Deindustrialization is the process by which the manufacturing-based economy of a country or region declines. In some instances the economic activity shifts to a service economy, and in other cases reverts to agriculture. It is a reversal of the process of industrialization, which in this sense refers to the increasing reliance by society on mechanized means of production -- that is, the essentials of life are made by or with the essential aid of machines. Deindustrialization is a contraction or collapse of that machine system. It results in less flow of information between machines and between people. It also means shrinkage of production levels, less redistribution of resources by machines, and more sharing of the essentials of life between humans and communities. Deindustrialization is often marked by an increase in structural unemployment and rise of crime. Some authors have suggested that, in a long-term time perspective, the current global trend towards increased industrialization will eventually transition, either smoothly or abruptly, to a global deindustrialized period of neo-agrarianism. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Service economy can refer to one or both of two recent economic developments. ... An 1837 political cartoon about unemployment in the United States. ... Agrarianism is a social and political philosophy. ...

As deindustrialization progresses, a region following a controlled neo-agrarian path becomes increasingly self-sufficient, since lack of resources means the products can no longer be exchanged with outsiders; the exports and imports cease, and any essentials must be produced locally. If the process is uncontrolled, the result is usually disintegration into small, militant communities based on warlordism which are in constant state of war with each other, resembling a feudal society. Regions that rely on a service economy, or that attempt to retain industrialized production and consumption patterns, become increasingly dependent on foreign manufacturers of required service and production equipment. As this occurs, the national industries that use production machinery – for example agriculture, construction and clothing manufacturing – may lose the critical technological edge that comes from a close relationship with producers of their required machinery. Such distancing limits technological advances in production machinery, and slows the establishment of national, state-of-the-art factories and reduces orders for new production machinery. A vicious cycle then develops in which the national manufacturers of consumer goods fall further and further behind their competitors in other countries, leading either to revertion to virulent protectionism or into the collapse of the local production machinery industries and eventually national manufactures as a whole. Warlord is a term that refers to one who has de facto military control of a subnational area, due to armed forces which are personally obedient to — somewhat circularly — that warlord. ... The United States detonated an atomic bomb over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over...

Deindustrialization in the United States

The United States was among the countries involved in the Industrial Revolution, and is a current example of the process of deindustrialization. A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ...

Starting in the 1960's markets outside of the United States, such as Japan, began to develop more efficient industrial sites and were manufacturing goods like steel cheaper than was possible in the United States. At the same time in the United States the service industry was becoming more profitable. Investments in these industries were starting to give higher returns than the manufacturing industry had previously given, so investors started to concentrate on these more profitable service industries instead. Agriculture became a subsector of the industrial sector, with increasing use of mechanization and chemical inputs. The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ... The tertiary sector of industry, also called the service sector or the service industry, is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing and primary goods production such as agriculture), and primary industry (extraction such as mining and fishing). ... Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. ...

Industrial concentrations such as Detroit, Michigan and surrounding states and parts of the neighbouring Canadian province of Ontario entered into deindustrialization in the 1980s. Its economy dominated by the automotive manufacturing industry, the region was seriously affected when companies such as General Motors relocated many of their production facilities to Mexico due to greater profit potential, or closed them entirely due to lower sales. Nickname: Motor City; Motown, D-Town, The D, The Renaissance City, Detroit Rock City, The Rock City, The 313 Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (Latin for, We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) Location in Wayne County, Michigan Coordinates: Country State County United States Michigan Wayne... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English (French has some legal status but is not fully co-official) Flower White trillium Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats... General Motors Corporation (NYSE: GM), also known as GM, is an American automobile maker with worldwide operations and brands including Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saturn, Saab and Vauxhall. ...

As the manufacturing industry became de-emphasized, service and information industries (the tertiary sector and the quaternary sector) became more important. The immediate effect was on industrial jobs. Lower pay, lost jobs, and worker strikes were common. Soon there was less reason to live near industrial centers; their communities declined and there was a migration to the sun belt. This catalyzed the transformation of manufacturing centers in the north east into the rust belt. Industries also became less dependent on industrial centers and set up in areas that were less expensive, the "footloose industries" were created. Education also became more important, because of the rise of the service industry which was more dependent on education than most manufacturing industries has been. Higher education does not necessarily mean higher pay, though; higher education can rather be viewed as pre-requisite for acquiring a job on those sectors. The tertiary sector of industry, also called the service sector or the service industry, is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing and primary goods production such as agriculture), and primary industry (extraction such as mining and fishing). ... The quaternary sector of industry is the sector of industry that involves the intellectual services. ... The Sun Belt, highlighted in red For the NCAA Division I conference, see Sun Belt Conference The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest. ... The Rust Belt, highlighted in red The Rust Belt, formerly known as the Manufacturing Belt, is an area in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States, roughly between Chicago and New York City, whose economy was formerly based largely on heavy industry, manufacturing, and associated industries. ...

Other Examples of Deindustrialization

• Northern England (particularly the cities of Manchester, Leeds and Bradford) in the 1980s. Previously a global center of textile manufacturing, the region was subject to a long period of decline culminating in the 1980s, as the industry shifted to countries in South Asia, Southeast Asia and China.

• Patras, Greece as well as other areas of Greece and Southern Europe were deindustrialized during the late 1980s and early 1990s as a result to the reemergence of the Eastern European markets after the fall of communism. Other factors were the discorvengence with the rest of EU (then E.E.C.) entrance and lack of flexibility of the local economy. Big production units like the "Piraikí-Patraikí" textile plant and the "Ladopoulos" paper mill closed and hundrends of employees were laid off. Reportedly, Pirelli and other companies relocated their production facilities from Patras to eastern European countries in an effort to cut back on rising labor and production costs.

• Much of the former Soviet Union became deindustrialized during the 1990s after the collapse of communism. The antiquated plants with obsolete technology and production processes could no longer compete with the foreign competition, and the nineties saw a massive industrial shutdown in the former USSR. This also saw massive unemployment and poverty, immense social problems and decrease in male life expectancy from 71 years to 59 years in Russia. Advanced production industry has largely been replaced with primary production, especially oil production, in Russia during the regime of Vladimir Putin. Today Russia is essentially an oil-producing country.

• One index of the process of deindustrialization is the amount of blast furnaces for iron manufacturing. In 1970 there were some 130 blast furnaces in West Germany alone; in 2005, the amount has decreased into 16 in the whole of Germany, and even more blast furnaces are to be shut down in the future. In Great Britain, which was the cradle of the Industrial Revolution, only 8 functional blast furnaces remained in 2005. While China was insignificant as an iron producer in 1980, in 2005 it produced more raw iron and steel than all other ccountry in the world.

A sign on the A1 road points to The NORTH Northern England, The North or North of England is a rather ill-defined term, with no universally accepted definition. ... The City of Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in the North of England, historically notable for its central role in the Industrial Revolution. ... Leeds is a major city in the northern English county of Yorkshire in the United Kingdom and the urban core of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire. ... Statistics Population: 293,717 Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: SE165325 Administration Metropolitan borough: City of Bradford Metropolitan county: West Yorkshire Region: Yorkshire and the Humber Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: West Yorkshire Historic county: Yorkshire (West Riding) Services Police force: West Yorkshire Ambulance service: Yorkshire... The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive, informally sometimes including the years 1979, 1990 and 1991. ... South Asia is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Patras (Modern Greek Πάτρα, Ancient Greek Πάτραι Pátrai, Latin Patrae) is the third largest city of Greece, capital of the Achaea prefecture of Greece and of the periphery of West Greece and the first urban centre of the peninsula of Peloponnese. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Eastern Europe is, by convention, a region defined geographically as that part of Europe covering the eastern part of the continent. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Pirelli Logo Pirelli & C. SpA is an important industrial company based in Milan, Italy. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... World map showing Human Life expectancy Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is a Russian politician, and the current President of the Russian Federation. ... It has been suggested that Old Furnace, Ironbridge be merged into this article or section. ... Cradle may refer to: Cradle (band), a band that Suzi Quatro played in, in the early 1970s before she became a huge star. ... A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ...

Notes

See also

• Ecology
• Pentti Linkola
• Free Trade
• Colin Clark's Sector Model
• Industry
• Industrialization
• Manufacturing
• Societal collapse
• Primary sector of industry
• Secondary sector of industry
• Tertiary sector of industry
• Quaternary sector of industry