Hydrema mine clearing vehicle

MineWolf tiller-based demining machine deployed in Sudan

Digger Mini Flail for Mine Clearance

Demining is the process of removing landmines or naval mines from an area. There are two distinct types of mine detection and removal: military and humanitarian. Spc. ... Spc. ... Hydrema is dump truck manufacturer based in Stovring, Denmark. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 498 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 796 pixel, file size: 162 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 498 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 796 pixel, file size: 162 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... “Minefield” redirects here. ... Polish wz. ...

Mine clearance

In the combat zone, the process is referred to as mine clearance. The priority is to breach the minefield quickly to create a safe path for troops or ships. Speed is vital, both for tactical reasons and because units attempting to breach the minefield may be under enemy fire. In this situation, it is accepted that mine clearance will be imperfect and there may be casualties from undiscovered mines. Correspondingly, in mine clearance operations the methods that are applied for detection and removal and are quicker, but not as exact. Those methods include those that detect and remove in a single action, such as mechanical demining, carpet bombing, burning of the land or the use of Bangalore Torpedoes. According to the doctrine of the U.S. and other armies, mine clearance is carried out by combat engineers and demining is carried out by Explosive Ordnance Disposal units. Bangalore torpedo in Batey ha-Osef museum, Israel. ... Combat engineers place satchel charges and detonating cord, preparatory to blowing up a railway bridge during the Korean War, 30 July 1950 Combat engineering is the practice of using the knowledge, tools and techniques of engineering in combat. ... The Longest Walk: a British Army ATO approaches a suspect device in Northern Ireland. ...

Humanitarian Demining

In times of relative peace, the process of mine removal is referred to as demining. This is a thorough, time-intensive process that seeks to locate all mines so that the land or sea area may be safely returned to normal use. It is vital that this process is exhaustive. Even if only a small handful of mines remain undiscovered, then demining can actually lead to an increase in civilian mine casualties as local people re-occupy an area they previously avoided in the belief that it has been made safe. In this context demining is one of the tools of mine action. Coordinated by Mine Action Coordination Centers run by the United Nations or a host government, civilian mine clearance agencies are tasked with the demining. In post-conflict areas, minefields are often contaminated with a mixture of explosive remnants of war (ERW) that includes unexploded ordnance as well as landmines. In that context the humanitarian clearance effort is often referred to as battle area clearance. Mine action is a domain within humanitarian aid and development studies concerned with activities which aim to reduce the social, economic and environmental impact of mines and the explosive remnants of war (ERW). ... A Mine Action Coordination Centre is an agency established in a region under the auspices of the United Nations to coordinate the clearing of mines. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... cheese clearance agencies – also known as de-cheesing agencies, decheesing agencies. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Unexploded ordnance (or UXOs/UXBs) are explosive weapons (bombs, shells, grenades, land mines, naval mines, etc. ...

It is estimated that US$1 billion per year would be sufficient to completely demine globally, but in 2000, only about US$400 million was donated. It takes one to two million US$ to clear a square kilometer of land in most environments. Often, clearing landmines is a necessary condition before other humanitarian programs can be implemented.^[1] A large-scale international effort has been made to test and evaluate existing and new technologies for humanitarian demining, notably by the EU, US, Canadian and Japanese governments and by the Mine Action Centres of affected countries. [1],[2]. The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

Current detection methods

The main methods used for humanitarian demining on land are manual detection using metal detectors and prodders, detection by specially trained mine detection dogs, and mechanical clearance using armoured vehicles fitted with flails, tiller or similar devices. In many circumstances, the only method that meets the United Nations' requirements for effective humanitarian demining, the International Mine Action Standards, [3] is manual detection and disarmament.^[2] While some mines have significant metallic content and are fairly easy to detect with metal detectors, many anti-personnel mines and some anti-tank mines have a very low metal content and are much more challenging to locate. The process is typically slow, expensive, and dangerous, but new technologies may provide effective alternatives. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Inductive sensor. ... A flail tank utilizes a protruding beam with chains and weights attached to find and detonate mines ahead of the tank. ... A tiller or till is a lever attached to a rudder post (American terminology) or rudder stock (English terminology) of a boat in order to provide the leverage for the helmsman to turn the rudder. ...

Manual detection with a metal detector

Foerster Minex 2FD 4.500 Metal detector used by the French army.

Shoes of protective clothing

The first step in manual demining is to scan the area with metal detectors, [4] which are sensitive enough to pick up most mines but which also yield about one thousand false positives for every mine,^[2] and cannot detect landmines with very low metal content. Areas where metal is detected are carefully probed to determine if a mine is present, and must continue until the object that set off the metal detector is found. Technologies that improve safety include large, pillow-like pads strapped to the bottoms of shoes that distribute weight and dull the impact of footsteps, as very slight disturbances of the ground can tip off old, unstable, or intentionally sensitive mine triggers.^{[citation needed]} Demining can be safer than construction work if procedures are followed rigorously.^[3] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1174x474, 240 KB) Copyright © 2005 David Monniaux File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Demining ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1174x474, 240 KB) Copyright © 2005 David Monniaux File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Demining ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Inductive sensor. ... The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Army of the land), is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and the largest. ... Download high resolution version (2961x1674, 495 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2961x1674, 495 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Inductive sensor. ... A false positive, also called false alarm, exists when a test reports, incorrectly, that it has found a signal where none exists in reality. ...

Dogs

Well-trained dogs can sniff out explosive chemicals like TNT in landmines, and are used in several countries.^[4] Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... R-phrases S-phrases Related Compounds Related compounds picric acid hexanitrobenzene Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. ...

Detection methods under development

Biological detection

Honey Bees

Recent research by the University of Montana has revealed that honey bees can, with minimal training, be used to detect landmines with a far greater accuracy and far higher clearance rate than dogs or rats.^[5] The honeybee is a colonial insect that is often maintained, fed, and transported by farmers. ...

Rodents

Recent experiments with the Gambian giant pouched rat have indicated that it has the required sensitivity to smell, can be trained reliably with food-reward incentives, and is typically too small to set off the mines.^[6] Binomial name Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse, 1840 The Gambian pouch rat, Cricetomys gambianus, also known as the African Giant Pouch rat, is a nocturnal pouched rat native to Africa. ...

Additionally, experiments with electrode-guided rats suggest that demining could one day be accomplished by guiding "ratbots" into areas that humans are unable to reach.^[7] Electrode-guided rats, popularly but incorrectly called ratbots, remote-controlled rats or roborats, developed in 2002 by Sanjiv Talwar and John Chapin at the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, is a rat with electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and sensorimotor cortex of its brain. ...

Plants

These plants turn red when exposed to nitrous oxide revealing the location of landmines.

The mustard Arabidopsis thaliana, one of the best studied plants in the world, normally turns red under harsh conditions, but using a combination of natural mutations and genetic manipulation scientists from Danish biotechnology company Aresa Biodetection, created a strain that only changes color in response to the nitrous oxide that leaks from landmines and other explosives. Because nitrous oxide can also be formed by denitrifying bacteria, there is some risk of false positives using this technique, and researchers are attempting to make the plant less sensitive. The plants would aid demining by indicating the presence of mines through color change, and could either be sown from aircraft or by people walking through demined corridors in minefields. As of February 2005, no studies have been conducted with actual landmines, though successful studies have been done in greenhouses. In order to prevent the spread of this genetically modified organism into the wild, the plants have been further modified so that they will only sprout when provided with an external growth factor.^[8] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (666x808, 79 KB)Arabidopsis plants that chnage colour when there explosives present in landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) in soil. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (666x808, 79 KB)Arabidopsis plants that chnage colour when there explosives present in landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) in soil. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. ... The structure of insulin Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... Denitrifying bacteria form a necessary part of the process known as denitrification as part of the nitrogen cycle, their primary purpose being to metabolise nitrogenous compounds, with the assistance of the nitrase reductase enzyme, to turn oxides back to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxides for energy generation. ... “Flying Machine” redirects here. ...

Bacteria

A bacterium has been genetically engineered to fluoresce under ultraviolet light in the presence of TNT. Tests involving spraying such bacteria over a simulated minefield successfully located mines. In the field, this method could allow for searching hundreds of acres in a few hours, which is much faster than other techniques, and could be used on a variety of terrain types. While there are some false positives (especially near plants and water drainage), even three ounces of TNT were detectable using these bacteria. Unfortunately, there is no strain of bacteria capable of detecting RDX, another common explosive, and the bacteria may not be visible under desert conditions. Also, well-constructed munitions that have not had time to corrode may be undetectable using this method.^[9] Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Fluorescence induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in vials containing various sized cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... R-phrases S-phrases Related Compounds Related compounds picric acid hexanitrobenzene Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. ... RDX redirects here. ...

Marine mammals

The U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program uses sea lions and dolphins, among other species, in the detection of seamines.^[10] The U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP) is a program administered by the U.S. Navy which studies the military use of marine mammals  — principally Bottlenose Dolphins and California Sea Lions  — and trains circus animals to perform tasks such as ship and harbor protection, mine detection and clearance, and... Genera Eumetopias Zalophus Otaria Neophoca Phocarctos A sea lion rookery at Monterey, California A sea lion is any of several marine mammals of the family Otariidae. ... This article is about the dolphin mammal. ... A naval mine is a stationary self-contained explosive device placed in water, to destroy ships and/or submarines. ...

Nuclear detection

The vast majority of explosives used in land mines are very nitrogen rich when compared with other materials. It is possible by elemental analysis by neutrons to detect nitrogen by means of the reaction This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 940 MeV/c² (1. ...

¹⁴N + n → ¹⁴C + p + γ (10.8 MeV)

The system works by subjecting the mine to thermal neutrons while searching for the very rare and high energy gamma photons; these photons will only be observed when an object containing nitrogen is being subjected to the neutron irradiation.^[11] One possible neutron source is californium-252 which undergoes spontaneous fission. A better neutron source is to use a sealed tube electrostatic D-T neutron generation tube, this has the advantage that the tritium is much less radiotoxic than the californium so in the event of an accident such as an explosion the nuclear mine detection equipment would pose a smaller threat to humans. This type of explosive detection has been proposed for use in airport security and for the detection of explosives in trucks coming into military bases.^[12][13][14] A thermal neutron is a free neutron with a kinetic energy level of ca. ... In physics, the photon (from Greek φως, phōs, meaning light) is the quantum of the electromagnetic field; for instance, light. ... General Name, Symbol, Number californium, Cf, 98 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance unknown, probably silvery white or metallic gray Atomic mass (251) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Rn] 5f10 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid... An induced nuclear fission event. ... Tritium (symbol T or 3H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. ... Ionizing radiation is a type of particle radiation in which an individual particle, such as a photon, electron, or helium nucleus, carries enough energy to ionize an atom or molecule, that is, to completely remove an electron from its orbit. ... Baggage is scanned using X-ray machines, passengers walk through metal detectors Baggage screening monitoring at Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in protecting airports and by extension aircraft from crime and terrorism. ... For other uses, see Truck (disambiguation). ...

Acoustic detection

It is possible to detect land mines by directing sound waves at the area to be demined, which causes the land mines to vibrate, and then using a laser to search for vibrations on the surface by means of the Doppler shift - this technique is termed Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry. Such devices have been constructed e.g. at the University of Mississippi,^[15] at MIT^[16] and by the Keyser-Threde Company^[17] . This article is about compression waves. ... The University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss, is a public, coeducational research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. ... Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ...

Removal methods

Colombian soldier minesweeping. Colombia has the highest rate of victims by mines

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Demining

In demining, once an object has been detected it is removed by one of the following methods:

• Manual disarmament.
• Remote burning of the explosive. Where possible it is better to burn the explosive without detonation. Diethylene triamine (a close relative of ethylenediamine) reacts with TNT to generate heat. The compound that results from this reaction can then be combusted without detonation.^[18] It has been reported that this amine is hypergolic with TNT, Tetryl, Composition B and other TNT based explosives. But it does not react in this way with RDX or PETN-based explosives in the same way. Other nitrogen-containing organic ligands (eg pyridine, diethylamine and pyrole) are known to be hypergolic with TNT.^[19]
• Setting the mine on fire while avoiding high-order detonation. This can be done by cutting holes in the mine without detonating its contents^[20]

Diethylene triamine (DETA) is a yellow hygroscopic liquid, soluble in water and hydrocarbons. ... Ethylene diamine (EDA), or 1,2-diaminoethane, is an organic compound from the amines group. ... Hypergolic rocket fuels spontaneously ignite when their two components come into contact with each other. ... Tetryl is a sensitive explosive compound used to make detonators. ... Composition B is an explosive consisting of castable mixtures of RDX and TNT as well as, in some instances, additional desensitizing agents. ... PETN (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate, also known as Penthrite) is one of the strongest known high explosives, with a relative effectiveness factor (R.E. factor) of 1. ... Pyridine is a chemical compound with the formula C5H5N. It is a liquid with a distinctively putrid odour. ... Diethylamine is a secondary amine with the molecular structure CH3CH2NHCH2CH3. ... Pyrrole, or pyrrol, is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H5N. Pyrroles are components of larger aromatic rings, including the porphyrins of heme, the chlorins and bacteriochlorins of chlorophyll, and the corrin ring of vitamin B12. ...

Mine clearance

Some removal methods that are not applied in humanitarian demining, but are common in mine clearance include:

• The Bangalore Torpedo that clears a path through a minefield. This can also be done using the Antipersonnel Obstacle Breaching System or Giant Viper, a hose-pipe filled with explosives and carried across a minefield by a rocket.^[21]
• Helicopters dragging a plow to overturn or detonate mines. This has the problem of bringing down the helicopter when the plow snags onto objects such as large rocks, but has been corrected by use of pressure-sensitive plow rakes which release when over-pressured. This does however, affects its effectiveness as mines planted in hard ground or near rocks will not be detonated.

Bangalore torpedo in Batey ha-Osef museum, Israel. ... The Antipersonnel Obstacle Breaching System is an explosive line charge system that allows safe breaching through complex antipersonnel obstacles. ... The Giant Viper is a heavy vehicle pulled trailer designed to be deployed in areas containing mines. ... For other uses, see Helicopter (disambiguation). ...

Mechanical assets

Mechanical assets effectively combines mine detection and removal into one operation. These machines are applied in both mine clearance and demining. In demining they can be used to verify land that is not expected to be contaminated or as an extra layer of security after an area has cleared by another method, such as dogs. The machines consist of a special vehicle that is driven through the minefield, deliberately detonating the mines it drives over. These vehicles are designed to withstand the explosions with little damage. Some are operated directly with armour to protect the driver; some are operated under remote control.

• Mine rollers and mine flails. The roller method originated during World War I and the flail method during World War II but both are still used. Neither system is completely reliable and both will leave undetonated mines, requiring the minefield to be rechecked by another method. Mine flails may only be 80% effective; often good enough for military mine clearance, but well below the 99.6% standard set by the United Nations for humanitarian demining.^[2]
• Mine plows
• Modified long-armed demining bulldozers is being used in a number of countries. It has the capability to remove vegetation before demining and can withstand antipersonnel and antitank landmines. Its long arm gives it the benefit of reducing damage to the main body, especially the operating seat, and 3.5 inch (9 cm) thick bulletproof glass protects the operator from directional mines.^[22][23][24]

World War II Sherman Crab mine-flail tank under test, 27th April 1944. A mine roller is a device designed to detonate anti-tank mines, mounted on a tank or armoured personnel carrier (APC). ... A flail tank utilizes a protruding beam with chains and weights attached to find and detonate mines ahead of the tank. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... U.S. Army M-1A1 Abrams tank with mine plow from 1995 or earlier A mine plow (plough in British English) is a tank-mounted device designed to clear a lane through a minefield, allowing other vehicles to follow. ... A Caterpillar D10N bulldozer at work A bulldozer is a very powerful crawler (caterpillar tracked tractor) equipped with a blade. ... It has been suggested that bulletproof (reliability) be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (700x662, 82 KB) Description: Sherman crab flail tank under test, 79th Armoured Division, 27 April 1944 Source: IWMCollections IWM Photo No. ... The following is an extensive catalogue of the variants and specific unique elements of each variant and/or design stage of the M4 Sherman tank. ...

Protective clothing for bomb disposal Download high resolution version (2304x3456, 665 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Longest Walk: a British Army ATO approaches a suspect device in Northern Ireland. ...

Bomb disposal robot of the French army Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1069x916, 408 KB) Copyright © 2005 David Monniaux File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Demining ... The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Army of the land), is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and the largest. ...

See also

• Bomb disposal
• Minesweeper (ship)

The Longest Walk: a British Army ATO approaches a suspect device in Northern Ireland. ... USS Pivot (AM 276) World War II United States Admirable Class Minesweeper shown in the Gulf of Mexico on sea trials 12 July 1944 Image:Hameln Class. ...

References

1. ^ 'Landmines - Some Common Myths" Demining Research website. University of Western Australia, updated January, 2000.
2. ^ ^{a b c} "What Is Demining?" Demining Research website. University of Western Australia, updated September 22, 1998.
3. ^ "What you can do to help" Demining Research website. University of Western Australia, updated January, 2000.
4. ^ "Mine Detection Dogs in Use". Demining Research website. University of Western Australia, updated March 28, 2000.
5. ^ "Bees used in Area Reduction and Mine Detection". Jerry J. Bromenshenk et al. Journal of Mine Action. Issue 7.3. December 2003.
6. ^ "Move Over Sniffer Dogs, Here Come Africa's Rats." Reuters, September 27, 2004.
7. ^ "Here Come the Ratbots". BBC News, May 1, 2002.
8. ^ Mine-sniffing Plants. American Communications Foundation, February 17, 2005.
9. ^ R.S. Burlage, M. Hunt, J. DiBenedetto, and M. Maston. Bioreporter Bacteria For The Detection Of Unexploded Ordnance. Excerpt from the Demining Research website.
10. ^ http://www.spawar.navy.mil/sandiego/technology/mammals/mine_hunting.html
11. ^ http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull432/article4.pdf
12. ^ http://www.nuke.hun.edu.tr/~lo/ak-drug.pdf
13. ^ http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2003/Jun/Fast_Neutron.htm
14. ^ http://www.bath.ac.uk/~lh226/idaho.pdf
15. ^ "Laser Doppler Vibrometer-Based Acoustic Landmine Detection Using the Fast M-Sequence Transform, N Xiang and J M Sabatier, IEEE Geosci. and Remote Sens. Letts. Vol. 1 (4) 2004". 
16. ^ "Vibrations could reveal landmine locations", New Scientist, 22 December 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-29. 
17. ^ "M Heybel, K-H Bers and V H Klein, Proc. SPIE, Volume 5415, pp. 80-90 (2004)". 
18. ^ http://www.humanitarian-demining.org/demining/pubs/neutral/insituchem.asp
19. ^ http://www.humanitarian-demining.org/demining/pubs/neutral/eudem.asp
20. ^ http://www.mech.uwa.edu.au/jpt/demining/tech/pn-chem/ecm.html
21. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/apobs.htm
22. ^ http://www.film.hitachi.jp/en/movie/movie705.html
23. ^ http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/notag/japanese-contraption-safely-removes-landmines-8998.php
24. ^ http://www.ud2006.net/en/schedule/speaker/amemiya.html

New Scientist is a weekly international science magazine covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English-speaking audience. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Look up Demining in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Demining organisations Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ...

• DEMIRA Deutsche Minenraeumer e.V. German Mine Clearers
• Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD), one of the humanitarian mine clearance organisations

Suppliers

• Westminster International Mine Clearance solutions Mine Clearance Machines
• Digger Foundation, Demining technologies - Swiss tools for mine clearance
• MineWolf Systems, Swiss-based provider of mechanical demining machines
• Demining Machine

Research and policy

• Demining with Africa`s Sniffer Rats (APOPO)
• European Commission action programme against antipersonnel landmines
• EUDEM The European Union in humanitarian DEMining - technical research and development database
• Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
• Mine Action Information Center at James Madison University
• International Test and Evaluation Program for Humanitarian Demining
• Humanitarian Demining Research at the University of Western Australia
• Demining Robots