known for a string of disco music hits in the 1970s that earned her the title Queen of Disco. // Career... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... George Thorogood George Thorogood (born December 31, 1951) is a blues-rock and rock and roll performer from Delaware. ... Tom Hamilton (born on December 31, 1951) is the bass player and founding member of the rock and roll group Aerosmith. ... Aerosmith is a prominent American rock band. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ... James Remar (b. ... Jane Badler (b. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bebe Neuwirth Beatrice Bebe Neuwirth (born December 31, 1958) is an American theater, television, and film actress. ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Phill Kline is an American politician. ... Val Kilmer Val Edward Kilmer (born December 31, 1959) is an American actor. ... Paul Westerberg is the former lead singer and songwriter of The Replacements, one of the seminal indie rock bands of the 1980s. ... The Replacements (also known as The Mats or The Mats by fans) were a seminal alternative rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... John Allen Muhammad in court John Allen Muhammad (born John Allen Williams on December 31, 1960) carried out the Beltway sniper attacks in an apparent attempt to extort $10 million dollars through terrorism. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Scott Not Ian (stage name of Scott Ian Rosenfeld, born December 31, 1963) is the rhythm guitarist for the metal band Anthrax and a former guitarist for the crossover band Stormtroopers of Death. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Allen DNulderf born Allen Dillan Newman, was a stuntman for 50 First Dates. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... Brent Robert Barry (born December 31, 1971 in Hempstead, New York) is an American professional basketball player ( - ), currently with the NBAs San Antonio Spurs. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Richard Hugh Richie McCaw (born December 31, 1980 in Oamaru) is one of New Zealands top rugby players. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Deaths

• 192 - Commodus, Roman Emperor (b. 161)
• 1164 - Margrave Ottokar III of Styria (b. 1124)
• 1194 - Duke Leopold V of Austria (killed at a tournament) (b. 1157)
• 1297 - Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, English soldier (b. 1249)
• 1302 - Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1238)
• 1384 - John Wycliffe, English theologian and Bible translator
• 1424 - Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter, English military leader
• 1460 - Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (executed) (b. 1443)
• 1460 - Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (b. 1400)
• 1510 - Bianca Maria Sforza, wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1472)
• 1535 - William Skeffington, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1465)
• 1568 - Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese warlord (b. 1493)
• 1575 - Pierino Belli, Italian soldier and jurist (b. 1502)
• 1583 - Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (b. 1524)
• 1610 - Ludolph van Ceulen, German mathematician (b. 1540)
• 1650 - Dorgon, Chinese emperor (b. 1612)
• 1673 - Oliver St John, English statesman and judge
• 1679 - Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (b. 1608)
• 1691 - Dudley North, English economist (b. 1641)
• 1719 - John Flamsteed, English astonomer (b. 1646)
• 1742 - Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine (b. 1661)
• 1799 - Jean-François Marmontel, French historian and writer (b. 1723)
• 1872 - Aleksis Kivi, Finnish author (b. 1834)
• 1877 - Gustave Courbet, French painter (b. 1819)
• 1888 - Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi (b. 1808)
• 1889 - Ion Creangă, Romanian writer (b. 1837 or 1839)
• 1905 - Alexander Popov, Russian physicist (b. 1859)
• 1921 - Boies Penrose, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (b. 1860)
• 1936 - Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish writer and philosopher (b. 1864)
• 1948 - Malcolm Campbell, English race car driver (b. 1885)
• 1953 - Albert Plesman, Dutch aviation pioneer (b. 1889)
• 1964 - Ólafur Thors, Icelandic politician and five times prime minister (b. 1892)
• 1969 - George Lewis, American musician (b. 1900)
• 1971 - Vikram Sarabhai, Indian physicist (b. 1919)
• 1972 - Roberto Clemente, baseball player (b. 1934)
• 1977 - Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Ruler of Kuwait (b. 1924)
• 1980 - Marshall McLuhan, Canadian writer (b. 1911)
• 1980 - Raoul Walsh, American film director (b. 1887)
• 1985 - Rick Nelson, American singer (b. 1940)
• 1990 - Vasili Lazarev, cosmonaut (b. 1928)
• 1993 - Zviad Gamsakhurdia, first President of Georgia (b. 1939)
• 1997 - Floyd Cramer, American musician (b. 1933)
• 1997 - Michael Kennedy, American politician (b. 1958)
• 1999 - Elliot Richardson, American politician (b. 1920)
• 2000 - Alan Cranston, American politician (b. 1914)
• 2003 - Arthur R. von Hippel German-born physicist (b. 1898)
• 2004 - Gerard Debreu, French-born economist, Bank of Sweden Prize winner (b. 1921)
• 2005 - Phillip Whitehead, British politician (b. 1937)

Events The kingdom of Champa begins to control south and central Vietnam (approximate date). ... Commodus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (originally Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) (August 31, 161–December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192. ... This is a list of Roman Emperors with the dates they controlled the Roman Empire. ... Events March 7 - Roman emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. ... // Events Count Henry I of Champagne marries Marie de Champagne. ... Ottokar III (born 1124, died December 31, 1164), was Margrave of Styria from 1129 until 1164. ... Events March 26 - Henry I of Englands forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde. ... Events November 20 - Palermo falls to Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire December 25 - Henry VI is crowned king of Sicily. ... Leopold V (1157-December 31, 1194), the Virtuous, was a Babenberg duke of Austria from 1177 to 1194 and Styria from 1192 to 1194. ... Events Births September 8 - King Richard I of England (died 1199) Leopold V of Austria (died 1194) Hojo Masako, wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (died 1225) Deaths August 21 - King Alfonso VII of Castile (born 1105) Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria Sweyn III of Denmark Yury... Events 8 January - Monaco gains independence. ... Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Baron de Bohun and 3rd Earl of Hereford (1249 - December 31, 1297) was one of several noblemen of the same name to have held the earldom of Hereford, and a key figure in the Norman conquest of Wales. ... Events University, the first College at Oxford founded Births Emperor Kameyama of Japan Pope John XXII Frederick I, Margrave of Baden Deaths July 6 - Alexander II of Scotland (b. ... Events July 11 - Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch), major victory of Flanders over the French occupier. ... Frederick III (1238 – December 31, 1302) was Duke of Lorraine from 1251 to his death. ... Events In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada. ... Events May / September 3 - Siege of Lisbon by the Castilian army, during the 1383-1385 Crisis Births Antoine, Duke of Brabant (died 1415) St Frances of Rome (died 1440) Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (died 1411) Deaths January 1 - King Charles II of Navarre (b. ... John Wycliffe (also Wyclif, Wycliff, or Wickliffe) (c. ... Events August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stuart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ... Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter (c. ... Events The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone. ... Edmund, Earl of Rutland (May 17, 1443 – December 31, 1460) was the fourth child and second surviving son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville. ... Edward IV (April 28, 1442 – April 9, 1483) was King of England from March 4, 1461 to April 9, 1483, with a break of a few months in the period 1470–1471. ... Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was the King of England from 1483 until his death and the last king from the House of York. ... Events Albanians, under Skanderbeg, defeat the Turks John Hunyadi defeats Turks at the Battle of Nis Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II. Births January 27 - Albert, Duke of Saxony (died 1500) February 23 - Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (died 1490) May 17 - Edmund... Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury (1400 – December 31, 1460) was a Yorkist leader during the early parts of the Wars of the Roses. ... Events Henry IV quells baron rebellion and executes The Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King Jean Froissart writes the Chronicles Medici family becomes powerful in Florence, Italy Births December 25 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of... 1510 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bianca Maria Sforza ( Milan, April 5, 1472 – December 31, 1510 in Innsbruck) was the daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan. ... Portrait by Albrecht Dürer, 1519 (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna). ... Events February 20 - The Orkneys and Shetlands are annexed to the crown of Scotland Discovery of Newfoundland by Didrik Pining and João Vaz Corte-Real. ... Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro April - Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, Canada (now Quebec) and in May, the even greater Huron city of Hochelaga June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster (see Münster Rebellion) is conquered and disbanded. ... Sir William Skeffington (c. ... Events July 13 - Battle of Montlhéry Troops of King Louis XI of France fight inconclusively against an army of the great nobles organized as the League of the Public Weal. ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... Shimazu Tadayoshi (島津忠良; October 14, 1493-December 31, 1568) is a daimyo who ruled Satsuma Province. ... 1493 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 13 - Henry III of France is crowned at Reims February 14 - Henry III of France marries Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont June 28 - Oda Nobunaga defeats Takeda Katsuyori in the battle of Nagashino, which has been called Japans first modern battle. ... Pierino Belli (March 20, 1502, Alba - December 31, 1575, Turin) was a soldier and jurist. ... 1502 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1583 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... Thomas Erastus (September 7, 1524 - December 31, 1583), German-Swiss theologian, whose surname was Liber, Lieber, or Liebler, was born of poor parents, probably at Baden, canton of Aargau, Switzerland. ... Events March 1, 1524/5 - Giovanni da Verrazano lands near Cape Fear (approx. ... // Events January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter. ... Ludolph van Ceulen (28 January 1540–31 December 1610) was a German mathematician who emigrated to the Netherlands. ... Events January 6 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort. ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... Dorgon (多爾袞 duo1 er3 gun3) (November 17, 1612 - December 31, 1650), also known as Hošoi Mergen Cin Wang (和碩睿親王), was a Manchu prince in the early Qing dynasty. ... Events January 20 - Mathias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Events January 22 - Impostor Mary Carleton is hanged in Newgate prison in England for multiple thefts and returning from penal transportation March 18 - John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton sells his part of New Jersey to the Quakers. ... Oliver St John (c. ... Events January 24 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament August 7 - The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes. ... Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. ... Events March 18 - Sissinios formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia May 14 - Protestant Union founded in Auhausen. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender May 6... Sir Dudley North (May 10, 1641 - December 31, 1691), English economist, was 4th son of Dudley, 4th Lord North, who published, besides other things, Passages relating to the Long Parliament, of which he had himself been a member. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ... // Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused... John Flamsteed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... // Events The Westminster Confession of Faith Ongoing events Wars of the Three Kingdoms, including the English Civil War (1642-1649) Births February 4 - Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (d. ... // Events January 24 - Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine (November 4, 1661 in Neuburg – December 31, 1742 in Mannheim) was also Duke of Jülich and Berg. ... Events January 6 - The fifth monarchy men unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Jean-François Marmontel (July 11, 1723 - December 31, 1799) was a French historian and writer, a member of the Encyclopediste movement. ... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ... 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Aleksis Kivi (October 10, 1834 - December 31, 1872), born Alexis Stenvall, was a Finnish author who wrote the first significant novel in the Finnish language, Seven Brothers (Finnish title: Seitsemän veljestä). Aleksis Kivi was born at Nurmijärvi, Finland, in a tailors family. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Gustave Courbet (portrait by Nadar) Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet (June 10, 1819 – December 31, 1877) was a French painter. ... 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... Rabbi S.R. Hirsch Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (June 20, 1808 - December 31, 1888) was the intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Ion Creangă was born in the village of Humulesti, located in the foothills of the Carpathian mountains in northern Moldavia, in 1837. ... | Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Alexander Stepanovich Popov (Russian: Александр Степанович Попов) (March 4, 1859 - December 31, 1905) was a Russian physicist who publicly demonstrate transmission of radio waves (March 1896) but didnt apply for a patent an apparatus or method for radio. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Boies Penrose Boies Penrose (November 1, 1860 – December 31, 1921) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Miguel de Unamuno Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo (September 29, 1864–December 31, 1936) was a writer and philosopher from Bilbao in the the Basque Country in Spain. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Sir Malcolm Campbell (born March 11, 1885 in Chislehurst, Kent, England - died December 31, 1948) was a racing motorist and motoring journalist. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ... Dr. Albert Plesman (7 September 1889 – 31 December 1953) was a Dutch pioneer in aviation and co-founder of KLM. He was born as the son of an egg trader from The Hague. ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Ólafur Thors (January 19, 1892–December 31, 1964) was an Icelandic politician of the Independence Party, who served as Prime Minister of Iceland on five occasions: 16 May 1942 to 16 December 1942 21 October 1944 to 4 February 1947 6 December 1949 to 14 March 1950 11 September 1953... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... George Lewis born 13 July 1900 died 31 December 1969 was a jazz clarinetist who achieved his greatest fame and influence in his later decades of life. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... Dr. Vikram Sarabhai (from NASA archive) Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (August 12, 1919 – December 31, 1971) was a great Indian physicist. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1972 calendar). ... Roberto Clemente Walker (August 18, 1934 – December 31, 1972) was a Major League Baseball right fielder and right-handed batter. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah (1913-1977) Emir of Kuwait from 1965 to 1977, and second son of Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Herbert Marshall McLuhan (July 21, 1911 – December 31, 1980) was a Canadian educator, philosopher, and scholar, professor of English literature, literary critic, and communications theorist, who is one of the founders of the study of media ecology and is today an honorary guru among technophiles. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Raoul Walsh (March 11, 1887 – December 31, 1980) was an American motion picture director. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... Eric Hilliard Ricky Nelson, alternately Rick Nelson (May 8, 1940 - December 31, 1985), was one of the first American teen idols. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... Vasili Grigoryevich Lazarev (Russian: Василий Григорьевич Лазарев; February 23, 1928 – December 31, 1990) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 12 spaceflight as well as the abortive Soyuz 18a launch. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... Zviad Gamsakhurdia Zviad Konstantines dze Gamsakhurdia (Georgian: ზვიად კონსტანტინეს ძე გამსახურდია) (March 31, 1939 - December 31, 1993) was a dissident, scientist and writer, who... The President of Georgia (ge: საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი) is the head of the state of Georgia. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1997 (MCMXCVII in Roman) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Floyd Cramer (October 27, 1933 - December 31, 1997) was an American Hall of Fame pianist who was one of the architects of the Nashville Sound. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Michael LeMoyne Kennedy, (February 27, 1958 – December 31, 1997) was the sixth of eleven children of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel Kennedy. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Elliot Lee Richardson Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920 – December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet of President Richard Nixon, but he managed to avoid being tainted by the Watergate Scandal. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Alan MacGregor Cranston (June 19, 1914 – December 31, 2000) was a U.S. journalist and politician. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Arthur R. von Hippel at age 100; photo taken by his grandson, photographer Jonas A. Kahn Arthur Robert von Hippel (November 19, 1898 – December 31, 2003) was a German-American materials researcher and physicist and a pioneer in the study of dielectrics, ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials, as well as semiconductors. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... It has been designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) 2004 World Health Day topic was Road Safety (by World Health Organization) Year of the Monkey (by the Chinese calendar) See the world in... Gerard Debreu was a naturalized US citizen from France Gerard Debreu (July 4, 1921 – December 31, 2004) was a French-born American economist who won the 1983 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. ... The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences (Swe. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Phillip Whitehead , MA (May 30, 1937 – December 31, 2005) was a British Labour politician, television producer and writer. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Holidays and observances

The evening is called New Year's Eve. At 24:00 the beginning of the new year is celebrated, see January 1. The day and evening are called Hogmanay in Scotland. In Japan the evening is called Ōmisoka. In the Philippines it is a public holiday. New Years Eve is a celebration held the day before New Years Day, on December 31, the final day of the Gregorian year. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... Hogmanay (pronounced — with the main stress on the last syllable - hog-muh-NAY) is the Scots word for the celebration of the New Year in the Scottish manner. ... Ōmisoka (Japanese: 大晦日), New Years Eve, is an important day in Japanese tradition, occurring on December 31, the last day of the year. ...

• R.C. Saints - Pope Sylvester I (optional memorial)
• The sixth day of Christmas in Western Christianity.
• Also see December 31 Eastern Orthodox liturgics.
• Bahá'í Faith - Feast of Sharaf (Honor) - First day of the 16th month of the Bahá'í Calendar.

The calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organising a liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more saints, and referring to the day as the saints day of that saint. ... ... The Twelve Days of Christmas, or Twelvetide, are the festive days from Christmas to Twelfth Night (holiday) (the eve of the Epiphany), or December 25 to January 5. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life, teachings, and actions of Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as Jesus Christ, as recounted in the New Testament. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Seat of the Universal House of Justice, governing body of the Baháís in Haifa Israel The Baháí Faith is an emerging global religion founded by Baháulláh, a 19th century Persian exile. ...

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• Today in History: December 31

December 30 - January 1 - November 30 - January 31 — listing of all days December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 31 days remaining, as the final day of November. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Condensed list of historical anniversaries. ...