In the relatively recent geological past, several great floods are widely suspected to have occurred, with varying amounts of supporting evidence, usually as a result of the last Ice Age ending. Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...

At the most recent glacial maximum, so much of the planet's water was locked up in the vast ice-sheets that formed ice domes kilometers thick, that the sea level dropped by about 120 to 130 meters. As the sheets melted starting around 18,000 years ago sea levels rose. Most of the glacial melt had occurred by around 8,000 years ago, but the changes have not been as regular as a constant drip at the edges of the world's glaciers might suggest. The Wisconsin (in North America), Weichsel (in Scandinavia), Devensian (in the British Isles), Midlandian (in Ireland) or Würm glaciation (in the Alps) is the most recent period of the Ice Age, and ended some 10,000 BC. The Wisconsin/Weichsel/Devensian/Midlandian/Würm glaciation began about 70,000... A kilometre (American spelling: kilometer), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000 metres (from the Greek words χίλια (khilia) = thousand and μέτρο (metro) = count/measure). ... The metre (Commonwealth English) or meter (American English) (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ...

Sea levels have changed significantly since Late Paleolithic time, and shorelines have migrated. The sea has not always steadily encroached upon the land, for the immense weight of the ice-sheets depressed the continental plates under them and caused isostatic rebound around their edges, which are still adjusting today. Averaged rates of sea-level-rise are misleading. Also, parts of Scandinavia are rising isostatically for this reason, by up to centimeter a year in some places; it rises as fast as mantle rock can flow in under it, and that mantle rock must come from somewhere around, including from under the Netherlands, which are slowly sinking as a result. The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (Greek παλαιός paleos=old and λίθος lithos=stone or the Old Stone Age) was the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age. ... Scandinavia, Fennoscandia, and the Kola Peninsula. ... A Mantle is a piece of clothing, similar to a robe but open on the front side and often sleeveless. ...

These floods happened in various ways, which can be categorised into 5 types:-

1. Very flat land being steadily flooded over a long time as the sea rises, sometimes fast enough to be easily noticed in a human's lifetime.
2. The same, plus the occasional stormflood submerging land and washing the loose soil and subsoil away, leaving the flooded land too deep to be reclaimed. This is more noticeable if the people try to defend their land with dikes, for example in the Netherlands and in the Solent.
3. The rising sea overflowing a natural sill and entering an enclosed basin. The sill may then erode away catastrophically, like a dike in the Netherlands. The ocean could fill vast basins in matters of weeks or months, in catastrophes that are unimaginable in today's world. Some people argue that these events may have sparked the flood myths found in many cultures.
4. Big glacier-dammed lakes bursting as their ice dams melt until they suddenly collapse.
5. Other causes, for example megatsunamis.

Several examples where such rapid encroachment of the sea occurred are provoking geologists' and archaeologists' investigations. SOiL is a five-piece nu metal band from Chicago, formed in 1997. ... Óģ Ķ ķ Ļ ļ Ņ ņ Ŗ ŗ Ş ş Ţ ţ Ć ć Ĺ ĺ Ń ń Ŕ ŕ Ś ś Ý ý Ź ź Đ đ Ů ů Č č Ď ď Ľ ľ Ň ň Ř ř Š š Ť ť Ž ž Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū ǖ ǘ ǚ ǜ Ĉ ĉ Ĝ ĝ Ĥ ĥ Ĵ ĵ Ŝ ŝ Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ă ă Ğ ğ Ŭ ŭ Ċ ċ Ė ė Ġ ġ İ ı Ż ż Ą ą Ę ę Į į Ų ų Ł ł Ő ő Ű ű Ŀ ŀ Ħ ħ Ð ð Þ þ Œ œ Æ æ Ø ø Å å Ə ə – — … [] [[]] {{}} ~ | ° § → ≈ ± − × ¹ ² ³ ‘ “ ’ ” £ € Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω ... A dike (or dyke) is an earthen wall, constructed as a defence or as a boundary. ... Satellite image showing the Solent, separating the Isle of Wight from mainland Britain The Solent is a stretch of sea separating the Isle of Wight from the mainland of Great Britain. ... The Deluge by Gustave Doré The story of a Great Flood sent by God or the gods to destroy civilization as an act of divine retribution is a widespread theme in myths. ... Aletsch glacier, Switzerland A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on land and moves in response to gravity. ... A megatsunami is an informal term used by popular media and popular science for very large tsunami-like waves significantly beyond the size reached by tsunamis (typically around 10 meters). ...

The Black Sea (around 7,600 years ago)

For more detail, see the main article at Black Sea deluge theory.

Black Sea today and in 5600 BC according to Ryan's and Pitman's theories

This is type 3. The recently disclosed and much-discussed refilling of the freshwater glacial Black Sea with water from the Aegean, was described as "a violent rush of salt water into a depressed fresh-water lake in a single catastrophe that has been the inspiration for the flood mythology" (Ryan and Pitman, 1998). The marine incursion, which was caused by the rising level of the Mediterranean, occurred around 7,600 years ago. It remains an active subject of debate among archaeologists, with subsequent evidence discovered to both support and discredit the existence of the flood, while the theory that it formed the basis for later flood myths is subjective and unprovable. Although this theory has to withstand pressure from other scientists, German researchers maintain the concept of a catastrophic flood around 5,500 BC and present the theory that this event also is the basis for Plato's Atlantis account. The Black Sea deluge is a hypothesized prehistoric flood that occurred when the Black Sea rapidly filled, possibly forming the basis for some Great Flood myths. ... Image File history File links Black Sea shape today & in 5600 BC Created using XaraX by User:Bogdangiusca. ... Image File history File links Black Sea shape today & in 5600 BC Created using XaraX by User:Bogdangiusca. ... (7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – other millennia) Events c. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... The Aegean Sea. ... Athanasius Kirchers map of a possible Atlantis location. ...

The lower Tigris-Euphrates Valley, reflooding the Persian Gulf (12,000 years ago)

This is type 1. When sea levels were low, the combined Tigris-Euphrates river flowed through a wide flat marshy landscape. The Persian Gulf today has an average depth of only 35 m. During the most recent glaciation, which ended 12,000 years ago, worldwide sea levels dropped 120 to 130 m, leaving the bed of the Persian Gulf well above sea level during the glacial maximum. It had to have been a swampy freshwater floodplain, where water was retained in all the hollows. High in the Taurus Mountains glaciation will have been extensive. Tigris River in Mosul, Iraq The Tigris (Kurdish: Tîj / Tûj / Tîr , Old Persian: Tigrā-, Pahlavi: Tigr, Syriac: ܕܩܠܬ; Deqlath, Arabic: دجلة; Dijla, Turkish: Dicle, Hebrew: חדקל; ḥiddeqel) is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of... The Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is in Old Persian Ufrat, Aramaic Prâth/Frot, in Arabic Al-Furat الفرات, in Turkish Fırat and in ancient Assyrian language Pu-rat-tu) is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (Bethnahrin in Aramaic), the... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... The Taurus Mountains (Taurus=bull in greek) (Turkish Toros, also known as Ala-Dagh or Bulghar-Dagh) are a mountain range in Eastern Anatolian plateau, from which the Euphrates (Turkish Fırat) River descends into Syria. ...

The drainage of the combined glacial era Tigris-Euphrates made its way down the marshes of this proto-Shatt-al-Arab to the Strait of Hormuz into the Arabian Sea. Reports of the exploration ship "Meteor" have confirmed that the Gulf was an entirely dry basin about 15,000 BC. Close to the steeper Iranian side a deep channel apparently marks the course of the ancient extended Shatt al-Arab. A continuous shallow shelf across the top (north) of the Gulf and down the west side (at 20 m) suggests that this section was the last to be inundated. At the Straits of Hormuz the bathymetric profile indicates a division into two main channels which continue across the Bieban Shelf before dropping to a depth of c 400 m in the Gulf of Oman; the deeper parts of these channels may be due to delta deposits at the edge of the deep ocean collapsing in a succession of big underwater landslides, causing underwater erosion by the resulting turbidity currents. Tigris River in Mosul, Iraq The Tigris (Kurdish: Tîj / Tûj / Tîr , Old Persian: Tigrā-, Pahlavi: Tigr, Syriac: ܕܩܠܬ; Deqlath, Arabic: دجلة; Dijla, Turkish: Dicle, Hebrew: חדקל; ḥiddeqel) is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of... The Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is in Old Persian Ufrat, Aramaic Prâth/Frot, in Arabic Al-Furat الفرات, in Turkish Fırat and in ancient Assyrian language Pu-rat-tu) is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (Bethnahrin in Aramaic), the... The Shatt al-Arab (Arabic: شط العرب) or Arvand (called اروندرود: arvandrūd in Persian), also called the Shatt-al-Arab waterway, is a river in Southwest Asia of some 200 km in length, formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris in southern Iraq. ... Map Of Strait of Hormuz Satellite image Map Of Iran The Strait of Hormuz (تنگه هرمز in Persian) is a relatively narrow stretch of ocean between the Gulf of Oman in the southeast and the Persian Gulf in the southwest. ... Map of the Arabian Sea. ... The Gulf of Oman is a strait that connects the Arabian Sea with the Persian Gulf. ... A turbidity current or density current is a current of of rapidly moving, sediment-laden water moving down a slope through air, water, or another fluid. ...

There is a theory that there was also a Black-Sea-type sill collapse at the Strait of Hormuz at the outlet of the Persian Gulf, so converting this case into type 3. Map Of Strait of Hormuz Satellite image Map Of Iran The Strait of Hormuz (تنگه هرمز in Persian) is a relatively narrow stretch of ocean between the Gulf of Oman in the southeast and the Persian Gulf in the southwest. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ...

In a 1981 Journal of Cuneiform Studies article, "The Tangible Evidence for the Earliest Dilmun", Theresa Howard-Carter espoused her theory identifying Dilmun with Qurna, an island at the Strait of Hormuz. Her scenario put the original mouths of the Tigris-Euphrates rivers, which she thought should be the site of the primeval Dilmun, at or even beyond the Straits of Hormuz. Mainstream archaeologists have avoided mentioning her article, for fear of its apparent catastrophism, an awkward subject in geology. 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dilmun (sometimes transliterated Telmun) is associated with ancient sites on the islands of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. ... Catastrophism is the theory that Earth has been affected by sudden, short-lived, violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope. ...

Theresa Howard-Carter also wrote: "It is more likely that the original Gulf inhabitants lived along the banks of the lower or extended Shatt al-Arab, ranging some 800 km across the dry Gulf bed. We can thus postulate that the pre-Sumerian cultures had more than ample time to be born and flourish in a riverine setting, encouraged by the agricultural potential and the blessings of a temperate climate. The fact that the body of proof for the existence of these societies must now lie at the bottom of the Gulf furnishes at least a temporary excuse for the archaeologist's failure to produce evidence for their material culture."

In our time, mangrove edge habitat and coral reefs characterize the Persian Gulf. Mangroves recolonize easily from established mangrove fringe colonies elsewhere in the Arabian Sea. Artificial reefs are being established today along the coast of Iran. But if the Persian Gulf filled so recently, then how have the reefs re-established? The present-day natural reef developments in the Persian Gulf, corals grow on hardground substrates but have not yet formed the massive calcium carbonate structures familiar from, say, Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal Mangrove are woody trees or shrubs that grow in coastal habitats or mangal (Hogarth, 1999), for which the term mangrove swamp also would apply. ... Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef. ... Satellite image of a part of the Great Barrier Reef. ...

The article Dive conditions described by Eric Bjornstrom (see link below) found in 1999 in Dubai coral-encrusted sand barrier islands situated 32 km off the coast of the Saudi city of Jubail. There lies a chain of five coral cays, barely above the tide. They appear to be formations called diapirs in which a mobile core containing minerals of low density such as salt, deforms under pressure. The core pushes upwards, deforming overlying rock to form a dome. An ancient diapir at Enorama formed an island in shallow seas, buoyed up by salt. There are similar examples today in the Persian Gulf. The Burj al-Arab hotel, has become an architectural icon of Dubai. ... Jubail from space, June 1996 Jubail (Arabic: الجبيل Al Jubayl), is a city in the Eastern province on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia. ... ...

• "Protecting the Persian Gulf": gives average depth 35 m.
• Dive conditions described by Eric Bjornstrom, Diver Magazine June 1999

Reference: G.F. Camoin, ed, Reefs and Carbonate Platforms in the Pacific and Indian Oceans (IAS International Workshop on reefs) held at Sydney 1995

Great Sunda wetlands, Indonesia

This is type 1. During glacial times a huge peaty swampland joined the Malay peninusla, Sumatra, Java and southwestern Borneo to the Asian mainland. The present landmasses were highlands framing a vast wetlands ecosystem larger than any on earth today which is now covered by the southern part of the South China Sea. Though the area never lost its tropical to subtropical vegetation, the monsoon weather system, which is powered by the continental mass, is likely to have been more intense than it is today. At one of the "pulses" of sea level rise, the combination of violent monsoons over a single drainage basin, in a landscape that dwarfed modern Bangladesh, provide a scenario for some of the most devastating flooding humans have ever witnessed anywhere. The South China Sea, showing surrounding countries and neighbouring seas and oceans The South China Sea is a marginal sea, part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 km². It is the largest sea body after the five...

The Carpenteria plain (12,000 to 10,000 years ago)

This is type 1. During glacial times, a stretch of level plain joined Australia with New Guinea and enabled humans to walk into Australia. That plain flooded to form the Gulf of Carpentaria around 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. It is significant that aboriginal Australian myth of the "dream time" includes a Great Flood which is not ordinarily a recognizable feature of the Australian climate and geography, except for infrequent filling of ordinarily dry lake basins (e.g. Lake Eyre). The Gulf of Carpentaria viewed from orbit. ... The Aborigines of Australia have a polytheistic, animistic religion. ... Link titleMedia:Example. ... Composite Satellite image of Lake Eyre using shortwave infrared, near-infrared, and blue wavelengths. ...

The Aegean Basin

Areas that have not been as widely discussed include the refilling of the Aegean basin. A look at a modern chart shows that it is a kilometer or more deep in some places. and that it has a sill along the line of the Peloponnese - Crete - Rhodes - southwest Turkey. However, that sill is very deep, and it may have caused a sill-overflow effect at refloodings of the empty Mediterranean in the Miocene, if that sill existed then, but not later. The Aegean Basin formed very slowly by the crust thinning because of stretching due to tectonic events. Though Peloponnese is used to refer to the entire peninsula, the periphery with that name includes only part of that landmass. ... Crete (Greek Κρήτη / Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... Main entrance to the medieval city of Rhodes Rhodes, Greek Ρόδος (pron. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... The Miocene epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23 to 5. ... ...

Doggerland

This is type 1. In 1998, the archaeologist B.J. Coles identified as "Doggerland" the now-drowned habitable and huntable lands in the coastal plain that was formed in the North Sea when sea level dropped. Doggerland has not caught the popular imagination, but the terrain was available for settlement. Its gentle swells remain as the Dogger Banks. Paleolithic reindeer hunters roamed the land; some traces of their encampments have been identified, but the timing of the submergence has not been fixed. 1998 (MCMXCVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... Dogger Bank is a large sandbank in a shallow area of the North Sea about 100km off the coast of the United Kingdom. ...

• Doggerland website (Danish), but the map redrawn from official Geological Surveys shows the landscape around 14,000-15,000 years ago in the first warm (interstadial) period after the glacial maximum.

North America

In North America, during glacial maximum, there were no Great Lakes as we know them, but "proglacial" (ice-frontage) lakes formed and shifted. They lay in the areas of the modern lakes, but their drainage sometimes passed south, into the Mississippi system, sometimes into the Arctic, or east into the Atlantic. The most famous of these proglacial lakes was Lake Agassiz. A series of floods, as ice-dam configurations failed created a series of great floods from Lake Agassiz, resulting in massive pulses of freshwater added to the world's oceans. The Missoula Floods of Washington were also caused by breaking ice dams, resulting in the Channeled Scablands. A map of the extent of Lake Agassiz Lake Agassiz was an immense lake—bigger than all of the present-day Great Lakes combined—in the center of North America, which was fed by glacial runoff at the end of the last ice age. ... Glacial Lake Columbia (west) and Glacial Lake Missoula (east) are shown south of Cordilleran Ice Sheet. ... Official language(s) None Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 18th 184,824 km² 385 km 580 km 6. ... DrumHeller Channels The Channeled Scablands are unique geological erosion features in the U.S. state of Washington. ...

Lake Bonneville burst catastrophically due to its water overflowing and washing away a sill composed of two opposing alluvial fans which had blocked a gorge. A butte in the Great Salt Lake Desert Lake Bonneville was a prehistoric pluvial lake that covered much of North Americas Great Basin region. ... Alluvial Fan in Death Valley An alluvial fan is a fan-shaped deposit where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain. ... A gorge is a narrow passage between steep mountains or hills. ...

The last of the North American proglacial lakes, north of the present Great Lakes, has been designated Lake Ojibway by geologists. It reached its largest volume around 8,500 years ago, when joined with Lake Agassiz. But its outlet was blocked by the great wall of the glaciers and it drained by tributaries, into the St. Lawrence far to the south. About 8,300 to 7,700 years ago, the melting ice dam over Hudson Bay's southernmost extension narrowed to the point where pressure and its buoyancy lifted it free, and the ice-dam failed catastrophically. Lake Ojibway's beach terraces show that it was 250 m above sea level. The volume of Lake Ojibway is commonly estimated to have been about 163,000 cubic kilometres, more than enough water to cover a flattened-out Antarctica with a sheet of water 10 m deep. That volume was added to the world's oceans in a matter of months.

The detailed timing and rates of change after the onset of melting of the great ice-sheets are subjects of continuing study.

There is also a strong possibility that a global climatic change in recent geological time brought about some large deluge. Another theory, although one not widely supported, suggests some of the major floods may have been caused by plate tectonics, the drifting apart of continents. Evidence is mounting from ice-cores in Greenland that the switch from a glacial to an inter-glacial period can occur over just a few months, rather than over the centuries that earlier research suggested. Plate tectonics (from the Greek word for one who constructs and destroys, τεκτων, tekton) is a theory of geology developed to explain the phenomenon of continental drift, and is currently the theory accepted by the vast majority of scientists working in this area. ...

The refilling of the Mediterranean

An earlier catastrophe, too far back to be within human memory, occurred at the most recent re-flooding of the Mediterranean Sea's dry basin, dated by general consensus about 5 million years ago, before the emergence of modern humans. It is an example of the catastrophic events that punctuate the serenely incremental changes to climate and geography as we think we have experienced them in the last couple of millennia. The basin had previously become a desert once again, the most recent desiccation in a series, as deep cores in the seabed have revealed a series of several layers of salt, separated by loess deposits, after continental movement had closed the Strait of Gibraltar, an event variously placed at 8 million or 5.5 million years ago. The Mediterranean did not dry out during the most recent glacial maximum. Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... Among the classifications of soil types, loess (pronounced lös, from the German Löß, and ultimately from Swiss German lösch, loose) is a fine, silty, windblown (eolian) type of unconsolidated deposit, or, sometimes the term refers to the soil derived from it. ... The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space. ...

The Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea (around 11,600 years ago and about 5,600 BC)

This is type 3 and 5. An abrupt climate change happened about 11,600 years ago at the termination of the Younger Dryas cold event, which was the last blast of cold climate at the end of the last Ice Age. (NOAA) Ice core records from Greenland show in less than a decade there was a sudden warming of around 15 degrees Celsius (27°F) of the annual mean temperature. The Great Atlantis Flood Theory (Eagle/Wind 2005) correlates this event with destruction of Atlantis as reported in the dialogues of Plato, which state that Atlantis disappeared beneath the sea 11,600 years ago.

Scientific evidence reveals that about 11,600 BP, an impulse rupture earthquake hit Kerch, Crimea, Ukraine (A. A. Nikonov). Eagle/Wind propose that this earthquake caused the Manych-Kerch Gateway to fracture, allowing the Caspian Sea, which was already overflowing from glacial melt waters, to spill into the area of the present Sea of Azov. The earthquake also caused the area of the present Sea of Azov to sink 8 to 10 m and fill with water from the overflowing Caspian Sea (Tchepalyga, Andrey). The Kerch Peninsula did not sink because it is located on Orogene formation. The earthquake generated a tsunami in the Black Sea, driving waves inland, further inundating the Sea of Azov and sending waves up the river channels, which were already swollen from the glacial melt waters.

One third of Europe drains into the Black Sea, which had risen to 20 m below its current level. The tidal waves broke over the Sakarya River Delta, into Lake Sapanca and Izmit Basin. This accounts for the presence of Caspian Sea mollusks in the Black Sea, Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles. The increased hydraulic pressure, aided by the earthquake and aftershocks, fractured a proposed subterranean outflow channel from the Black Sea into the Mediterranean Sea, which ran beneath the Bosporus land bridge and the Sea of Marmara. A series of three magnificent fountains, as geysers, broke through the fractures and erupted in the area of the present Sea of Marmara. The mixture of churning water and debris inundated the fertile plains of the northern Aegean Sea area; leaving only the bare bones as islands, as recorded by Plato.

Subsequently, the sea level of the Black Sea fluctuated due to varying climatic conditions. The Black Sea level rose again during the world ocean level rise, about 5,600 BC. Increased hydraulic pressure, probably aided by tectonic activity, in and around the Sea of Marmara, caused the Bosporus land bridge to fracture. The breaching of the Bosporus land bridge instigated another thunderous discharge of flood waters cascading into the Mediterranean Sea, from the Black Sea, as proposed in the Great Atlantis Flood theory by Eagle/Wind.

Note that this theory is not accepted by the great majority of the geological community studying this area.

References: The Great Atlantis Flood, http://atmo.info/OneDayNight.htm Climate Science: Investigating Climatic and Environmental Processes. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ctl/abrupt.html Manifestations of young tectonic activity in the southern Azov and Kerch fault zones (Crimea), A. A. Nikonov. http://eos.wdcb.rssi.ru/transl/geot/9405/pap02.htm LATE GLACIAL GREAT FLOOD IN THE BLACK SEA AND CASPIAN SEA, TCHEPALYGA, Andrey. http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_63243.htm.

Tollmann's hypothetical bolide

Compare Alexander Tollmann's hypothetical bolide, a hypothesis that one or several bolides (meteors or comets) struck the Earth in 7640 BC (+/-200), with a much smaller one at 3150 BC (+/-20) causing the flooding of myth. Alexander Tollmanns bolide, proposed by Kristen-Tollmann and Tollmann (1994), is a hypothesis presented by Austrian professor of geology Dr. Alexander Tollmann, suggesting that one or several bolides (asteroids or comets) struck the Earth at 7640 BCE (±200), with a much smaller one at 3150 BCE (±200). ... A burst of meteors A meteor is the visible path of a meteoroid that enters the Earths (or another bodys) atmosphere, commonly called a shooting star or falling star. ... Comet Hale-Bopp A comet (denoted by ☄) is a small body in the solar system that orbits the sun and (at least occasionally) exhibits a coma (or atmosphere) and/or a tail — both due primarily to the effects of solar radiation upon the comets nucleus, which itself is a... (9th millennium BC – 8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – other millennia) // Events The south area of Çatalhöyük. ... (5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) // Events Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the invention of writing, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potters wheel, 4000...

External links

• Kurt Lambeck, "Sea-level change and shore-line evolution in Aegean Greece since Upper Palaeolithic time" abstract

See also

• Megatsunami
• Deluge (mythology)