The Democratic Labour Party was the main opposition party in Trinidad and Tobago between 1957 and 1971. The party was formed as a multi-racial alternative to the Afro-Trinidadian-dominated People's National Movement led by Eric Williams. Over the course of the next ten years the party developed into an Indo-Trinidadian-dominated party. After several splits brought about by leadership struggles, the party lost its hold on the Indo-Trinidadian community in the 1976 General Elections and was displaced by the United Labour Front under the leadership of Basdeo Panday. Political parties in Trinidad and Tobago lists political parties in Trinidad and Tobago. ... The Peoples National Movement is the ruling conservative political party in Trinidad and Tobago. ... The United National Congress is one of the major political organisations of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. ... The National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) was the governing party in Trinidad and Tobago from 1986-1991. ... The Democratic Action Congress (DAC) was a political party in Trinidad and Tobago founded by A.N.R. Robinson from the Action Commission of Democratic Citizens (ACDC) in 1971. ... National Team Unity is a political party in Trinidad and Tobago led by Human Rights lawyer and former Attorney General Ramesh Lawrence Maharaj. ... The Citizens Alliance is a political party in Trinidad and Tobago. ... The Democratic Party of Trinidad and Tobago is a political party in Trinidad and Tobago without parliamentary representation. ... The United Labour Front is a defunct political party in Trinidad and Tobago. ... The Organisation for National Reconstruction (ONR) was a short-lived political party in Trinidad and Tobago led by Karl Hudson-Phillips and Surujrattan Rambachan. ... The British Empire Citizens and Workers Home Rule Party, Butler Home Rule Party and the Butler Party were a series of political parties in Trinidad and Tobago organised by T.U.B. Butler. ... The Workers and Farmers Party was a Marxist political party in Trinidad and Tobago. ... Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago, a pro-Albanian marxist-leninist political party in Trinidad and Tobago. ... The Jamaat al Muslimeen is a Muslim organisation within the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago with a membership of predominantly Afro-Trinidadians. ... The National Union of Freedom Fighters (NUFF) was an armed revolutionary group in Trinidad and Tobago. ... Parliamentary Opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government, particularly in a Westminster-based parliamentary system. ... A political party is a political organization that subscribes to a certain ideology and seeks to attain political power within a government. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Multiethnic societies, in contrast to nationalistic societies, integrate different ethnic groups irrespective of differences in culture, race, and history under a common social identity larger than one nation in the conventional sense. ... Afro-Trinidadian refers to people of African descent who are citizens or nationals of Trinidad and Tobago. ... The Peoples National Movement is the ruling conservative political party in Trinidad and Tobago. ... Dr. Eric Eustace Williams (September 25, 1911 – March 29, 1981) was the first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago. ... Indo-Trinidadians are people of South Asian descent who are citizens or nationals of Trinidad and Tobago. ... Elections in Trinidad and Tobago gives information on election and election results in Trinidad and Tobago. ... The United Labour Front is a defunct political party in Trinidad and Tobago. ... Basdeo Panday (born May 25, 1933) was Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1995 to 2001 and has served as Leader of the Opposition from 1976-1977, 1978-1986, 1989-1995 and 2001-present. ...

Federal Period

Dr. Rudranath Capildeo, leader of the DLP from 1960-1969

The DLP was formed through the merger of three Opposition parties in the Legislative Council, the People's Democratic Party, the Trinidad Labour Party and the Party of Political Progress Groups. The three parties aligned with the the Democratic Labour Party of the West Indies Federation under the leadership of Sir Alexander Bustamante and merged to form a single national party. The DLP defeated the PNM in the 1958 Federal Elections, winning six of the ten seats in the Federal Parliament. Download high resolution version (708x1092, 83 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... Download high resolution version (708x1092, 83 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... Dr. Rudranath Capildeo Dr. Rudranath Capildeo (1920-1970) was a Trinidad and Tobago politician and mathematician. ... The Legislative Council of Trinidad and Tobago served as an advisory commission to the Governor in British-ruled Trinidad and Tobago, between 1925 and independence in 1961. ... The Democratic Labour Party was one of the two Federal parties in the short-lived West Indies Federation. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante (February 24, 1884 - August 6, 1977) was a conservative Jamaican politician and labor leader. ... Elections in Trinidad and Tobago gives information on election and election results in Trinidad and Tobago. ...

Shortly thereafter the party began to disintegrate. Bhadase Sagan Maraj, the first leader of the party in the Legislative Council, became ill, bedridden and addicted to pethidine. Dr. Rudranath Capildeo was elected party leader in 1960; he was brought in to the party to provide an "intellectual equal" to Eric Williams. When Capildeo left Trinidad to teach at the University of London, a faction of the party called a general meeting and elected Albert Gomes party leader. However, the rank and file of the party stood behind Capildeo, and the Gomes faction left the party. Bhadase Sagan Maraj (1929-1971) was a Trinidad and Tobago politician, religious leader and businessman. ... Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) (also referred to as: isonipecaine; lidol; operidine; pethanol; piridosal; Algil®; Alodan®; Centralgin®; Demerol®; Dispadol®; Dolantin®; Dolestine®; Dolosal®; Dolsin®; Mefedina®) is a fast-acting opioid analgesic drug. ... Dr. Rudranath Capildeo Dr. Rudranath Capildeo (1920-1970) was a Trinidad and Tobago politician and mathematician. ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Senate House, designed by Charles Holden home to the universitys central administration offices and its library The University of London is a federation of colleges which together constitute one of the worlds largest universities. ... Albert Maria Gomes (b. ...

Independence era

The DLP victory in the Federal Elections posed a major threat to Willliams and the PNM. In 1961 the PNM introduced the Representation of the People Act, which instituted identification cards, voting machines, and altered the way in which constituencies were laid out. The DLP viewed this as an attempt to disenfranchise Indo-Trinidadian voters. Indo-Trinidadians were less educated and suspicious of authorities. The DLP claimed that Indo-Trinidadians would be less likely to register, and might be intimidated by "complicated" voting machines. They also accused the PNM of gerrymandering the constituencies to maximise the impact of PNM supporters and minimise the impact of DLP supporters. 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... German identity document sample An identity document is a piece of documentation designed to prove the identity of the person carrying it. ... A voting machine is a device to record and register votes to be counted as per any voting system, with or without printing a ballot for the voter to verify. ... A constituency (often called ridings)is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty. ... Printed in 1812, this political cartoon illustrates the electoral districts drawn by the Massachusetts legislature to favor the Jeffersonian Republican party candidates. ...

Consequently, the 1961 General Election campaign was extremely tense and racially polarised. The DLP alleged that voting machines were rigged. These allegations found support when initial returns showed PNM candidate A.N.R. Robinson receiving more votes than there were registered electors in his constituency. The PNM secured a two-thirds majority in Parliament. When the Federation was dissolved in 1961 (following the withdrawal of Jamaica), this majority allowed the PNM to write the Independence Constitution without input from the DLP. In response to allegations of voting irregularities the DLP boycotted the opening of parliament and operated largely through boycotts and walk-outs. Elections in Trinidad and Tobago gives information on election and election results in Trinidad and Tobago. ... Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson (born 1926 in Castara, Tobago) was President of Trinidad and Tobago from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1963 Rudranath Capildeo accepted a permanent position at the University of London and attempted to run the DLP and serve as Leader of the Opposition while based in London. He was able to retain his seat in Parliament through special dispensation from the Speaker of the House, Arnold Thomasos. In March of that year Capildeo gave the party a new creed, Democratic Socialism. This action, coupled with Capildeo's absentee rulership, led to a revolt in the party executive, and this resulted in the appointment of Stephen Maharaj (a former Butler Party member) as Leader of the Opposition, while Capildeo retained the post of Party Leader. When the executive tried to replace Capildeo with Maharaj as Party leader, Capildeo dismissed the executive. In response to this on January 13, 1964 three MPs, Dr. Montgomery Forrester, Peter Farquahar and Tajmool Hosein resigned from the party and formed the Liberal Party. 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... London (see also different names) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... The British Empire Citizens and Workers Home Rule Party, Butler Home Rule Party and the Butler Party were a series of political parties in Trinidad and Tobago organised by T.U.B. Butler. ... January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Unrest in country and party

Independence left the two main industries, sugar and oil in the hands of foreign multi-national corporations (Tate & Lyle in sugar, Shell, BP and Texaco in oil). The labour unions interpreted this as evidence that the PNM and DLP leadership had sold out to foreign corporations. George Weekes, an anti-PNM Afro-Trinidadian trade unionist, gained control of the Oilfields Workers' Trade Union, while Krishna Gowandan challenged Bhadase Maraj's leadership of the All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union. In March of 1965 15,000 sugar workers went on strike. Williams responded by declaring a State of Emergency and suspending civil rights. This brought the Afro-Trinidadian-dominated Trade Union Congress into alliance with the (Indo-Trinidadian) sugar workers. A sugar is a carbohydrate which is sweet to taste. ... Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 Petroleum (from Latin petra – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid, which exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earths crust. ... Tate & Lyle PLC is a UK based multinational food manufacturer and is listed on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol TATE. It is a major producer of refined sugar, starches, animal feed and other food ingredients. ... A Shell petrol station sign in the UK A Shell gas station in the U.S. A Shell gas station in Poland The Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies (called Shell Oil Company in the United States) is a major energy company, one of the top four oil/gas companies... This article is about the corporation known as BP. See also BP (disambiguation) BP (formerly British Petroleum and briefly known as BP Amoco) (NYSE: BP) is a petroleum company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. ... Texaco was the name of an American oil company that was merged into ChevronTexaco in 2001. ... Afro-Trinidadian refers to people of African descent who are citizens or nationals of Trinidad and Tobago. ... The Oilfields Workers Trade Union or OWTU is one of the most powerful trade unions in Trinidad and Tobago. ... All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union, founded by Adrian Cola Rienzi was the major sugar workers trade union and the predominant Indo-Trinidadian voice in organised labour in Trinidad and Tobago between the 1930s and 1970s. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ... Trades Union Congress headquarters at Congress House in Great Russell Street near Tottenham Court Road, Camden, London. ...

In response to labour unrest in 1965, the PNM government introduced the Industrial Stabilisation Act (ISA), which banned strike action in the public service and restricted the use of strikes and lock-outs in private industry. In the spirit of democratic socialism Stephen Maharaj instructed his MPs to vote against the bill. However, two Members of the House (Ashford Sinanan and Lionel Seukeran), and all four Senators voted in favour of the bill. This led to a split in the party, with three separate wings vying for power. The centrist wing was led by Vernon Jamadar, the radical wing by Stephen Maharaj and the conservative wing by Lionel Seukaran and Ashford Sinanan. Maharaj, as Leader of the Opposition, attempted to remove the DLP Senators and replace them with leftists C.L.R. James, George Weekes (both Afro-Trinidadians), Adrian Cola Rienzi (an Indo-Trinidadian and former ally of T.U.B. Butler in the Labour riots of 1937), and Jack Kelshall (a white Trinidadian socialist and former advisor to Cheddi Jagan). 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... The Senate is the appointed Upper House of the bicameral Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago. ... Cyril Lionel Robert James (4 January 1901–19 May 1989) was a journalist, and a prominent socialist theorist and writer. ... Adrian Cola Rienzi (born Krishna Deonarine in 1905, died Desh Bandu (National Patriot) on July 21, 1972) was a Trinidad and Tobago trade unionist, politician and lawyer. ... Tubal Uriah Buzz Butler (1897-1977), was a Grenadian-born preacher and labour leader in Trinidad and Tobago. ... Cheddi Berret Jagan (March 22, 1918 – March 6, 1997) was the chief minister (1957-1964) and president (1992-1997) of Guyana. ...

As Leader of the Opposition, Maharaj had the ability to appoint and dismiss Opposition Senators. In June, in response the the failure of the DLP Senators to oppose the ISA, Maharaj wrote the Governor General Sir Solomon Hochoy and asked him to revoke the appointment of the Senators and replace them with James, Rienzi and Clive Phil. Instead, based on the advice of the conservative wing of the party (which had the support of four MPs), Hochoy revoked Maharaj's appointment and replaced him with Simbhoonath Capildeo (Rudranath Capildeo's older brother). Governor-General (or Governor General) is a term used both historically and currently to designate the appointed representative of a head of state or their government for a particular territory, historically in a colonial context, but no longer necessarily in that form. ... Sir Solomon Hochoy Sir Solomon Hochoy KCMG, GCVO, OBE, TC, (b. ... Simbhoonath Capildeo (1914-1990) was a Trinidad and Tobago politician and lawyer. ...

Throughout all this Rudranath Capildeo remained party leader. He had selected Maharaj to be Leader of the Opposition and had opposed the ISA. However, rather than take a side in the dispute he remained vague, until he returned from England in July. Upon arrival he denounced Simbhoonath Capildeo as the main troublemaker in the party, and accused him of hiring a hit man to kill him. He met with Maharaj, James, Kelshall and Rienzi and promised to mobilise the DLP to oppose the ISA. The following day he denouced James, Maharaj and Rienzi of plotting against the interest of the party. He dismissed his brother as Leader of the Opposition and replaced him with Jamadar. In response to these actions, the DLP split again. Stephen Maharaj formed the Workers and Farmers Party (together with Weekes, James and a young Basdeo Panday), Simbhoonath Capildeo resigned from the DLP and joined the Liberal Party and Lionel Seukaran became an Independent. This left the DLP and the Liberals each holding four seats, the WFP holding one, and Seukaran holding the other as an Independent. A hitman (alternately, hit man) is a hired assassin, often by organized crime. ... The Workers and Farmers Party was a Marxist political party in Trinidad and Tobago. ...

The 1966 General Elections allowed the DLP to return to its position as the sole opposition party. The WFP and the Liberal Party failed to win any seats. Rudranath Capildeo's continued absences led to his seat being declared vacant in 1967. When the DLP chose to boycott the by-election in protest, Bhadase Sagan Maraj was able to return to Parliament by winning the seat as an Independent. Elections in Trinidad and Tobago gives information on election and election results in Trinidad and Tobago. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

"No-vote campaign" and the demise of the party

In 1969, Vernon Jamadar was able to capture the party leadership from Capildeo. Following the Black Power riots and army mutiny in 1970, the DLP allied itself with former PNM Deputy Leader, A.N.R. Robinson, and his new movement, the Action Committee of Democratic Citizens (ACDC). When Williams called elections 6 months early, Robinson declared that he would not contest the election. Despite reservations, the DLP ended up supporting Robinson in his "no vote" campaign, and the PNM won all seats in the 1971 General Elections. Many in the party felt betrayed by Robinson's actions, but the boycott resulted in a switch from voting machines to paper ballots. 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... The Black Power Revolution also known as the 1970 Revolution was an attempt by a number of revolutionary elements, led by Black Power activists, Trade Unionists and Marxists to overthrow the government of Trinidad and Tobago in 1970. ... 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Elections in Trinidad and Tobago gives information on election and election results in Trinidad and Tobago. ... A ballot is a device used to record choices made by voters. ...

Alloy Lequay ousted Jamadar as party leader in 1972. Thereafter the DLP split into the Democratic Liberation Party (led by Lequay) and the United Democratic Labour Party (later the Social Democratic Labour Party) led by Simbhoonath Capildeo and later by Vernon Jamadar. None of the successor parties won any seats in the 1976 General Elections. The new United Labour Front was able to totally displace the DLP from its core Indo-Trinidadian constituency. Basdeo Panday later led that constituency into the National Alliance for Reconstruction (which brought Indo-Trinidadians into power as part of a multi-racial coalition), and finally into power as the dominant faction in the United National Congress government between 1995 and 2001. 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... The National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) was the governing party in Trinidad and Tobago from 1986-1991. ... The United National Congress is one of the major political organisations of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. ... 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

None of the principles of the DLP played a significant role in party politics after the demise of the party. Simboonath Capildeo and Vernon Jamadar returned to their respective legal practices. Satnarayan Maharaj took over control of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha after the death of his father-in-law, Bhadase Sagan Maraj in 1971. Alloy Lequay went on to play a distinguished role as President and CEO of the Trinidad and Tobago Cricket Board, from which he retired in 2005. Satnarayan Maharaj (also known as Sat Maharaj) is a religious, cultural and political leader in Trinidad and Tobago. ... The Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha is the major Hindu organisation in Trinidad and Tobago. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ...

Political impact

The DLP originated from the merger of the the People's Democratic Party (PDP), the Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) and the Party of Political Progress Groups (POPPG). The PDP was a conservative party of the Indo-Trinidadian middle and upper-middle class with a primarily Brahmin Hindu leadership. The POPPG was a party of the white and near-white middle and upper-middle class, a small but economically powerful group. The Trinidad Labour Party was a working-class party, but had seen its support decline from 12% of the electorate in 1946 to 5% in 1956. Both the PDP and the POPPG had achieved electoral support by appealing to the Indo-Trinidadian and Afro-Trinidadian working classes, but the rise of the PNM split the Afro-Trinidadians away from the POPPG. By appealing to Sanatanist Hindus on religious and racial grounds, the DLP was able to entrench itself among Hindu Trinidadians, but the race-based appeal of the 1961 election campaign alienated the non-Indian middle class elements. Rudranath Capildeo's adoption of Democratic Socialism was an attempt to create a stronger link with the party's base, but it widened the rift with the middle class. By the early 1970s the party leadership was almost entirely Brahmin or Presbyterian Indian. A Brahmin (less often Brahman) is a member of the Hindu priestly caste. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Afro-Trinidadian refers to people of African descent who are citizens or nationals of Trinidad and Tobago. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ...

The DLP never held political power, limiting its impact on the overall direction of Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, unlike the PNM, which had a strong central leadership (in the person of Eric Williams), the DLP lacked a united leadership. The loss of the Gomes faction in 1960 and Farquahar, Forrester and Hosein in 1964 resulted in the loss of a section of the population which would remain unrepresented politically until the formation of the Organisation for National Reconstruction in 1981. Eric Williams had managed to attract much of the Muslim and Presbyterian portions of the Indo-Trinidadian population to the PNM. Even though these groups later drifted away from the PNM, Muslims remained an important constituency within the ONM until 1986. The Organisation for National Reconstruction (ONR) was a short-lived political party in Trinidad and Tobago led by Karl Hudson-Phillips and Surujrattan Rambachan. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Faced with the opportunity to expand the party through alliance with labour leaders, Rudranath Capildeo chose to steer the party away from this block. Rather than share power within the party with Afro-Trinidadians, Capildeo chose to remain permanently in Opposition. As the PNM moved away from racially threatening rhetoric, the DLP leadership was able to bulid a relationship with them. Many within the party accused the leadership of selling out the rank and file in exchange for political favours, but the purge of 1965 ensured that no-one remained in the party with enough personal support to be able to challenge the leadership.

The labour unrest of the 1960s and the Black Power movement of the early 1970s created other blocks of opposition to the PNM, but the DLP leadership was not able to attract these groups to their orbit. Instead, the opposition remained fragmented and disunited until the rise of the National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1986. Eric Williams was able to characterise Indo-Trinidadians as a "stubborn and recalcitrant minority" and exclude them from public office. As a result, Trinidad and Tobago did not have a Hindu member of Cabinet until 1986, despite the fact that Hindus constituted the second largest group in the country. The National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) was the governing party in Trinidad and Tobago from 1986-1991. ... 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Party leaders

• Victor Bryan - provisional leader (1957 -1958)
• Bhadase Sagan Maraj - leader of the Parliamentary wing (1958-1960)
• Ashford Sinanan - Opposition Leader, Federal Parliament (1958-1961)
• Rudranath Capildeo - party leader (1960-1969)
• Albert Gomes - party leader (1960)
• Stephen Maharaj - Opposition Leader (1963-1965)
• Simbhoonath Capildeo - Opposition Leader (1965)
• Vernon Jamadar - Opposition leader (1965-1972); party leader (1969-1972)
• Alloy Lequay - party leader (1972)

Bhadase Sagan Maraj (1929-1971) was a Trinidad and Tobago politician, religious leader and businessman. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Dr. Rudranath Capildeo Dr. Rudranath Capildeo (1920-1970) was a Trinidad and Tobago politician and mathematician. ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Albert Maria Gomes (b. ... 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Simbhoonath Capildeo (1914-1990) was a Trinidad and Tobago politician and lawyer. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ...

See also

• Politics of Trinidad and Tobago
• List of political parties in Trinidad and Tobago
• Elections in Trinidad and Tobago

The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is a unitary state, with a parliamentary democracy modelled on that of the UK, from whom it gained independence in 1962. ... Political parties in Trinidad and Tobago lists political parties in Trinidad and Tobago. ... Elections in Trinidad and Tobago gives information on election and election results in Trinidad and Tobago. ...

References

• Malik, Yogendra K. 1970. Socio-Political Perceptions and Attitudes of East Indian Elites in Trinidad. The Western Political Quarterly 23(3): 552-563
• Malik, Yogendra K. (1917). East Indians in Trinidad. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019218198X.
• Meighoo, Kirk (2003). Politics in a Half Made Society: Trinidad and Tobago, 1925-2002. Ian Randle Publishers, Kingston, Jamaica. ISBN 1558763066.
• Sudama, Trevor. 1983. Class, Race, and State in Trinidad and Tobago. Latin American Perspectives. 10(4): 75-96