In psychoanalytic theory, a defence mechanism is an unconscious way to protect one's personality from unpleasant thoughts which may otherwise cause anxiety. This can work well in small doses. However, a defence mechanism can also lead to a neurosis if it causes a person to adopt ineffectual or inappropriate coping strategies.
Examples of defence mechanisms include:
Displacement. Redirecting emotion from a 'dangerous' object to a 'safe' object. For example, punching a cushion when angry at your partner.
Introjection. Internalising the values or characteristics of another person, usually someone who is significant to the individual in some way. For example, adopting the ideals of a charismatic leader in order to deal with feelings of ones own inadequacy.
Projection. The opposite of introjection. Attributing one's own emotions or desires to an external object or person. For example, saying others hate you when it is you who hates the others.
Rationalization. Inventing a logical reason to justify an already taken emotional action. For example, striking one's child in anger and insisting it was for the good of the child.
Reaction formation. Converting an uncomfortable feeling into its opposite. For example, turning hate into love.
Regression. Behaviour reverting to a previous age.
Repression. Moving thoughts unacceptable to the Ego into the unconscious, where they cannot be easily accessed.
Sublimation. A 'healthy' form of displacement. For example, playing sports to relieve stress or anger.
defensemechanism, in psychoanalysis, any of a variety of unconscious personality reactions which the ego uses to protect the conscious mind from threatening feelings and perceptions.
Primary defensemechanisms include repression and denial, which serve to prevent unacceptable ideas or impulses from entering the conscience.
Secondary defensemechanisms : generally appearing as an outgrowth of the primary defensemechanisms : include projection, reaction formation, displacement, sublimation, and isolation.
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