The origins from which white Americans may come.

The cultural boundaries separating White Americans from other racial or ethnic categories are contested and always changing. Among those not considered white at some time in American history are the Irish, Germans, Ashkenazi Jews, Italians, Spaniards, Slavs, Greeks and other Mediterranean peoples.^[1] The term White American officially refers to people of European, Middle Eastern, and North African descent residing in the United States. ... By county. ... The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ... German Americans are citizens of the United States of German ancestry. ... Irish population density in the United States, 1872. ... British Americans are citizens of the United States of British or partial-British ancestry. ... An Italian-American is an American of Italian descent either born in America or someone who has immigrated. ... Polish-American refers to American citizens of Polish descent. ... A French American or Franco-American is a citizen of the United States of America of French descent and heritage. ... Map showing the population density of Americans who declared Scottish ancestry in the census. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Norwegian-Americans are an ethnic group in the United States. ... Scots-Irish (formerly Scotch-Irish) is a term used to describe inhabitants of the USA and Canada of Scots-Irish (particularly Ulster-Scots) descent, who formed distinctive communities and had distinctive social characteristics. ... Children from Lapland at the Ellis Island Immigration Station, N.Y. and N.J., USA, photographed c. ... The term White American officially refers to people of European, Middle Eastern, and North African descent residing in the United States. ... Languages Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religions Judaism, Satanism, Nazism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ...

David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slaveowners from slaves.^[2] By the 18th century, white had become well established as a racial term.

The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship. The Immigration Act of 1790 offered naturalization only to "any alien, being a free white person". In at least 52 cases, people denied the status of white by immigration officials sued in court for status as white people. By 1923, courts had vindicated a "common-knowledge" standard, concluding that "scientific evidence" was incoherent. Legal scholar John Tehranian argues that in reality this was a "performance-based" standard, relating to religious practices, education, intermarriage and a community's role in the United States.^[3] Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... Naturalization is the act whereby a person voluntarily and actively acquires a nationality which is not his or her nationality at birth. ...

The 2000 U.S. census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."^[4] It defines "white people" as "people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.^[5] In U.S. census documents, the designation white or Caucasian overlaps with the term Hispanic, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race.^[6] In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U.S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value. It has been suggested that Ethnicity (United States Census) be merged into this article or section. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided politically from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Caucasian-American (also known as White-American) is a term that is used to describe Americans that are of the Caucasian race, who have origins in the original people of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. ... The Hispanic world. ... It has been suggested that Ethnicity (United States Census) be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Ethnicity (United States Census) be merged into this article or section. ...

The U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation also categorizes "white people" as "people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. ^[7] World map showing the location of Europe. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided politically from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...

The official definition of race used in the Census and other data collection gives national origin a racial value. This can be problematic for groups such as Middle Eastern Americans, who are not commonly viewed as white and may not identify as white, but are encompassed in the official definition.

European Americans

German Americans

Large numbers of Germans migrated to the United States between the 1680s and 1760s. Many settled in the English colony of Pennsylvania. In the 18th century, many persons of English descent harbored resentment towards the increasing number of German settlers. Benjamin Franklin in "Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.", complained about the increasing influx of German Americans, stating that they had a negative influence on the early United States. The only exception were Germans of Saxon descent"who with the English, make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth. I could wish their Numbers were increased". Benjamin Franklin most likely thought favorably of the Saxons because Anglo-Saxons like him were thought to be the descendants of Saxon invaders to Britain. German-Americans are citizens of the United States of German ancestry. ... Official language(s) English, Pennsylvania Dutch Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 280 miles (455 km)  - Length 160 miles (255 km)  - % water 2. ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Unlike most European immigrant groups whose acceptance as white came gradually over the course of the late 19th century (that is, in U.S. colloquial definitions, since all Europeans had been white by legal U.S. definition), German immigrants quickly came to be accepted as white.^[8] By the late 19th century, despite some lingering nativist resentment towards new arrivals, Germans, along with Scandinavians and the Dutch, were included with the British as America's old stock, and thought of as racially superior to later immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Irish Americans

The Chicago River is colored green every Saint Patrick's Day in honor of Irish Americans, who are America's second largest reported ancestry.

In the 19th century, Irish Americans, often immigrants, were often discriminated against because of their heritage majority Catholic religion. Irish Americans are residents or citizens of the United States who claim Irish ancestry. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1984 × 1488 pixel, file size: 827 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Knowledge Seeker. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1984 × 1488 pixel, file size: 827 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Knowledge Seeker. ... Downtown buildings line the Chicago River The Chicago River is 156 miles (251 km) long, and flows through downtown Chicago. ... St. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

According to historian George Potter, the media often stereotyped the Irish in America as being boss-controlled, violent (both among themselves and with those of other ethnic groups), voting illegally, prone to alcoholism, and dependent on gangs that were often violent or criminal. Potter quotes contemporary newspaper images:^[9] Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ... A gang is a group of individuals who share a common identity and, in current usage, engage in illegal activities. ...

Irish Americans were not considered truely white until the idea of white shifted to an identity that contrasted themselves with black slaves ^[10] and newer, less Americanized immigrant groups began to arrive. Slave sale in Easton, Maryland The history of slavery in the United States began soon after Europeans first settled in what became the United States. ...

Eastern European and Slavic Americans

Slavic Americans were classified as legally white upon their arrival at Ellis Island.Due to large numbers, legislation was also passed, such as the Immigration Act of 1924 to restrict and reduce their further entry. But they were allowed citizenship and full participation in American society. Ellis Island, at the leg of the Hudson River in New York Harbor, was at two time the main immigration port for immigrants entering the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... President Coolidge signs the immigration act on the White House South Lawn along with appropriation bills for the Veterans Bureau. ...

A wide variety of ethnic groups from Eastern, South-Eastern and Central Europe: Polish, Albanian, Hungarian, Czech, Croat, Bosniak, Serb, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Ukrainian and Bulgarian, established communities in American major cities in the early 20th century, especially in New York City and Chicago. Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) or christian turks are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ... New York, NY redirects here. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ...

Italian Americans

Mass immigration to the United States from Italy occurred during the late 19th and early 20th century. Italians had been colloquially considered "ethnic" or "not quite white" along with some other southern European immigrants, such as Greeks, Albanians, Romanians and Bulgarians.^[11][12] However, northern Italian immigrants were seen as a more "desirable nationality" after northern Europeans.^[13] Italians often fell victim to stereotypes of criminal involvement, anti-Catholicism, ethnic and cultural prejudices, and violence. Anti-Italian violence caused lynching in Tampa;^[14] and eleven Italian immigrants in New Orleans, one of the largest mass lynchings in United States history. The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the entry of Italians into the United States. Southern Italians were classified as a different nationality primarily at the request of their northern Italian counterparts.^[15]. An Italian-American is an American of Italian descent. ... Postcard depicting the lynching of Lige Daniels, Center, Texas, August 3, 1920. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... President Coolidge signs the immigration act on the White House South Lawn along with appropriation bills for the Veterans Bureau. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ...

Today, over 15 million Americans claim Italian descent. The largest communities are found in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and Illinois, but many Italian Americans live in other states like Florida, Maryland, Louisiana, Indiana, and California. NY redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Official language(s) English, Pennsylvania Dutch Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 280 miles (455 km)  - Length 160 miles (255 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37°53N to 39°43N  - Longitude 75°4W to 79°33... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city Baton Rouge [1] Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33°N  - Longitude 89°W... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ...

Native Americans

In Oklahoma, state laws identified Native Americans as white people during Jim Crow-era segregation.^[16] Native Americans can refer to Native Americans in the United States, natives of the United States only; equivalent to American Indians in some contexts. ... Jim Crow can refer to several subjects: James F. Crow, Professor Emeritus of Genetics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. ...

In the late 19th and 20th century, Native Americans were seen as people without a future to be assimilated into a larger American culture. Tribal membership was frequently defined according to so-called blood quantum standards, so that "mixed race" children were eventually excluded. This led to the classification of increasing numbers of people with Native ancestry as white, a trend that has been reversed in the census figures of recent decades which show increasing self-identification as Native American.^[16] Blood Quantum Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted to define membership in Native American groups. ...

Hispanic Americans

Hispanic Americans are those who descend from inhabitants of Portuguese and Spanish colonies. While Latin Americans have a broad array of racial and cultural backgrounds, they all tend to be labeled as Hispanic, often erroneously giving it a "racial" value.^[17] Hispanic, as used in the United States, is one of several terms used to categorize US citizens, permanent residents and temporary immigrants, whose background hail either from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America or relating to a Spanish-speaking culture. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

On the 2000 U.S. Census form, race and ethnicity are distinct questions. A respondent who checks the "Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity box must also check one or more of the 5 official race categories. Of the over 40 million Hispanics or Latinos in the United States Census, 2000, a plurality of 48.6% identified as "White-Hispanic," 48.2% identified as "Hispanic-Hispanic" (most of whom are presumed to be mestizos), and the remaining 3.2% identified as "black-Hispanic." US Hispanic or Latino population The Office of Management and Budget is required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: Hispanic or Latino or not Hispanic or Latino The O.M.B. defines Hispanic or Latino as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other... The United States Census Bureau uses the federal governments definitions of race when performing a census. ... // The term Latino is a linguistic identity that refers to an individual that has significant ancestry from a nation-state where a Latin derived language is spoken or is the offical language of the government. ... 2000 US Census logo The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13. ... A plurality, or relative/simple majority as it is also referred to outside the United States (especially in non-English speaking countries; in the US, simple majority has another meaning), is the largest share of something, which may or may not be a majority in the American sense of the...

Judging by census intermarriage statistics, even non-white "Hispanics" — that is, mestizos and mulattos — may be in the process of integrating into the majority community. Mestizos and mulattos are often considered or consider themselves non-white. Intermarriage normally refers to marriage between people belonging to different religions, tribes, nationalities or ethnic backgrounds. ...

The media and Hispanic community leaders in the United States refer to Hispanics as a separate group from "whites" and the "white majority". This may be because "white" is often used as shorthand for "non-Hispanic white." Federal agencies' standards have been confused in this regard. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission once explicitly defined Hispanics as a separate and distinct "ethnicity,"^[18] but now their forms follow the Census Bureau in separating "ethnic" and "racial" identity.^[19] The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or EEOC, is a United States federal agency tasked with ending employment discrimination in the United States. ...

Mexican Americans

The official racial status of Mexican Americans has varied throughout American history. From 1850 to 1920, the U.S. Census form did not distinguish between whites and Mexican Americans.^[20] In 1930, the U.S. Census form asked for "color or race," and census enumerators were instructed to write W for White and Mex for Mexican.^[21] In 1940 and 1950, the instructions were to "Report white (W) for Mexicans unless they are definitely of Indian or other nonwhite race."^[20] Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

When Mexicans were uniformly allotted white status, they were permitted to intermarry with what today are termed non-Hispanic whites (unlike blacks and Asians). They were allowed to acquire U.S. citizenship upon arrival; served in all-white units during the World War II; could vote and hold elected office in places such as Texas, especially San Antonio; ran the state politics and constituted most of the elite of New Mexico since colonial times; and went to integrated schools in Central Texas and Los Angeles. Additionally, Asians were barred from marrying Mexican Americans because of Mexicans were legally white, while Asians were not. Official language(s) No Official Language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... Nickname: Alamo City; River City Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: Counties Bexar County Government  - Mayor Phil Hardberger Area  - City  412. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ...

During the Great Depression, Mexicans were largely considered non-white. As many as 400,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans were deported in a decade-long effort by the government called the Mexican Repatriation.^[22] The Great Depression was a time of economic down turn, which started after the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday. ... The Mexican Repatriation was a largely forced migration mainly taking place between 1931 and 1934, when over 500,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans, more than one third of the United States Mexican population, were deported or voluntarily repatriated to Mexico. ...

In the 2000 U.S census, around half of all persons of Mexican or Mexican American origin in the U.S. checked white to register their race (in addition to stating their Mexican national origin).^[23]

Hispanic Caribbean

Caribbean countries such as Cuba,^[24][25][26] Puerto Rico and especially the Dominican Republic have a complex ethnic heritage since they include an indigenous and African legacies. Africans were imported to the islands in throughout the colonial period (and indeed Blacks accompanied the first Spanish explorers, with more arriving to harvest sugar in the 20th century prior to the Revolution^[27]). Colonial America may refer to: Colonial North America north of Rio Grande the Thirteen Colonies that declared independence from Britain in 1776 The period after the European colonization of the Americas Category: ...

Cuban Americans exemplify this complex ethnic status. The Cuban exiles that entered the United States before 1959 tended to appear white, due to connectedness of social class and race in Cuba.^[28] Their appearance allowed them to pass as white. (This passing was consistent with Cuban preferences for whiteness that stemmed from racism in Cuba itself.^[28]) Their passing "allowed them to feel superior over other racial and ethnic groups and to make claims to rights and privileges, as well as to justify their discriminatory practices and hostilities by attributing immorality and evil intent to these other groups."^[28] This shift to whiteness upon arrival has been challenged by Cuban-Americans and others, but it continues among new arrivals, even as post-Mariel Cuban immigrants are darker-skinned.^[28] A Cuban-American is an immigrant to the United States from Cuba. ... // Definitions Passing is a slang term used when a person appears to be someone or something else or makes others believe that they are. ...

North African and Middle Eastern Americans

Some people in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Levant have enough black African ancestry or are dark-skinned enough to be considered nonwhite by popular U.S. standards, but others are similar in complexion to Europeans.  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided politically from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: /lÉ™vænt/) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ...

Under the U.S. Census definition and U.S. federal agency groupings, North African Americans and Middle Eastern Americans (including Arab Americans, Iranian Americans, and Turkish Americans) are classified as white. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations also explicitly define white as "original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East." Arab Americans constitute an ethnicity made up of several waves of immigrants from 22 Morocco in the west to Oman in the east. ... Iranian-Americans (sometimes called Persian-Americans) are Americans of Iranian descent, including those who are expatriates in exile or permanent immigrants. ... Turks in the United States are either Turkish people, or other Turkic peoples, who live in the United States even though having been born outside the US, or are United States-born, but have Turkish or other Turkic roots. ...

In the United States, common social understandings of "white" exclude Muslims even if they appear white, in contrast to the country's official government definition.^[29] The exclusion of these largely Caucasoid groups can be explained by their disparate cultural, religious, linguistic heritage and ancestral origins or by the presence of a significant sub-Saharan component in their populations.^[30] There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...

It is to be noted that many North African and Middle Easterner Americans would not consider themselves "white." An Egyptian man once sued the U.S. government to have "white" removed from his immigration documents.^[31] Similarly, the U.S. Census considers Egyptian and Berber Americans as "Arabs," even though most Berbers and many Egyptians object to this classification.^{[citation needed]} Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ); is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to the...

Jewish and Israeli Americans

According to one source — although not supported by census records of the period which recorded all Jews as white — European Jews in America did not become accepted as 'white' until the 1940s.^[32] As early as 1911, German/American-Jewish anthropologist Franz Boas (1858-1952) purported in The Mind of Primitive Man, that "no real biological chasm separated recent immigrants from Mayflower descendants."^[33] Ergo claims of difference were based on prejudice, whether religious or ethno-cultural, and had no biological basis. A Jewish American (also commonly American Jew) is an American (a citizen of the United States) of Jewish descent who maintains a connection to the Jewish community, either through actively practicing Judaism or through cultural and historical affiliation. ... Franz Boas Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942[1]) was one of the pioneers of modern anthropology and is often called the Father of American Anthropology. Born in Germany, Boas worked for most of his life in North America. ... Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall (1882) For other uses, see Mayflower (disambiguation). ...

Anti-Semitism was prevalent in the world, including the United States, in the early part of the 20th century, but after World War II, public attitudes toward Jewish Americans changed to more positive depictions, and American Jews enjoy a relative acceptance. Nonetheless, Neo-Nazis and white supremacists continue to deny them recognition as whites. The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... White supremacy is the variety of white nationalism that believes the white race should rule over other races. ...

The U.S. census assumes that all unidentified Israeli Americans are white. By responding Israel in the U.S. census, a person will be categorized as white, even though not all Israelis are of European (Ashkenazi or Sephardi) or Middle Eastern (Mizrahi) descent. They may be Jews of Ethiopian (Beta Israel), Yeminite (considered by some a Mizrahi subgroup) or Indian descent; or they may be Israeli Arabs or Druze (who may or may not identify themselves as Arabs). Languages Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religions Judaism, Satanism, Nazism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ... Languages Ladino also Judæo-Portuguese, Catalanic, and Shuadit Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Tiberian ; plural ספרדים, Standard Tiberian ) are a subgroup of Jews originating in the Iberian Peninsula, usually defined in contrast to Ashkenazi Jews; frequently used... Languages Hebrew, Dzhidi, Judæo-Arabic, Gruzinic, Bukhori, Judeo-Berber, Juhuri and Judæo-Aramaic Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions and Arabs. ... The Beta Israel (Hebrew: , Geez ቤተ፡ እስራኤል Bēta Isrāēl, Amharic Bēte Isrāēl, from Aramaic for House of Israel), also known by the term Falasha (Amharic for Exiles or Strangers, as they were called by non-Jewish Ethiopians), a term that may be considered pejorative, are Jews of... Yemenite Jews (תֵּימָנִי, Standard Hebrew Temani, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānî; plural תֵּימָנִים, Standard Hebrew Temanim, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānîm) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן far south, Standard Hebrew Teman, Tiberian Hebrew Têmān), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. ... Arab citizens of Israel, Arabs of Israel or Arab population of Israel are terms used by Israeli authorities and Israeli Hebrew-speaking media to refer to non-Jewish Arabs who are citizens of the State of Israel. ... Druze star The Druze or Druz (also known as Druse; Arabic: derzī or durzī درزي, pl. ...

Asian Americans

Since the mid-19th century, the United States has experienced immigration from the countries of Asia. With this, there has also been mounting legislation which was passed trying to restrict these peoples from immigrating, most forcefully against the Chinese. The Naturalization Act of 1790 restricted naturalized American citizenship to whites only.^[12] As a result, in the early 20th century many new arrivals with origins in the Asian continent petitioned the courts to be legally classified as white, and hence there exist many United States Supreme Court rulings on their "Whiteness". An Asian American is a person of Asian ancestry or origin who was born in or is an immigrant to the United States. ... The original United States naturalization law of March 26, 1790 (1 Stat. ... // Possession of Citizenship U.S. citizens have the right to participate in the political system of the United States (with reservations for prisoners, ex-prisoners, and naturalized persons), are represented and protected abroad by the United States (through U.S. embassies and consulates), and are allowed to reside in the... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States...

In successful cases, such as the case for Armenians — who were then known as Asiatic Turks — their legal acquisition of whiteness was achieved with the help of anthropologist Franz Boas who had testified as an expert scientific witness.^[12] In other cases, the courts appeared to contradict themselves on the parameters for whiteness, with the cases of Takao Ozawa v. United States (1922) and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923) being a prime example. In the first case, the court ruled that Takao Ozawa, of Japanese descent, was not white, despite the fact that he was of a pale complexion. The court stated that in U.S. law, the anthropology at the time which classified the Japanese as belonging to the Mongoloid race, overruled his pale pigmentation. In the latter case, the court ruled that Bhagat Singh Thind, of Indian descent, was not white despite the fact that Indians were deemed Caucasian by physical anthropologists. The court stated that in U.S. law, "the common understanding of the white man" overruled physical anthropology. Anthropology is the study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships. ... Franz Boas Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942[1]) was one of the pioneers of modern anthropology and is often called the Father of American Anthropology. Born in Germany, Boas worked for most of his life in North America. ... Takao Ozawa v. ... Holding Court membership Chief Justice: William Howard Taft Associate Justices: Joseph McKenna, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. ... Typical Mongoloid skull The term Mongoloid race or Mongoloid is most used in discussions of human prehistory, historical definitions of race and in the forensic analysis of human remains. ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ...

East Asian and Southeast Asian Americans

Nineteenth-century Asian American people of East and Southeast Asian origin were not considered white.^[12] These East Asian Americans have therefore always been classified as Asian, or as belonging to the Mongoloid race.^[12] East Asian Americans were the first Asian immigrant group to the United States of America. ... An Asian American is generally defined as a person of Asian ancestry or origin who was born in or is an immigrant to the United States. ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... East Asian Americans were the first Asian immigrant group to the United States of America. ... The term Asian people[1] is strictly a demonym for people from Asia. ...

In Jim Crow era Mississippi, however, Chinese American children were allowed to attend white-only schools and universities, rather than attend black-only schools, and some of their parents became members of the infamous Mississippi "White Citizens' Council" who enforced policies of racial segregation.^[34] The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and Border States of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 and affected African Americans and many other races. ... A Chinese American is an American who is of ethnic Chinese descent. ...

Asian Indian and South Asian Americans

Main article: Racial classification of Indian Americans

This regional group includes Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims, and various others. In the early 20th century, people of Asian Indian or other Indian Sub-Continent origin were classified as racially Hindu and not white,^[35] although they had been classified as belonging to the Caucasian race by anthropologists^[36]. The anthropological findings had been accepted by the United States courts, but they were overruled by what the courts outlined to be "the common understanding of the white man". For an article on American Indians see Native Americans. ... South Asian Americans are Americans who can trace their ancestry to the Indian subcontinent, often known as South Asia. ... In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, due to the originally negligible population of Asian-Indian Americans, the U.S. government did not officially classify Indians as being of any particular race. ... This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after (after Hinduism 80. ... The Republic of India is a large country in South Asia, and one of only two countries in the world with a population of over one billion. ... The Indian subcontinent is the peninsular region of larger South Asia in which the nations of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka as well as parts of Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and some disputed territory currently controlled by China are located. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... The 4th edition of Meyers Konversationslexikon (1885-1890) shows the Caucasian race (in blue) as comprising Aryans, Semites and Hamites. The Caucasian race (sometimes called the Caucasoid race) is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as, relating to a broad division of humankind covering peoples from Europe, western Asia, Middle...

African Americans

Main article: African Americans#Who is African American?

Owing to the one-drop theory in the United States, Americans with any known African ancestry, no matter how slight, have often been categorized as black. Those of Hispanic, Middle Eastern or North African heritage have been an exception, in that those who look European, or occasionally even those appearing mixed, are not labeled "black" though they may have some sub-Saharan African ancestry, perhaps even acknowledging it. An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... The one-drop theory (or one-drop rule) is a historical colloquial term in the United States that holds that a person with any trace of sub-Saharan ancestry (however small or invisible) can not be considered white[1] and so unless said person has an alternative non-white ancestry...

Laws dating from 17th century colonial America that defined children excluded children of at least one black parent from the status of being white. Early legal standards did so by defining the race of a child based on a mother's race while banning interracial marriage, while later laws defined all people of some African ancestry as black, under the principle of hypodescent. These laws ensured that the children of slaves were available as labor to their parent's master and furthered racist standards of white women's "purity" under threat from black sexual "contamination." Some 19th century categorization schemes defined people with one black parent (the other white) as mulatto, with one black grandparent as quadroon and with one black great grandparent as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or African-American category. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.^[37] Until the Civil War, racial identity depended on the combination of their appearance, African blood fraction, and social circle.^[38] Hypodescent is the practice of determining the lineage of a child of mixed race ancestry by assigning the child the race of his or her more socially subordinate parent. ... Quadroon, octoroon and, more rarely, quintroon were historically racial categories of hypodescent used in Latin America and parts of the 19th century Southern United States, particularly Louisiana. ... An octoroon or mustee is the offspring of a quadroon and a European parent, having ancestry that is one-eighth Negroid. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

Eventually, black came to denote African ancestry, and brown became attributed to mixed-race Hispanics, Southeast Asian Americans, and South Asian Americans.^{[citation needed]}

References

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865). ... The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), a Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota... This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... The word Aztec is usually used as a historical term, although some contemporary Nahuatl speakers would consider themselves Aztecs. ... Castilian is a noun and adjective that refers to the region and former kingdom of Spain; in particular, it refers to the language of this region, and is therefore considered by many to be a synonym of Spanish, though with different nuances. ... Mestizo (Portuguese, Mestiço; French, Métis: from Late Latin mixticius, from Latin mixtus, past participle of miscere, to mix) is a term of Spanish origin used to designate people of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry. ... The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), a Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota...

See also

White American The term White American officially refers to people of European, Middle Eastern, and North African descent residing in the United States. ...