It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Operation Nekka. (Discuss)

Defense of the Great Wall
Part of Second Sino-Japanese War
Chinese defenders overlooking a section of the Great Wall of China
Date January 1 - May 31, 1933 Location Along the eastern end of the Great Wall of China Result Japanese victory
Combatants
Republic of China National Revolutionary Army	Empire of Japan Imperial Japanese Army
Commanders
Zhang Xueliang He Yingqin	Nobuyoshi Muto
Strength
?	?
Casualties
?	?

The Defense of the Great Wall (Traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; Simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; Hanyu Pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 - May 31, 1933) was a battle between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, before official hostilities of the Sino-Japanese War commenced in 1937. Called Operation Nekka by the Japanese, also known as the First battle of Hopei (Hebei province), was a Japanese military campaign following the 1931/32 invasion of Manchuria. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... -Operation Nekka Date : March, 1933 Place : Hebei, China Opponent : Chinese Army Tank Unit:1st Special Tank Company Commander:Captain Hyakutake Tanks:11 Type 89 Medium Tanks, 2 Type 92 Combat Cars After the Manchurian Incident, the Renault tanks of the 1st Special Tank Company were replaced with Type 89 Tank. ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro Strength 5,600,000 4,100,000 (including 900... Image File history File linksMetadata Greatwall_1933_china. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... A section of the Great Wall near Beijing during winter The course of the Great Wall is shown in this map dated from 1805 The Great Wall (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: , literally long city wall) is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in China, built between 5th century... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... Motto Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanking (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Official languages Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  -  President Chen Shui-bian  -  Vice President Annette Lu  -  Premier Chang Chun-hsiung... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan_(bordered). ... Anthem Kimi ga Yo Imperial Reign Slogan: Fukoku Kyohei Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military (a. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国陸軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) was the official ground based armed force of Japan from 1867 to 1945 when it was Imperial Japan. ... Zhang Xueliang Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang Hsüeh-liang; English occasionally: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in 1898 or 1900) in Haicheng County, Fengtian province of China – 14 October 2001 in Hawaii, United States... He Yingqin He Yingqin (何应钦 in Chinese) (April 2, 1890 - October 21, 1987), was one of the senior generals of Kuomintang in early stage, and a close ally of Chiang Kai-shek. ... Baron Nobuyoshi Muto ) (15 July 1868 – 27 July 1933) was Commander of the Kwangtung Army in 1933, Japanese ambassador to Manchukuo, and a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army. ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro Strength 5,600,000 4,100,000 (including 900... It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Zhang Xueliang, Ma Zhanshan, Feng Zhanhai, Ting Chao Shigeru Honjo, Jiro Tamon, Senjuro Hayashi Strength 160,000 men 30,000 - 60,450 men Casualties  ?  ? The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, one day... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Gen. ... Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small war fought between small forces of Chinese militias against the Japanese Imperial Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident in which Manchuria was lost to Japan. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Marshal Zhang Xueliang Lt. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Feng Zhanhai, Ting Chao Shigeru Honjo Strength 30,000  ? Casualties  ?  ? After General Ma Zhanshan had been driven from Tsitsihar by the Japanese in the Jiangqiao Campaign he had retreated northeastward with his beaten and depleted forces and had set up... Combatants Republic of China, 19th Route Army, 5th Army Empire of Japan, Imperial Japanese Army, 2nd Independent Tank Company, Shanghai Expeditionary Force Commanders 19th Route Army: Jiang Guangnai (Chinese: 蔣光鼐), 5th Army: Zhang Zhizhong (Chinese: 張治中) Commander: Yoshinori Shirakawa (Japanese: 白川義則), Chief of staff: Kanichiro Tashiro (Japanese: 田代皖一郎) Strength 50,000 90,000 Casualties... Combatants Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies, Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan, Manchukuo Imperial Army, Manchukuo Commanders Ma Zhanshan, Ting Chao, Tang Juwu, Wang Fengge, Wang Delin, Su Bingwen, Feng Yuxiang, Yang Jingyu, Zhou Baozhong, Li Zhaolin Shigeru Honjo, Nobuyoshi Muto, Takashi Hishikari... -Operation Nekka Date : March, 1933 Place : Hebei, China Opponent : Chinese Army Tank Unit:1st Special Tank Company Commander:Captain Hyakutake Tanks:11 Type 89 Medium Tanks, 2 Type 92 Combat Cars After the Manchurian Incident, the Renault tanks of the 1st Special Tank Company were replaced with Type 89 Tank. ... The Battle of Rehe was fought from February 21 to March 1 of 1933 between China and Japan. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Lukouchiao Incident. ... The Battle of Beiping-Tianjin (Traditional Chinese: 平津作戰; Simplified Chinese: 平津作战; pinyin: ) (25 July - 31 July 1937) was a battle fought during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the proximity of Beiping (now Beijing) and Tianjin. ... When the China Incident happened, the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade stationed in Manchuria moved to Hebei and fought near Beijing. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng Heisuke Yanagawa, Iwane Matsui, Hasegawa Kiyoshi Strength 600,000 troops in 75 divisions and 9 brigades, 200 airplanes 300,000 troops in 8 divisions and 6 brigades, 500 airplanes, 300 tanks... Combatants 524th Regiment, 88th Division, National Revolutionary Army 3rd Division, Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Xie Jinyuan Iwane Matsui Strength 414 men including 16 officers Unknown, but far more than the Chinese Casualties 27 wounded, 10 killed More than 200 killed The Defense of Sihang Warehouse (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin... Combatants China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, North China Area Army Commanders ?, ?, ?, ? ?, ? Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Japanese 京漢線作戦 or Peiking – Hankow Railway Operation (Mid August 1937– Dec. ... Combatants Japan, North China Area Army China, National Revolutionary Army Commanders ?, ?, ?, ? ?, ? Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Japanese 津浦線作戦 or Tientsin – Pukow Railway Operation (Early August to mid November, 1937) was a follow up operation to the Peiking Tientsin Operation of the Japanese army in North China at the beginning of the Second Sino... The Battle of Taiyuan is a major battle fought between China and Japan near Taiyuan, which lies in the 2nd China Theater. ... The Battle of Pingxingguan, commonly called the Great Victory of Pingxingguan (平型关大捷) in Mainland China, was an engagement fought between the 8th Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party and the Imperial Japanese Army on September 25, 1937. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Yan Xishan Strength Casualties The Battle of Xinkou (Traditional Chinese: 忻口會戰; Simplified Chinese: 忻口会战; pinyin: ) was the second of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, Central China Theater Army Commanders Tang Shengzhi Matsui Iwane Strength 100,000 men 8 divisions Casualties ~50,000 military personnel, ~300,000 civilians minimal The Battle of Nanjing (Traditional Chinese: 南京保衛戰; Simplified Chinese: 南京保卫战; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Nan-ching Pao-wei Chan) began after the... The Battle of Xuzhou was fought between Japanese and Chinese forces in May of 1938 during World War Two. ... The Battle of Taierzhuang was a battle of the Second Sino_Japanese War in 1938, between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army Military Region 5, 9, Soviet Air Force volunteers[1] Imperial Japanese Army, Central China Expeditionary Force, 11th Army, 2nd Army, China Area Fleet, Central China Aviation Army Corps Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Xue Yue, Wu Qiwei, Zhang Fakui, Wang Jingjiu, Ou Zhentong, Yu Jishi，Duan Langru... Combatants National Revolutionary Army Imperial Japanese Army 106th Division Commanders Xue Yue Matsuura Junrokuro Strength 100,000 15,000 Casualties  ? 10,000+ Battle of Wanjialing, famously known in Chinese text as the Victory of Wanjialing (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) refers to the Chinese Armys effort on destroying majority... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Imperial Japanese Navy, Japan National Revolutionary Army, China Commanders Vice Adm. ... For the Chinese Civil War battle in 1927, see Nanchang Uprising. ... During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese artillery forces marched a long distance into the vast area of continental China. ... The Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang (Traditional Chinese: 隨棗會戰; Simplified Chinese: 随枣会战; pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Suizao was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants Imperial Japanese Army, Japan National Revolutionary Army, China Commanders Major Gen. ... Battle of Changsha (September 17, 1939 _ October 6, 1939) was the first attempt by Japan to take the city of China, during the second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Strength 120,000 troops in 12 armies 70,000 troops in 4 divisions Casualties The Battle of South Guangxi (Traditional: 桂南會戰; Simplified: 桂南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Du Yuming Masao Nakamura Strength  ?  ? Casualties 27,000 men 8000 men The Battle of Kunlun Pass (Traditional Chinese: 崑崙關戰役, Simplified Chinese: 昆仑关战役; pinyin: KÅ«nlúnguān Zhàngyì) was series of battles between the Japanese and the Chinese in contention for... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Imperial Japanese Army, Japan National Revolutionary Army, China Commanders Shigenori Kuroda Fu Zuoyi Strength 5 - 10,000 28,000 Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Wuyuan (March 16 - April 3, 1940) was a counterattack that defeated the Japanese invasion of the Wuyuan area. ... The Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang (Traditional Chinese: 棗宜會戰; Simplified Chinese: 枣宜会战; pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Zaoyi was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Hundred Regiments Offensive (Chinese: 百團大戰) (August 20, 1940 - December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of Chinas Red Army commanded by Peng Dehuai against the Imperial Japanese Army in Central China. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Li Zongren Lt. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Li Zongren Strength 3 armies 3 divisions Casualties 9,000 troops The Battle of South Henan (Traditional: 豫南會戰; Simplified: 豫南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Li Zongren Lt. ... The Battle of Shanggao (Traditional Chinese: 上高會戰; Simplified Chinese: 上高会战; pinyin: ) was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Wei Lihuang (衛立煌)  ? Strength 180,000 troops in 8 armies 100,000 troops in 6 divisions, 3 brigades Casualties  ? more than 20,000 troops The Battle of South Shanxi (Traditional: 晉南會戰; Simplified: 晋南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Jinnan was... The Battle of Changsha (September 6, 1941 _ October 8, 1941) was Japans second attempt in taking the city of China, as part of the second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Changsha (December 24, 1941 _ January 15, 1942) was the third attempt by Japan to take the city of China during the China following their attack on Pearl Harbor. ... Combatants Japan, Imperial Japanese Army United Kingdom, China, National Revolutionary Army Commanders Lo Cho-ying, Joseph Stilwell Shojiro Iida Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road (Mid March - Early June 1942) was the name of the Chinese intervention to aid their British allies in the 1942 Burma Campaign. ... The Battle of Yenangyaung was fought in Burma, now Myanmar during World War II. The Battle The battle for the Yenangyaung oil fields started on 11th April and continued for a week and one of the most desperate actions was against 48th Indian Brigade at Kokkogwa. ... The Battle of Zhejiang-Jiangxi refers to a campaign by the Japanese Imperial Army and allied Chinese forces in the Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi in 1942. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Bai Chongxi Strength 14 armies 7 divisions Casualties ~60,000 25,830 troops The Battle of West Hubei (Traditional: 鄂西會戰; Simplified: 鄂西会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the... Combatants United Kingdom, China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Wei Li-huang, Joseph Stilwell, Daniel Isom Sultan Masakazu Kawabe, Heitaro Kimura Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (Oct. ... The Battle of Changde (Traditional Chinese: 常德會戰; Simplified Chinese: 常德会战; pinyin: ) was a major engagement in the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi (Traditional Chinese: 豫湘桂會戰; Simplified Chinese: 豫湘桂会战; pinyin: ) also known as Operation Ichigo or Tairiku Datsu Sakusen (Japanese:一号作戦 or 大陸打通作戦) was a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the Republic of China Army, fought from April to December 1944. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Xue Yue There were three more battles in Changsha during the Second Sino-Japanese War, in 1939, 1941 and 1944. ... The Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou (Traditional Chinese: 桂柳會戰; Simplified Chinese: 桂柳会战; pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Guiliu was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Strength 17 armies 5 divisions, 3 brigades Casualties  ? 15,000 troops The Battle of West Henan-North Hubei (Traditional: 豫西鄂北會戰; Simplified: 豫西鄂北会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the... Combatants China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Ho Ying-chin Ichiro Anzai Strength 2 army groups, several companies, NRA Air Force, USAAF 70-80,000 troops in 7 divisions Casualties 13,000 Chinese and estimated 11 USAF soldiers ~20,000 The Battle of West Hunan was one... Combatants China, National Revolutionary Army Japan, Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Chang Fu-kuei, Tang Enbai Yukio Kasahara Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Second Guangxi Campaign (Late April-July, 1945) was a Chinese counteroffensive against the Japanese forces that had taken Guangxi during Operation Ichigo and aimed at the recovery of all Guangxi... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Generally, a battle is an instance of combat in warfare between two or more parties wherein each group will seek to defeat the others. ... Motto Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanking (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Official languages Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  -  President Chen Shui-bian  -  Vice President Annette Lu  -  Premier Chang Chun-hsiung... Anthem Kimi ga Yo Imperial Reign Slogan: Fukoku Kyohei Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military (a. ... The Second Sino-Japanese War was a major invasion of eastern China by Japan preceding and during World War II. It ended with the surrender of Japan in 1945. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... -Operation Nekka Date : March, 1933 Place : Hebei, China Opponent : Chinese Army Tank Unit:1st Special Tank Company Commander:Captain Hyakutake Tanks:11 Type 89 Medium Tanks, 2 Type 92 Combat Cars After the Manchurian Incident, the Renault tanks of the 1st Special Tank Company were replaced with Type 89 Tank. ... Operation Nekka, also known as the First battle of Hopei (= Hebei province), was a Japanese military campaign following the 1931/32 invasion of Manchuria. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Zhang Xueliang, Ma Zhanshan, Feng Zhanhai, Ting Chao Shigeru Honjo, Jiro Tamon, Senjuro Hayashi Strength 160,000 men 30,000 - 60,450 men Casualties  ?  ? The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, one day...

Prelude

Shanhai Pass

Following the establishment of puppet state of Manchukuo, Japanese military presence extended from Manchuria into "China proper". On January 1, Japanese forces began bombarding Shanhai Pass, the easternmost fortress of the Great Wall of China. The Northeastern Army (Traditional Chinese: 東北軍; Simplified Chinese: 东北军; Hanyu Pinyin: Dōngběi Jūn), which was guarding the pass, was not able to withstand such an attack since it was less than one regiment in strength there. On January 3, Shanhai Pass had fallen to the Japanese. Manchukuo (1932–1945), Manchu country, was a former state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia created by former Qing Dynasty officials and Imperial Japan in 1932. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... China proper refers to the historical heartlands of China in the context of that paradigm which contrasts these heartlands with frontier regions of Outer China (including sections of Inner Asia and other regions). ... First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. ... A section of the Great Wall near Beijing during winter The course of the Great Wall is shown in this map dated from 1805 The Great Wall (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: , literally long city wall) is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in China, built between 5th century... The Northeastern Army (Traditional Chinese: 東北軍; Simplified Chinese: 东北军; pinyin: DōngbÄ›i JÅ«n), was the Chinese army of the Fengtien clique until the unification of China in 1928. ... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of...

Rehe

Rehe was the next target and on February 21, the 6th and 8th Divisions of the Japanese Kwantung Army invaded it in the first phase of Operation Nekka. After intense fighting, the Chinese retreated on March 1. After the fall of Rehe, He Yingqin replaced Zhang Xueliang as the leader of the Northeastern Army and was assigned the duty of securing defensive positions along the Great Wall. Meanwhile, representatives of the Chinese government attempted to negotiate for the Japanese to return all territorial gains since Manchukuo. The situation was very delicate as China at the time was too weak to wage a frontal war against Japan, and any pretext resembling a declaration of war could have resulted in the total destruction of an autonomous China. On the other hand, the policy of "non-resistance" did not sit well with the general populace. Thus the Chinese government followed a policy of both active resistance and negotiation (Traditional Chinese: 一面抵抗; Simplified Chinese: 一面交涉; Hanyu Pinyin: yīmiàn dǐkàng, yīmiàn jīaoshè) Rehe (Simplified Chinese: 热河; Traditional Chinese: 熱河; pinyin: Rèhé; lit. ... The Kantogun (Kanji: 関東軍; Nihon-shiki: Kantōgun; Postal System Pinyin: Kwantungchun; Pinyin: Guandongjun), more commonly known as the Kwantung Army or Guandong Army, was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). ... -Operation Nekka Date : March, 1933 Place : Hebei, China Opponent : Chinese Army Tank Unit:1st Special Tank Company Commander:Captain Hyakutake Tanks:11 Type 89 Medium Tanks, 2 Type 92 Combat Cars After the Manchurian Incident, the Renault tanks of the 1st Special Tank Company were replaced with Type 89 Tank. ... The Battle of Rehe was fought from February 21 to March 1 of 1933 between China and Japan. ... He Yingqin He Yingqin (何应钦 in Chinese) (April 2, 1890 - October 21, 1987), was one of the senior generals of Kuomintang in early stage, and a close ally of Chiang Kai-shek. ... Zhang Xueliang Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang Hsüeh-liang; English occasionally: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in 1898 or 1900) in Haicheng County, Fengtian province of China – 14 October 2001 in Hawaii, United States... Manchukuo (1932–1945), Manchu country, was a former state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia created by former Qing Dynasty officials and Imperial Japan in 1932. ... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of...

The Great Wall

Japanese forces charging toward the wall defense

Falling back from Jehol, Wan Fulin's 32nd Corps retreated to Lengkou Pass, while the 29th Corps of General Song Zheyuan fell back, Zhang Zuoxiang's 37th Division retreated to Xifengkou Pass, General Guan Linzheng's 25th Division to the Gubeikou Pass. Image File history File linksMetadata Greatwall_1933_japan. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Greatwall_1933_japan. ... Wan Fulin (万福麟) (1880 - 1951) was born in 1880. ... Zhang Zuoxiang,(张作相) (1881~1949) was an important member of the Fengtien warlord clique. ...

On March 9th, Chiang Kai-shek discussed with Zhang Xueliang about resisting Japanese invasion in Baoding in Hebei Province. Chiang Kai-shek began to relocate his forces away from his campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet, which would include the forces of Huang Jie, Xu Tingyao and Guan Linzheng. Chiang Kai-shek also called over Fu Zuoyi's 7th Corps from Suiyuan. On March 11th, Japanese troops pushed up to the Great Wall. On March 12th, Zhang Xueliang resigned his post to He Yingqin, who as the new leader of the Northeastern Army was assigned the duty of securing defensive positions along the Great Wall Chiang Kai-shek (Chinese: 蔣介石 or 蔣中正, October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen. ... Zhang Xueliang Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang Hsüeh-liang; English occasionally: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in 1898 or 1900) in Haicheng County, Fengtian province of China – 14 October 2001 in Hawaii, United States... Fu Zuoyi (傅作义, Wades-Giles: Fu Tso-yi) (June 2, 1895-April 19, 1974) was a Chinese military leader. ... Suíyuǎn (綏遠) was a historical province of China. ... He Yingqin He Yingqin (何应钦 in Chinese) (April 2, 1890 - October 21, 1987), was one of the senior generals of Kuomintang in early stage, and a close ally of Chiang Kai-shek. ...

On March 4th, 139th Division of the KMT 32nd Corps recovered Lengkou Pass. On March 7th, 67th Corps beat off attacks by the 16th Brigade of the Japanese 8th Division, at Gubeikou Pass. Guan Linzheng's relief forces also arrived. At Xifengkou Pass, from March 9th, the 37th Division of the 29th Corps fought against the Japanese 6th Division and 14th Mixed Brigade for 31 days. Over twenty close assaults were launched, with sword armed Northwestern Army soldiers, said to have cut off Japanese heads "by the hundreds" during each engagement.[1]

However on March 21st, the Japanese took Yiyuankou Pass. 29th Corps evacuated from Xifengkou Pass on April 8th. On April 11th, Japanese troops retook Lengkou Pass after dozens of seesaw fights over the pass defenses and Chinese forces at Jielingkou abandoned that pass.[1] The Chinese army was significantly underarmed in comparison with the Japanese in heavy weapons and many units were equipped only with trench mortars, a few heavy machineguns, some light machineguns and rifles, but mostly handguns, grenades, and traditional Chinese swords. Beaten back by overwhelming Japanese firepower, on May 12, the Chinese army retreated from their remaining positions on the Great Wall. Chinese Saber Dao (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: tao1) is a category of single-edge Chinese swords primarily used for slashing and chopping (sabers), often called broadswords in English because some varieties have wide blades. ...

Tanggu Truce

Main article: Tanggu Truce

On May 22, Chinese and Japanese representatives met at Tanggu, Tianjin, to negotiate the end of the conflict. The resulting Tanggu Truce was extremely unfavorable and humiliating to the Chinese. The agreement created a demilitarized zone within one hundred kilometers south of the Great Wall, which meant that the Chinese army could not cross over to the zone, thus greatly reducing the territorial security of China proper. Secondly, the Japanese were allowed to use reconnaissance aircraft or ground units to make sure that the Chinese stayed out of the zone. In essence, the Chinese government was forced to acknowledge the puppet status of Manchukuo, in addition to the loss of Rehe to the Japanese in the battle. In addition, the demarcated zone rested largely within the remaining territory of Zhang Xueliang, who had already lost Manchuria in the Mukden Incident. The assassination of his father Chang Tso-Lin by the Japanese, territorial losses, and his subsequent appointment by Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Chinese communists instead of Japan, greatly influenced Zhang Xueliang's later determination to kidnap Chiang in the Xi'an Incident to form a united front with the Communists against Japan. The Tanggu Truce (also sometimes called the Tangku Truce) was a cease-fire signed between China and Japan on May 31, 1933, which formally ended the Japanese conquest of Manchuria which had begun two years earlier. ... Tanggu is a city in the Tianjin municipality in the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea on the coast of northeastern China. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: TiānjÄ«n; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Tanggu Truce (also sometimes called the Tangku Truce) was a cease-fire signed between China and Japan on May 31, 1933, which formally ended the Japanese conquest of Manchuria which had begun two years earlier. ... In military terms, a demilitarized zone (DMZ) is an area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice or other bilateral or multilateral agreement. ... It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ... Chang Tso-lin Zhāng Zuòlín (Chinese: 张作霖 , pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín, WG: Chang Tso-Lin) (March 19, 1873 – June 4, 1928), nicknamed the Old Marshal (大帥) or Mukden Tiger, was a Chinese warlord in Manchuria in the early 20th century. ... Chiang Kai-shek (Chinese: 蔣介石 or 蔣中正, October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... Zhang Xueliang Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang Hsüeh-liang; English occasionally: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in 1898 or 1900) in Haicheng County, Fengtian province of China – 14 October 2001 in Hawaii, United States... Chiang Kai-shek and Chang Hsueh-liang around the time of the Xian Incident. ... In Leninist bogus, a united front is a coalition of Clinton likeleft-wing working class forces which put forward a common set of demands and share a common plan of action, but which do not subordinate themselves to the front, retaining their abilities for independent political action and continuing to...

Silhouettes showing Chinese soldiers armed with traditional swords

Image File history File linksMetadata Greatwall_1933_swords. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Greatwall_1933_swords. ... The word swords can refer to: Swords, Dublin swords (blades) Swords, a suit in the Tarot SWORDS, a ground-based military robot This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

Aftermath

Although the NRA suffered defeat at the end, however several individual NRA division like He Zhuguo platoon managed to defeat and beat down against the superior armed Japanese army up to 3 days before being overrun. Some NRA Division also managed to win minor victories in passes like Xifengkuo and Gubeikou by using the ramparts to move the infantries to one sektor after another in the Great Wall, just like the Ming soldiers before them.

12 years later in 30 August 1945, after the Japanese surrender, a minor "mopping up" battle lasted for 3 hours was fought in the Great Wall of China in the Shanghaiguan with a remaining of 3000 Japanese soldier refusing to surrender was hold up in the Great Wall close to Manchuria, at the end they suffered total annihilation by the Chinese army commanded by Zeng Kelin with Soviet Red Army providing shellfire, probably one of the last conflict the Great Wall of China witnessed. 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close. ... This article is about the armed forces of the Soviet Union. ...

Order of battle

Japanese: Order of battle Operation Jehol. The Japanese and Manchukuoan order of battle for Operation Nekka was: Kwangtung Army Jehol Operation Force - Field Marshal Baron Nobuyoshi Muto, 6th Division (11th & 36th Infantry Brigades) - Lt. ...

Chinese: Order of battle Defense of the Great Wall. This article or section needs to be wikified. ...

Popular Culture

• An action movie made in Hong Kong called 7 Man Army about 7 Chinese soldiers who managed to hold off against 20,000 Japanese soldiers for 5 days. The accuracy and historical truth is up to debate.

7 Man Army is a 1976 release film by director Chang Cheh. ...

See also

• Second Sino-Japanese War

Source Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro Strength 5,600,000 4,100,000 (including 900...

• [1] Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) 2nd Ed. ,1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung , Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. Pg. 159-161.

External links

• Battles of the Great Wall