The Deluge
The occupation of the Republic by Sweden, Muscovy, Brandenburg and Chmielnicki's Cossacks.
Date 1655–1660 Location Poland, Lithuania, Denmark Result Polish-Lithuanian Pyrrhic victory
Combatants
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and allies	Sweden and allies
Commanders
John II Casimir of Poland	Charles X Gustav of Sweden

The Deluge (Polish: Potop) is the name commonly assigned in the history of Poland to a series of wars in the 17th century which left Poland-Lithuania in ruins. In a stricter sense, "The Deluge" refers to the Swedish and Russian invasion and occupation of the country from 1655–1660; in a general sense it applies to the series of misfortunes beginning with the Khmelnytskyi Uprising in 1648 and ending in either 1656, 1660 or even in 1667. Before "The Deluge" the Commonwealth was a Central European power; but during the wars Poland lost an estimated 1/3 of its population (relatively higher losses than during World War II), and its status as a great power. Download high resolution version (2000x1568, 373 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. ... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... // Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Reign From November, 1648 until September 16, 1668 Elected In November 1648 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On January 19, 1649 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Constance of Austria Consorts Ludwika Maria Children with Ludwika Maria Maria Anna... Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav) (November 8, 1622 – February 13, 1660), was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Sweden (in practice, German mercenaries) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (in practice, monks, volunteers and mercenaries) Commanders general Burchard Müller von der Luhnen prior Augustyn Kordecki Jan PaweÅ‚ Cellari Teofil Bronowski Strength 3200 and 17 cannons 310 and 24—30 cannons Casualties several dozen men several men The Siege of... The Siege of Warsaw was fought on June 30, 1656, between Poland and Sweden. ... The Battle of Warsaw which took place on 28-30 July 1656, between armies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the one side and of Sweden and Brandenburg on the other, was an important battle of the Northern Wars. ... The Battle of Prostki was fought on October 8, 1656 between Poland and the forces of Prince BogusÅ‚aw RadziwiÅ‚Å‚, who was allied with Sweden. ... Combatants Poland and Denmark Sweden Commanders Stefan Czarniecki Charles X The Battle of Kolding was fought on December 25, 1658, between Sweden and the forces of Poland and Denmark. ... The Polish-Swedish Wars refer to a series of wars between Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, in the wider meaning to the series of wars in which both Sweden and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth participated between 1563 and 1721, in the narrower meaning to denote the two wars between 1600 and... The Reformation reached Livonia in the 1520s. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... King Charles X of Sweden The Northern Wars (1655-1661) is a name sometimes used for the series of conflicts between Sweden and its adversaries Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (The Deluge, 1655-1660), Russia (1656-1661), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657-1660), the Holy Roman Empire (1657-60) and Denmark (1657-1658, 1658... Combatants Sweden Ottoman Empire (1710–1714) Russia Denmark-Norway Poland-Lithuania Saxony later also Prussia) Commanders Charles XII of Sweden Ahmed III Peter the Great August II Frederick IV of Denmark Battle of Poltava as painted by Denis Martens the Younger in 1726 This is an article about the 18th... In the period following its emergence in the 10th century, the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christianity, created a strong Central European state and integrated Poland into European culture. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795 The Polish... Combatants Cossacks Poland-Lithuania Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky MikoÅ‚aj Potocki, Jeremi WiÅ›niowiecki Khmelnytskyi Uprising (also Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion) is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... // Events Mehmed Köprülü becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ... // Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... Central Europe The Alpine Countries and the Visegrád Group (Political map, 2004) Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military dead: 8,000,000 Civilian dead: 4,000,000 Total dead 12,000,000 World War II (abbreviated WWII), or the Second World War, was a worldwide conflict...

The misfortunes began in 1648 by the uprising of the Ruthenian feudal lord and Ukrainian Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Khmelnytsky told his people that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews", a reference to the Arenda system of renting out serfs to (sometimes) Jewish businessmen for three years at a time. With this as their battle cry, the Cossacks murdered a large number of Jews during the years 1648–1649. The precise number of dead may never be known, but the decrease of the Jewish population during that period is estimated at 50,000 to 200,000. 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ... Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Ukrainian: Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Богда́н Хмельни́цкий (Bogdan Khmelnitsky)) ( 1595 — August 6, 1657) was a famous and a somewhat controversial leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ...

Although the Cossacks were defeated in the Battle of Beresteczko (1651), their rebellion was used as a pretext by the Russians to invade and occupy the eastern half of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1655. The Swedes invaded and occupied the remaining half in the same year. The great Battle of Beresteczko (Berestechko in Ukrainian) in Volhynia (Wołyń in Polish, Volyn in Ukrainian), Ukraine, lasted from June 28 to June 30, 1651, between the Polish army under King Jan II Casimir and Ukrainian Cossack and peasant forces, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, and their Crimean Tatar... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ...

Princes Janusz Radziwiłł and Bogusław Radziwiłł began negotiations with the Swedish king Charles X Gustav of Sweden aimed at breaking up the Commonwealth and the Polish-Lithuanian union. They signed the Kėdainiai Treaty according to which the Radziwiłłs were to rule over two Duchies carved up from the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, under Swedish vassalage (the Union of Kėdainiai). For other people with the name of Janusz RadziwiÅ‚Å‚, see Janusz RadziwiÅ‚Å‚. Noble Family RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Coat of Arms TrÄ…by - RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Coat of Arms uses The TrÄ…by in the center of a Black Eagle in a Golden Shield Parents Krzysztof RadziwÅ‚Å‚ Anna Kiszka Consorts Katarzyna Potocka Maria Lupul Children... Noble Family RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Coat of Arms TrÄ…by - RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Coat of Arms uses The TrÄ…by in the center of a Black Eagle in a Golden Shield Parents Janusz RadziwÅ‚Å‚ Elisabeth Sofie Consorts Anna Maria RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Children with Anna Maria RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Ludwika Karolina RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Date of Birth May 3, 1620... Negotiation is the process where interested parties resolve disputes, agree upon courses of action, bargain for individual or collective advantage, and/or attempt to craft outcomes which serve their mutual interests. ... Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav) (November 8, 1622 – February 13, 1660), was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death. ... The term Polish-Lithuanian Union refers to a series of acts and alliances between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lead to the creation of the Republic of Both Nations in 1569 and eventually to creation of a unified state in 1791. ... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Kaunas County Municipality KÄ—dainiai district municipality Elderate KÄ—dainiai town elderate Number of elderates Coordinates General information Capital of KÄ—dainiai district municipality KÄ—dainiai town elderate Population (rank) 32,048 in 2001 (11th) First mentioned 1372 Granted city rights 1590 KÄ—dainiai... The presumable banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the coat of arms, called Пагоня in Belarusian, Vytis in Lithuanian and PogoÅ„ in Polish Another version of the Lithuanian banner The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji KunigaikÅ¡tystÄ—, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае (ВКЛ), Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Литовське (ВКЛ), Polish: Wielkie KsiÄ™stwo Litewskie) was an... A vassal, in European medieval feudalism terminology, is one who through a commendation ceremony (composed of homage and fealty) enters into mutual obligations with a lord, usually military conscription and mutual protection, in exchange for a fief. ... Union of KÄ—dainiai (or Agreement of KÄ—dainiai, Lithuanian KÄ—dainių unija or KÄ—dainių sutartis; Polish Umowa KiejdaÅ„ska) was a controversial agreement between several of the Commonwealth magnates and the king of Sweden, signed in 1655 during The Deluge. ...

Polish-Lithuanian King John II Casimir had few friends among the szlachta, as he sympathized with Austria and was openly contemptuous of the culture of the nobility (see Sarmatism). In addition, Casimir had become a member of the Jesuits in 1643 and received the title of Cardinal. Nevertheless, in December 1646 John Casimir returned to Poland and, in October 1647, resigned his position of Cardinal to stand in elections for the Polish throne. He succeeded to the throne in 1648. However, in the eyes of the nobility, Charles Gustav, (Casimir's cousin), was the legitimate heir to the Polish-Lithuanian throne. Reign From November, 1648 until September 16, 1668 Elected In November 1648 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On January 19, 1649 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Anna Austriaczka Consorts Ludwika Maria Children with Ludwika Maria Maria Anna Teresa... Sarmatism was the dominant lifestyle, culture and ideology of szlachta (nobility social class) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 16th century to 19th century. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually a bishop, of the Roman Catholic Church, a member of the College of Cardinals which as a body elects a new pope. ...

Many members of the Polish nobility (szlachta), including Deputy Chancellor of the Crown Hieronim Radziejowski and Grand Treasurer of the Crown Bogusław Leszczyński, thinking that John II Casimir of Poland was a weak king, or a Jesuit-King, or for other reasons, encouraged Charles Gustav to claim the Polish crown. Polish szlachcic. ... Kanclerz was one of the highest officials of the state in old-time Poland. ... Noble Family Radziejowski Coat of Arms Junosza Parents StanisÅ‚aw Radziejowski Katarzyna Sobieska Consorts Eufrozyna Eulalja Tarnowska Elzbieta Kazanowska Children  ? Date of Birth 1612 Place of Birth  ? Date of Death August 8, 1667 Place of Death Adrianople, Turkey Hieronim Radziejowski (1612-1667) was a Polish szlachcic. ... Podskarbi was in old-time Poland the highest official responsible for the treasury. ... Noble Family LeszczyÅ„ski Coat of Arms Wieniawa Parents RafaÅ‚ LeszczyÅ„ski Anna RadzimiÅ„ska Consorts Anna Denhoff Joanna Katarzyna RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Children with Anna Denhoff BogusÅ‚aw LeszczyÅ„ski Jan PrzecÅ‚aw LeszczyÅ„ski RafaÅ‚ LeszczyÅ„ski Aleksandra Cecylia LeszczyÅ„ska Date of Birth 1614 Place of Birth WiÅ›lica... Reign From November, 1648 until September 16, 1668 Elected In November 1648 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On January 19, 1649 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Constance of Austria Consorts Ludwika Maria Children with Ludwika Maria Maria Anna...

Swedish king Charles X Gustav in battle of Warsaw 1656

But Poznań Voivod Krzysztof Opaliński surrendered Great Poland to Charles Gustav, and quickly, other areas surrendered also. Almost the whole country followed suit, but several places still resisted, the most remarkable and symbolic of which was the Jasna Góra resistance. Led by The Grand Prior Augustyn Kordecki, the garrison of the most famous Sanctuary-Fortress of Poland defeated its enemies. Soon, the Tyszowce Confederation supported John Casimir, hidden in Silesia. Grand Hetman of Poland, (The Crown): Stefan Czarniecki and Grand Hetman of Lithuania: Jan Paweł Sapieha started the counterattack in order to put away those loyal to Charles Gustav. In the end, John II Casimir was solemnly crowned at Lwów Cathedral in 1656 (Lwów Oath). Image File history File links Battle_of_Warsaw_1656. ... Image File history File links Battle_of_Warsaw_1656. ... Charles X or Karl X Gustav (1622-Sweden, son of John Casimir, Margrave of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, and Catherine, sister of Gustavus Adolphus, was born at the Castle of Nyköping on November 8, 1622. ... PoznaÅ„ ( ; full official name: The Capital City of PoznaÅ„, Latin: , German: , Yiddish: פּױזן Poyzn) is a city in west-central Poland with over 578,900 inhabitants (2002). ... Voivod or (more common) voivoda is a Slavic term initially denoting first in command of a military unit. ... Noble Family OpaliÅ„ski Coat of Arms Łodzia Parents Piotr OpaliÅ„ski Zofia Kostka Consorts Teresa Czarnkowska Children had two sons: Piotr Adam OpaliÅ„ski and Jan Karol OpaliÅ„ski and six daughters. ... Greater Poland (also Great Poland; Polish: Wielkopolska, German: Grosspolen, Latin: Polonia Maior) is one of the historical regions of Poland. ... Medieval Jasna Góra Monastery Jasna Góra Monastery Jasna Góra Monastery Jasna Góra Monastery by night The Jasna Góra Monastery (pl. ... Augustyn Kordecki Augustyn Kordecki, real name: Klemens Kordecki (b. ... Combatants Sweden (in practice, German mercenaries) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (in practice, monks, volunteers and mercenaries) Commanders general Burchard Müller von der Luhnen prior Augustyn Kordecki Jan PaweÅ‚ Cellari Teofil Bronowski Strength 3200 and 17 cannons 310 and 24—30 cannons Casualties several dozen men several men The Siege of... The Tyszowce Confederation was set up by the Polish army under the command of Great Crown Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Rewera Potocki and Field Crown Hetman StanisÅ‚aw LanckoroÅ„ski 29 December 1655 in Tyszowce east of Zamość. It was the turning point of the war of Poland with Sweden during... Noble Family Czarniecki Coat of Arms Łodzia Parents  ? Consorts  ? Children  ? Date of Birth 1599 Place of Birth Czarnce, Poland Date of Death July 18, 1665 Place of Death  ? Stefan Czarniecki, Stephen Czarniecki (1599-July 18, 1665) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth general and nobleman (szlachcic). ... Noble Family Sapieha Coat of Arms Lis Parents Jan Piotr Sapieha Zofia Weiher Consorts Zofia Zienowicz Anna Barbara Kopeć Children with Zofia Zienowicz Teodora Aleksandra Sapieha MichaÅ‚ Sapieha with Anna Barbara Kopeć Kazimierz Jan Sapieha Benedykt PaweÅ‚ Sapieha Franciszek Stefan Sapieha Leon Bazyli Sapieha Katarzyna Anna Sapieha Konstancja Sapieha Zofia... Motto: Semper fidelis Oblast Lviv Oblast Municipal government City council (Львівська міська рада) Mayor City chairman Lyubomyr Bunyak Area 171,01 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 808,900 ? 4786/km² Founded City rights 13th century 1353 Latitude Longitude 49°51′ N 24°01′ E Area code +0322 Car plates  ? Twin towns Corning, Freiburg... // Events Mehmed Köprülü becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ...

Oath of king John Casimir of Poland, taken in 1655 in Lwów, during The Deluge.

The Swedes were driven back in 1657 and the Russians were finally defeated in 1662. The War for Ukraine ended with the treaty of Andrusovo (13 January 1667), with the help of Turkish intervention due to their claims in the Crimea. Forces from Prussia and Transylvania were also defeated, but Prussia gained a formal recognition of independence and ceased to be a Polish vassal. Oath of king Jan Kazimierz of Poland, taken in 1655, during The Deluge. ... Oath of king Jan Kazimierz of Poland, taken in 1655, during The Deluge. ... Oath of king Jan Kazimierz of Poland, taken in 1655, during The Deluge. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... Motto: Semper fidelis Oblast Lviv Oblast Municipal government City council (Львівська міська рада) Mayor City chairman Lyubomyr Bunyak Area 171,01 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 808,900 ? 4786/km² Founded City rights 13th century 1353 Latitude Longitude 49°51′ N 24°01′ E Area code +0322 Car plates  ? Twin towns Corning, Freiburg... Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ... Events February 1 - The Chinese pirate Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. ... The Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, also called the War for Ukraine, was the last major conflict between Muscovite Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Treaty of Andrusovo, 1667 (Polish Rozejm w Andruszowie, Russian Андрусовское перемирие, Ukrainian Андрусівське переми&#1088... January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Capital Simferopol Largest cities Simferopol, Eupatoria, Kerch, Theodosia, Yalta Official language Ukrainian. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or Ердељ / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ...

The Deluge also stopped the era of Polish tolerance, since most of the invaders were non-Catholic, with expulsion of the Polish brethren as a clear sign of it. During the Deluge, many thousands of Polish Jews also fell victim to pogroms initiated by rebelling Cossacks. Polish Brethren (also called Antitrinitians, Arians, or Socinians) was the name of a Christian Polish sect from the 16th century. ... The Russian word pogrom (погром) refers to a massive violent attack on people with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). ...

With the Treaty of Hadiach on September 16, 1658, the Polish Crown elevated the Cossacks and Ruthenians to a position equal to that of Poland and Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Union, and in fact transformed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into a Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów, "Commonwealth of Three Nations"). Supported by Cossack Ataman Ivan Vyhovsky and the starshyna, this treaty changed East European history. However, Russia refused to recognize the treaty and maintained its claims to Ukraine. This is a 19th century design for a COA of a proposed Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth which never came into being. ... September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). ... Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (Storebælt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ... Ruthenians is a name that has been applied to different ethnic groups at different times; for an explanation of the reasons for this, see Ruthenia. ... 19th-century proposed coat of arms for a Polish–Lithuanian– Ruthenian Commonwealth. ... Ataman (variants: wataman, vataman, otaman, Cyrillic: атаман (Russian), ватаман (Russian, regional), отаман (Ukrainian)) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. ... Ivan Vyhovsky (Іван Виговський)(reigned 1657-1659) was a hetman (or otoman) of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and the successor to the famous hetman and rebel leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky (see Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks). ... Starshina, or Starshyna (Ukrainian and Russian: , from старший, starshyi, senior), had a number of meanings, all related to the position of chiefdom. ... Single European Act A treaty is a binding agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. ...

The Deluge in fiction

The Deluge is described in a novel by Henryk Sienkiewicz under the same title. Henryk Sienkiewicz. ...

The Deluge is also described in the novel Poland by the James Michener James Albert Michener (February 3, 1907? - October 16, 1997) was the American author of such books as Tales of the South Pacific (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948), Hawaii, The Drifters, Centennial, The Source, The Fires of Spring, Chesapeake, Caribbean, Caravans, Alaska, Texas and Poland. ...

The Deluge was also made into a movie (Potop) in 1974, a classic historical work created by film director Jerzy Hoffman. It starred Daniel Olbrychski as Andrzej Kmicic, a patriot who valiantly fought against the Swedish invasion. The film was nominated for an Oscar in 1974, but lost to the Italian film Amarcord. ... Jerzy Hoffman (born on 1932 in Kraków, Poland) is a Polish film director and screenwriter. ... Daniel Olbrychski (b. ... The Academy Award (Oscar) for Best Foreign Language Film is a yearly US award for the best film in a language other than English, released in the period October - September in the country of origin. ... Amarcord (1973), directed by Federico Fellini, is a semi-autobiographical coming-of-age tale that combines poignancy with bawdy comedy. ...

See also

• Nobles' Democracy
• Northern Wars
• Treaty of Hadiach
• Treaty of Oliva
• Kostka-Napierski Uprising
• The Deluge (book)

Main article: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth The Nihil novi act adopted by the Polish Diet in 1505 transferred all legislative power from the king to the Diet. ... King Charles X of Sweden The Northern Wars (1655-1661) is a name sometimes used for the series of conflicts between Sweden and its adversaries Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (The Deluge, 1655-1660), Russia (1656-1661), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657-1660), the Holy Roman Empire (1657-60) and Denmark (1657-1658, 1658... This is a 19th century design for a COA of a proposed Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth which never came into being. ... Treaty of Oliwa. ... The Kostka Napierski Uprising was a peasant revolt in Poland in 1651. ... Kmicic and his men. ...

External links

• Potop at the Internet Movie Database
• Map of area occupied by Transylvania in 1657