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The Declaration of the Independence of India was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on January 26, 1930 - resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj, or complete independence from the British Empire. Image File history File links The flag of India used in 1931. ...
Image File history File links The flag of India used in 1931. ...
Flag of the Provisional Government of Free India. ...
The flag adopted in 1931 and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War. ...
January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ...
Self rule is the term used to described a people or group being able to exercise all of the necessary functions of power without intervention from any authority which they cannot themselves alter. ...
The British Empire was, at one time, the foremost global power, and the most extensive empire in the history of the world. ...
The flag of India had been officially hoisted by Congress President Jawaharlal Nehru on December 31, 1929 in Lahore. The Congress asked the people of India to observe the day as Independence Day. The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers, nationalists and the public. Indian National Flag Flag ratio: 2:3 The National Flag of India was adopted in its present form during an ad hoc meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on the 22nd of July 1947, a few days before Indias independence from the British on the 15th of August 1947. ...
Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू, JavÄharlÄl NehrÅ«) (November 14, 1889 – May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Scholar, Teacher) Nehru, was an important leader of the Indian Independence Movement and the Indian National Congress, and became the first Prime Minister of India when India won its independence on August 15, 1947. ...
December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The Minar-e-Pakistan represents Pakistani independence The Hazuri Bagh, looking towards the Roshnai Gate Lahore (Urdu: لاھور) is a major city in Pakistan and is the capital of the province of Punjab. ...
Indian National Flag Flag ratio: 2:3 The National Flag of India was adopted in its present form during an ad hoc meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on the 22nd of July 1947, a few days before Indias independence from the British on the 15th of August 1947. ...
Background
Before 1930, few Indian political parties had openly embraced the goal of political independence. The All India Home Rule League had been advocating Home Rule for India - dominion status within the British Empire, as granted to Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The All India Muslim League favored dominion status as well, and opposed calls for outright Indian independence. The Indian Liberal Party, by-far the most pro-British, explicitly opposed India's independence, and even dominion status if it weakened India's links with the British Empire. The Indian National Congress, the largest Indian political party of the time, was at the head of the national debate. Veteran Congress leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Motilal Nehru and Bipin Chandra Pal had opposed explicit Indian independence from the Empire. The All India Home Rule Leagues was a national political organization founded in 1916 to lead the national demand for self-government, termed Home Rule to the British Raj in India. ...
Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ...
A Dominion is a wholly self-governing or virtually self-governing state of the British Empire or Commonwealth of Nations, particularly one which reached that stage of constitutional development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand. ...
The British Empire was, at one time, the foremost global power, and the most extensive empire in the history of the world. ...
Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the Great Leader of the Muslim League The All India Muslim League was a political party in British India was the driving force behind the creation of a Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent. ...
The Liberal Party of India was an organization espousing the liberal, pro-British point of view in the politics of India under the British Raj. ...
Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party or Congress (I), abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ...
Lokmanya Tilak Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, social reformer and freedom fighter who was the first popular leader of the Indian Independence Movement. ...
Gopal Krishna Gokhale (गोपाल कृषà¥â€à¤£ गोखले) was born on May 9, 1866, in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. ...
Motilal Nehru (May 6, 1861 – February 6, 1931) was an early Indian freedom fighter and leader of the Indian National Congress. ...
He was one of the trilogy of the three Extremist patriots of the Indian National Congress who had fought and gave his life during Indias freedom struggle in the first half of the twentieth century. ...
Following the 1919 Amritsar Massacre, there was considerable public outrage against British rule. Europeans, civilians and officials, were targets and victims of violence across India. In 1920, Gandhi and the Congress committed themselves to Swaraj - described as political and spiritual independence. At the time, Gandhi described this as the basic demand of all Indians - he specifically said that the question of whether India would remain within the Empire or leave it completely, would be answered by the behavior and response of the British. Between 1920 and 1922, Mohandas Gandhi led the Non-Cooperation movement - nationwide civil disobedience to oppose the Rowlatt Acts and the exclusion of Indians from the government of their own country and affairs, and the denial of political and civil freedoms. The Amritsar massacre The Amritsar massacre, also known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, was named after the place (Jallianwala Bagh, in Amritsar), where, on April 13, 1919, British Indian Army (Pathan, Baluch and Gurkha) soldiers opened fire on an unarmed innocent gathering, killing at least 397 men, women and children...
Self rule is the term used to described a people or group being able to exercise all of the necessary functions of power without intervention from any authority which they cannot themselves alter. ...
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ...
The Non-Cooperation Movement is a collection of techniques used by a subjugated population to achieve freedom from their oppressors. ...
It has been suggested that Civil and social disobedience be merged into this article or section. ...
The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 and basically authorised the government to imprison any person living in the Raj without trial on suspicion of being a terrorist. ...
Simon commission, and the Nehru report In 1928, the British government further outraged people across India by appointing an all-European Simon Commission to deliberate on constitutional and political reforms for India. No Indians were included in the commission, nor were any Indian political parties consulted or asked to involve themselves in the process. Upon arrival in India, Chairman Sir John Simon and other commission members were met with angry public demonstrations, which followed them everywhere. The death of a prominent Indian leader, Lala Lajpat Rai, from severe beatings by British police officials further outraged the Indian public. 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The Indian Statutory Commission was a group of seven British Members of Parliament that had been dispatched to India in 1927 to study constitutional reform in that colony. ...
Lala Lajpat Rai was an Indian political leader who is chiefly known for leading movements against British Raj in India. ...
The Congress appointed an all-Indian commission to propose constitutional reforms for India. Members of other Indian political parties joined the commission led by Congress President Motilal Nehru. The Nehru Report demanded that India be granted self-government under the dominion status within the Empire. While most other Indian political parties supported the Nehru commission's work, it was opposed by the Indian Liberal Party and the All India Muslim League. The British ignored the commission, its report and refused to introduce political reforms. Motilal Nehru (May 6, 1861 – February 6, 1931) was an early Indian freedom fighter and leader of the Indian National Congress. ...
The Nehru Report (1928) was a memorandum outlining a proposed new Dominion (see dominion status) constitution for India. ...
The Liberal Party of India was an organization espousing the liberal, pro-British point of view in the politics of India under the British Raj. ...
Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the Great Leader of the Muslim League The All India Muslim League was a political party in British India was the driving force behind the creation of a Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent. ...
Dominion or Independence But the Nehru Report was also controversial within the Congress. Younger nationalist leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru (Motilal Nehru's son) demanded that the Congress resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British Empire. Jawaharlal Nehru had introduced a resolution demaning "complete national independence" in 1927, which was rejected owing to Gandhi's view that the Congress had to re-learn how to fight, not re-phrase its goal.[1] Now Bose and Nehru opposed dominion status - which would retain the King of England as the constitutional head of state of India, and preserve some political powers for the British government in Indian affairs. They were supported in their stand by a large number of rank-and-file Congressmen. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose (Bangla: সà§à¦à¦¾à¦· চনà§à¦¦à§à¦° বসà§, or, ŜübhÄÅ Chãndrâ BâÅü) (January 23, 1897 – August 18, 1945?note), also known as Netaji, was one of the two most prominent leaders of the Indian Independence Movement against the British Raj (the other most prominent leader was Mahatma Gandhi). ...
This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely: England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707; Scotland up to 1707; The Kingdom of Great Britain...
Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State in many Commonwealth countries including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand, the Bahamas and many more, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ...
In the December 1928 Congress held in Calcutta, Mohandas Gandhi proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant dominion status to India within two years. If the British failed to meet the deadline, the Congress would call upon all Indians to fight for complete independence. Bose and Nehru objected to the time given to the British - they pressed Gandhi to demand immediate action from the British. Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one. Jawaharlal Nehru voted for the new resolution, while Subhash Bose told his supporters that he would not oppose the resolution, and abstained from voting himself. The All India Congress Committee voted 118 to 45 in its favor (the 45 votes came from supporters of a complete break from the British). However, when Bose introduced an amendment during the open session of Congress that sought a complete break with the British, Gandhi admonished the move: This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ...
The All India Congress Committee or AICC is the central decision-making assembly of the Congress Party. ...
"You may take the name of independence on your lips but all your muttering will be an empty formula if there is no honour behind it. If you are not prepared to stand by your words, where will independence be?"[2]
The amendment was rejected, 1350–973, and the resolution was fully adopted.
On October 31, 1929, the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin announced that the government would meet with Indian representatives in London for a Round Table Conference. To facilitate Indian participation, Irwin met with Mohandas Gandhi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and out-going Congress President Motilal Nehru to discuss the meeting. Gandhi asked Irwin if the conference would proceed on the basis of dominion status, and Irwin said he could not assure that, resulting in the end of the meeting.[3] The Governor-General of India (or Governor-General and Viceroy of India) was the head of the British administration in India. ...
Cover of Time Magazine 12 April 1926 The Right Honourable Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCIE, PC (16 April 1881–23 December 1959), known as The Lord Irwin from 1925 until 1934 and as The Viscount Halifax from 1934 until 1944, was a British...
The Houses of Parliament and the clock tower containing Big Ben Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the capital of the United Kingdom and England. ...
First Round Table Conference was held in November 1930 was attended by eighty-nine delegates from different religious, political groups and princely states. ...
Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah of Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah (referred to in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam, or Great Leader, which is a legally defined title) (December 25, 1876 - September 11, 1948) was an Indian Muslim nationalist, who led the movement demanding a separate homeland for Muslims in...
Purna Swaraj As a result of the denial of reforms and political rights, and the persistent ignorance of Indian political parties, the Indian National Congress grew increasingly cohesive - unified in the desire to oust the British from India completely, and energized to fight for the cause of freedom.[3] A very large number of Congress volunteers and delegates, members of other political parties and an especially large public gathering attended the session convened in Lahore. Despite the bitterly cold weather, Pattabhi Sitaramayya records that: The Minar-e-Pakistan represents Pakistani independence The Hazuri Bagh, looking towards the Roshnai Gate Lahore (Urdu: لاھور) is a major city in Pakistan and is the capital of the province of Punjab. ...
Dr Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya was born on 24th November 1880 in Gundugolanu village, West Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh, India. ...
"The heat of passion and excitement, the resentment at the failure of negotiation, the flushing of faces on hearing the war drums - oh, it was all in marked contrast to the weather."[4]
Jawaharlal Nehru was elected President, and veteran leaders like Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel returned to the Congress Working Committee. Gandhi drafted the Indian declaration of independence, which stated: Rajaji Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (December 1878 - December 25, 1972), known as or Rajaji or C.R., was an Indian lawyer, writer, statesman and a Hindu spiritualist. ...
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is credited by contemporary historians as being single-handedly responsible for overseeing the political integration of India. ...
The executive committee of the Congress Party in India, typically consisting of fifteen members elected from the All India Congress Committee or AICC, is known as the Congress Working Committee or CWC. It is headed by the Working President. ...
"The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually....Therefore...India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence."[5]
At midnight on New Year's Eve, President Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India upon the banks of the Ravi in Lahore. A pledge of independence was read out, which included a readiness to withhold taxes. The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony were asked if they agreed with it, and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval. 172 Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment. See also Midnight (1934 film) and Midnight (1939 film) Midnight, literally the middle of the night, was a time arbitrarily designated to determine the end of a day and the beginning of the next in some, mainly Western, cultures. ...
New Years Eve is a celebration held the day before New Years Day, on December 31, the final day of the Gregorian year. ...
The Ravi originates near the Rohtang Pass in the Kangra Himalayas and follows a north-westerly course. ...
The Declaration of Independence was officially promulgated on January 26, 1930. Gandhi and other Indian leaders would immediately begin the planning of a massive national revolt that would encourage the common people to participate and also help involve revolutionaries into a struggle committed to non-violence.[3] The Dandi March and the Salt Satyagraha were iniatied by Mohandas Gandhi and the Congress as the first struggle for complete independence. Revolutionary movement for Indian independence is often a less-highlighted aspect of Indian independence movement - the underground revolutionary factions. ...
Nonviolence (or non-violence) is a set of assumptions about morality, power and conflict that leads its proponents to reject the use of violence in efforts to attain social or political goals. ...
Scenes during Gandhis famous march, on foot to the sea coast at Dandi, on the eve of the Salt Satyagraha, 1930 The Salt Satyagraha, also known as the Salt March To Dandi, was an act of protest against the British salt tax in colonial India. ...
Scenes on the eve of the Salt Satyagraha, Gandhis famous 240 mile march on foot to the sea at Dandi. ...
Legacy The Congress regularly observed January 26th as the Independence day of India - commemorating the sacrifices of Indians during the struggle. In 1947, the British finally agreed to transfer power and political independence to India, and August 15th became the official independence day. However, the new Constitution of India, as drafted and approved by the Constituent Assembly of India, was mandated to take effect on January 26th, 1950 - to commemorate the 1930 declaration. On that day in 1950, India became a sovereign republic. August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ...
The Constitution of India is the constitution of the Republic of India. ...
The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India, and served as its first Parliament as an independent nation. ...
Look up Sovereign in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The adjective sovereign is used to refer to a state of sovereignty. ...
In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty. ...
References - ↑ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 171, ASIN: B0006EYQ0A
- ↑ D. G. Tendulkar, Mahatma, pp. 441, Bombay - 1951
- ↑ a b c R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 185
- ↑ Pattabhi Sitaramayya, The History of the Congress, pp. 600, Allahabad - 1935
- ↑ Declaration of independence
Rajmohan Gandhi is a biographer and grandson of Mahatma Gandhi. ...
This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ...
1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ...
Dr Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya was born on 24th November 1880 in Gundugolanu village, West Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh, India. ...
Map of India. ...
1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
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