The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape were the people living in the vicinity of New York Bay and in the Delaware Valley at the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th and 17th century. Their Algonquian language is also known as Lenape or Delaware. Jump to: navigation, search Categories: 1600s ... Jump to: navigation, search Native Americans is a term which has several different common meanings and scope, according to regional use and context. ... The Delaware River at New Hope, Pennsylvania The Delaware River is a river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search View of the Hudson in the 1880s showing Jersey City The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk in Mahican, is a river running mainly through New York State but partly forming the boundary between the states of New York and New Jersey. ... Jump to: navigation, search New York City waterways: 1. ... New York Bay is the collective term for the marine areas surrounding the entrance of the Hudson River into the Atlantic Ocean. ... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Algonquian languages The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (others are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ...

History

Colonial times

The early interaction between the Lenape and the Dutch was primarily through the fur trade, specifically the exchange of beaver pelts by the Lenape for European-made goods. The fur trade was a huge part in the early economic development of North America. ... Binomial name Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820 The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) is a large semi-aquatic rodent native to Canada, most of the United States and parts of northern Mexico. ...

According to Dutch settler Isaac de Rasieres, who observed the Lenape in 1628, the Lenape's primary crop was maize, which they planted in March after breaking up the soil using metal tools acquired from the Europeans. In May, the Lenape planted kidney beans in the vicinity of the maize plants to serve as props. The summers were devoted to field work and the crops were harvested in August. Most of the field work was carried out by women, with the agricultural work of men limited to clearing the field and breaking the soil. Events March 1 - writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date. ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ... Dry kidney beans The kidney bean is a medium-sized variety of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) with dark red skin. ...

Hunting was the primary activity in the rest of the year. Dutch settler David de Vries, who stayed in the area from 1634 to 1644, described a Lenape hunt in the valley of the Achinigeu-hach (or "Ackingsah-sack," the Hackensack River), in which 100 or more men stood in a line many paces from each other, beating thigh bones on their palms to drive animals to the river, where they could be easily killed. Other methods of hunting included lassoing and drowning deer, as well as forming a circle around prey and setting the brush on fire. Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published Curaçao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the Académie française The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Market in London English establish a settlement... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... The Hackensack River, as seen from the New Jersey Turnpike. ...

The quick dependence of the Lenape on European goods, and the need for fur to trade with the Europeans, eventually resulted in a disaster with an overharvesting of the beaver population in the lower Hudson. The fur source thus exhausted, the Dutch shifted their operations to present-day Upstate New York. The Lenape population fell into disease and decline. Likewise, the differences in conceptions of property rights between the Europeans and the Lenape resulted in widespread confusion among the Lenape and the loss of their lands. After the Dutch arrival in the 1620s, the Lenape were successfully able to restrict Dutch settlement to present-day Jersey City along the Hudson until the 1660s, when the Dutch finally established a garrison at Fort Bergen, allowing settlement west of the Hudson. Jump to: navigation, search Upstate New York is the region of New York State outside of the core of the New York metropolitan area. ... This page deals with property as ownership rights. ... Jump to: navigation, search Events and Trends Permanent Dutch settlement of New York Bay and the Hudson River. ... Jump to: navigation, search Jersey Citys skyline from Hoboken, New Jersey. ... Jump to: navigation, search Events and Trends Samuel Pepys begins his famous diary in 1660 and ends it, due to failing eyesight in 1669. ...

The Treaty of Easton, signed between the Lenape and the English in 1766, removed them westward, out of present-day New York and New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, then Ohio and beyond -- although sporadic raids on English settlers continued, staged from far outside the area. The Treaty of Easton was an colonial agreement in North America signed in October 1758 between the colonial British colonial government of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Native American tribes in the Ohio Country, including the Shawnee and Lenape. ... 1766 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

The nineteenth century

The Lenape were the first Native American tribe to enter into a treaty with the future United States government during the American Revolutionary War. The Lenape supplied the Revolutionary army with warriors and scouts in exchange for food supplies and the promise of a role at the head of a future native American state.[1].

The Lenape were continually crowded out by European settlers and pressured to move in several stages over a period of about 175 years with the main body arriving in the Northeast region Oklahoma in the 1860s. Along the way many smaller groups split off in different directions to settle, to join established communities with other native peoples, or to stay where they were and survive when their brothers and sisters moved on. Consequently today, from New Jersey to Wisconsin to southwest Oklahoma, there are groups which retain a sense of identity with their ancestors that were in the Delaware Valley in the 1600s and with their cousins in the vast Lenape diaspora. The two largest are: Jump to: navigation, search Oklahoma is a South Central state of the United States (with strong Southern, Western, and Midwestern influences) and its U.S. postal abbreviation is OK; others abbreviate the states name Okla. ... // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Garden State Other U.S. States Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Governor Richard Codey (D) Acting Senators Jon Corzine (D) Frank Lautenberg (D) Official languages None defined Area 22,608 km² (47th)  - Land 19,231 km²  - Water 3,378 km² (14. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Badger State State motto: Forward Other U.S. States Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Governor Jim Doyle (D) Senators Herb Kohl (D) Russ Feingold (D) Official languages None Area 169,790 km² (23rd)  - Land 140,787 km²  - Water 28,006 km² (17%) Population (2000...

• The Delaware Tribe of Indians (Bartlesville, Oklahoma)
• The Delaware Nation (Anadarko, Oklahoma)

Most members of the Munsee branch of the Lenape live on three Indian reserves in Western Ontario, Canada, the largest being that at Moraviantown, Ontario where the Turtle clan settled in 1792. Jump to: navigation, search Bartlesville is a city located in Oklahoma, forty-seven miles north of Tulsa and very close to the Kansas/Oklahoma state line. ... Anadarko is a city located in Caddo County, Oklahoma. ... In Canada, an Indian reserve is specified by the Indian Act as a tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty, that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band. ... Western Ontario is a region of Ontario centred on London, Ontario. ...

The Oklahoma branches were established in 1867, with the purchase of land by Delawares from the Cherokee nation; two payments totalling $438,000 were made. A court dispute then followed over whether the sale included rights for the Delaware within the Cherokee nation. In 1898 the Curtis Act dissolved tribal governments and ordered the allotment of tribal lands to individual members of tribes. The Lenape fought the act in the courts but lost, the courts ruling that in 1867 they had only purchased rights to the land for their lifetimes. The lands were allotted in 160 acre (650,000 m²) lots in 1907, with any land left over sold to caucasians. Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ...

In 1979 the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs revoked the tribal status of the Delaware living among Cherokee in Oklahoma, and included the Delaware as Cherokee. This decision was finally overturned in 1996. The Cherokee nation then filed suit to overturn the recognition of the Delaware as a tribe. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) responsibility is the administration and management of 55. ...

Lenape nations today

• in Colorado:
  • Delaware Tribe of Colorado
• in Delaware:
  • Nanticoke Indian Tribe
• in Kansas:
  • Delaware and Ojibwe Tribe
• in New Jersey:
  • Nanticoke Lenape Indians
  • Ramapough Mountain Indians
• in Ohio:
  • Delaware Tribe of Ohio
• in Oklahoma:
  • Delaware Tribe of Indians (Bartlesville, Oklahoma)
  • Delaware Nation (Anadarko, Oklahoma)
• in Ontario:
  • Moravian of the Thames First Nation
  • Delaware of Six Nations (at Six Nations of the Grand River)
  • Munsee-Delaware First Nation
• in Pennsylvania:
  • Eastern Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania
  • Laurel Rige Lenape Tribe
  • Lightning Valley Lenape Tribe

State nickname: The Centennial State Other U.S. States Capital Denver Largest city Denver Governor Bill Owens (R) Senators Wayne Allard (R) Ken Salazar (D) Official languages English Area 269,837 km² (8th)  - Land 268,879 km²  - Water 962 km² (0. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The First State Other U.S. States Capital Dover Largest city Wilmington Governor Ruth Ann Minner (D) Senators Joe Biden (D) Thomas Carper (D) Official languages None Area 6,452 km² (49th)  - Land 5,068 km²  - Water 1,387 km² (21. ... The area in Sussex County delaware comprising the Nanticoke river watershed which empties into the Chesapeake bay has been home to an indigenous population of Delaware, or Leni Lenape indians since pre european times. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Sunflower State Other U.S. States Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Governor Kathleen Sebelius (D) Senators Sam Brownback (R) Pat Roberts (R) Official languages None Area 82,277 mi²; 213,096 km² (15th)  - Land 81,815 mi²; 211,900 km²  - Water 462 mi... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Garden State Other U.S. States Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Governor Richard Codey (D) Acting Senators Jon Corzine (D) Frank Lautenberg (D) Official languages None defined Area 22,608 km² (47th)  - Land 19,231 km²  - Water 3,378 km² (14. ... The Ramapough Mountain Indians (also known as Ramapo Mountain Indians or the Ramapough Lenape Nation) are a group of approximately 3,000 people living around the Ramapo Mountains of northern New Jersey and southern New York. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Buckeye State Other U.S. States Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Governor Bob Taft (R) Senators Mike DeWine (R) George Voinovich (R) Official languages None Area 116,096 km² (34th)  - Land 106,154 km²  - Water 10,044 km² (8. ... Jump to: navigation, search Oklahoma is a South Central state of the United States (with strong Southern, Western, and Midwestern influences) and its U.S. postal abbreviation is OK; others abbreviate the states name Okla. ... Jump to: navigation, search Bartlesville is a city located in Oklahoma, forty-seven miles north of Tulsa and very close to the Kansas/Oklahoma state line. ... The Delaware Nation is the only federally recognized tribe of Delawares in Oklahoma; their main complex is located 2 miles north of Anadarko, Oklahoma on Highway 281. ... Anadarko is a city located in Caddo County, Oklahoma. ... Jump to: navigation, search Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Area 1,076,395 km² (4th) • Land 917,741 km² • Water 158,654 km² (14. ... Moravian No. ... Six Nations of the Grand River is the name applied to two contiguous Indian reserves southeast of Brantford, Ontario, Canada – Six Nations reserve no. ... The Munsee-Delaware Nation No. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Keystone State Other U.S. States Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Governor Ed Rendell (D) Senators Arlen Specter (R) Rick Santorum (R) Official languages None Area 119,283 km² (33rd)  - Land 116,074 km²  - Water 3,208 km² (2. ...

Notable Lenape Indians

• Tamanend -- leader who according to tradition negotiated treaty with William Penn

French and Indian War era: Tamanend or Saint Tammany (c. ... For the British admiral, see William Penn (admiral). ... Jump to: navigation, search The French and Indian War is the American name for the decisive nine-year conflict (1754-1763) in North America between the Kingdom of Great Britain and France, which was one of the theatres of the Seven Years War. ...

• Neolin -- the "Delaware Prophet"
• Teedyuscung -- "King" of the eastern Delawares
• Shingas -- Turkey clan war leader
• Tamaqua -- Turkey clan civil leader, aka "King Beaver"

American Revolution era: Neolin (the Delaware Prophet) was a prophet of the Lenni Lenape, who was derided by the British as The Imposter. Beginning in 1762, Neolin made arguments against alcohol, materialism, and polygamy. ... Shingas (fl. ... Tamaqua is a borough located in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. ... Jump to: navigation, search The American Revolution is the series of events, ideas, and changes that resulted in the political separation of thirteen colonies in North America from the British Empire and the creation of the United States of America. ...

• White Eyes -- Turtle clan civil leader
• Killbuck (Gelelemend) -- Turtle clan leader
• Buckongahelas -- Wolf clan war leader
• Captain Pipe -- Wolf clan war chief

White Eyes (c. ... Gelelemend (1737–1811), known to whites as Killbuck or John Killbuck Jr. ... Buckongahelas (1725?–May 1805) was a Delaware (Lenape) war leader who led his followers against the United States during the American Revolutionary War and again in the Northwest Indian War; in the latter war he helped win the most devastating military victory ever achieved by American Indians against the United...

Further reading

• Adams, Richard Calmit, The Delaware Indians, a brief history, Hope Farm Press (Saugerties, NY 1995) [originally published by Government Printing Office, (Washington, DC 1909)]
• Burrows, Edward G. and Wallace, Mike, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1989 ISBN 0-19-514049-4 Oxford Univ. Press (1999).
• Jackson, Kenneth T. (editor) The Encyclopedia of New York City ISBN 0-300-05536-6 Yale University Press (1995).
• Kraft, Herbert C., The Lenape: archaeology, history and ethnography, New Jersey Historical Society, (Newark, NJ 1986)
• O'Meara, John, Delaware-English / English-Delaware dictionary, University of Toronto Press (Toronto, 1996) ISBN 0802006701.
• O'Meara, John, Delaware reference grammar, University of Toronto Press (Toronto, 2006) ISBN 0802043860.
• Weslager, Clinton Alfred, The Delaware Indians: A history, Rutgers University Press, (New Brunswick, NJ 1972).

External links

• Delaware Nation (Anadarko, Oklahoma)
• Delaware Tribe of Indians (Bartlesville, OK)
• Delaware Indians
• Indian claim tests a family's roots
• Indians clash over heritage
• Short Directory of Lenape Websites
• Lenape/English dictionary
• The Unalachtigo Band of NJ
• Lenape Nation
• Lenni Lenape Historical Society