Demography of Russia 1992-2003. Data of FAO, year 2005; Number of inhabitants in thousands

Russia's area is about 17 million square kilometers (6.5 million sq. mi.). It remains the largest country in the world by more than 7 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq. mi.). Its population density is about 9 persons per square kilometer (22 per sq. mi.), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Its population is predominantly urban. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. ...

Population data

According to the 2002 Russian Census, Russia had 145,166,731 inhabitants, including 106,003,702 in the four European federal districts, and 39,129,729 in the three Asian federal districts. Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ...

Most Russians derive from the Eastern Slavic family of peoples, with Turkic (8.4%), Caucasian (3.3%), Uralic (1.9%) and other minorities.

The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of Slavic languages, currently spoken in Eastern Europe. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Geographical distribution of Finnic, Ugric, Samoyed and Yukaghir languages The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ...

Births: 1,476,200 (2006) [1]

Deaths: 2,165,700 (2006)

Population Growth Rate (2006): -0.39%[2]

Birth rate: 9.95 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate: 14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate: 1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Population structure:
0-14 years: 14.2%
15-64 years: 71.3%
65 years and over: 14.4% (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 15.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 67.08 years
male: 60.45 years
female: 74.1 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.28 children born/woman (2006 est.)

For detailed TFR by federal regions in 2005, see TFR Russia This is a list of values of total fertility rates by federal subjects of Russia The historical variation in TFR in RF is given in the table below. ...

In 2006, the regions with the highest population growth rate were Chechenya (1.79%), Aginsky Buryatia (1.19%), Ingushetia (1.16%), Yamalo-Nenets (0.73%), Daghestan (0.65%), Yugra (0.62%), Tyumen(0.48%), Altay Republic (0.45%), Tyva Republic (0.3%) and Moscow (0.22%). The regions with lowest growth rate were Koryakia (-2.68%), Magadan (-1.78%), Evenkia (-1.68%), Taymiria (-1.60%), Pskov (-1.56%), Smolensk (-1.25%), Tambov (-1.22%), Tula (-1.21%), Novgorod (-1.17%) and Kurgan (-1.16%). [3]

Suicide rate: According to the WHO, Russia has a yearly 38.7 suicides per 100,000 people, the second-highest suicide rate in the world. It has been suggested that The Pros of suicide be merged into this article or section. ... The following is a List of suicide rates by country according to data from the World Health Organization in which a countrys rank is determined by its total rate of suicides. ...

Population aging In demographics population ageing occurs when the average age of a regions population gets older. ...

Demographic crisis

Declining population

Lower birth rates and higher death rates reduced Russia's population at a 0.5% annual rate during the 1990s. This rate however is accelerating. ^[1] For every 1,000 Russians there are 16 deaths and just 10.6 births leading to a population decline of about 750,000 to 800,000 a year. The UN warned that Russia's 2005 population of about 140 million could fall by a third by 2050. However the number of Russians living in poverty has halved since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the improving economy has had a positive impact on the country's low birth-rate (According to the US Census Bureau the nadir was 8.27 per 1000 in 1999 the 2006 rate is estimated at 9.95 per 1000. For comparison the US birth rate in 2006 is 14.14 and the current UK birth rate is 10.71 per 1000)^[2].

By comparison, in many developed countries birth rates have also dropped below the long-term population replacement rate. Most countries "use" immigration to avoid the population actually declining. Population decline is particularly drastic in Russia, with higher death rates especially among working-age males due to poverty, abuse of alcohol and other substances, disease, stress, and other afflictions. (According to the US Census Bureau the death rate in 1989 was 10.76 per 1000, the low point came in 2001 at 15.45 per 1000, the 2006 rate is estimated at 14.65. For comparison the current US death rate is 8.26 per 1000 and the UK death rate is 10.13 per 1000) Russians mostly disapprove of permanent or temporary immigration of working-age males from countries other than the Russian-speaking former Soviet states.

The crisis and planned government measures to halt it was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address^[3].

Abortions

It is estimated that there are more abortions than births in Russia. In 2004, at least 1.6 million women had an abortion (a fifth of them under the age of 18) and about 1.5 million gave birth. The reason behind this high abortion rate is the fact that the birth of a first child pushes many families into poverty. ^[4]

Causes

• Abortion (see above)
• Smoking, drug abuse and alcoholism
• Pollution and environmental degradation, leading to birth defects and miscarriages

Ethnic groups

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples, referred to collectively as rossiyane. As of the 2002 census, 79.83% of the population (115,889,107 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million): Indigenous peoples are: Peoples living in an area prior to colonization by a state Peoples living in an area within a nation-state, prior to the formation of a nation-state, but who do not identify with the dominant nation. ... Rossiyane (in Cyrillic: Россияне) is a plural Russian term used in Russian demographics, ethnography, and politics to denote peoples living in the Russian Federation, or previously in the Russian Empire, or who otherwise consider Russia to be their home country, regardless of their ethnic background or religion. ...

• 3.83 % Tatars (5,554,601)
• 2.03% Ukrainians (2,942,961)
• 1.15% Bashkirs (1,673,389)
• 1.13% Chuvashs (1,637,094)
• 0.94% Chechens (1,360,253)
• 0.78% Armenians (1,130,491)

Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicites resolved by the 2002 census, grouped by language: Kültigin Monument where first mention of Tatar people is inscribed Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. ... The Chuvash (Chuvash , Russian: Чуваши, Tatar: ÇuaşlarЧуашлар) are a Turkic people usually associated with Chuvashia. ... // Geography The Chechen people are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya, which is internationally recognized as part of Russia. ...

• Indo-European (total 84.07%; 83.27% Slavs)
  • Russians 115,889,107 (79.83%)
  • Ukrainians 2,942,961 (2.03%)
  • Armenians 1,130,491 (0.78%)
  • Belarusians 807,970 (0.56%)
  • Germans 597,212 (0.41%)
  • Ossetians 514,875 (0.35%)
  • Roma 182,766 (0.13%)
  • Moldovans 172,330 (0.12%)
  • Tajiks 120,136 (0.08%)
  • Greeks 97,827 (0.07%)
  • Poles 73,001 (0.05%)
  • Lithuanians 45,569 (0.03%)
  • Bulgarians 31,965 (0.02%)
  • Latvians 28,520 (0.02%)
  • Tats 2,303 (0.00%)

• Turkic (total 8.36%)
  • Tatars 5,554,601 (3.83%)
  • Bashkirs 1,673,389 (1.15%)
  • Chuvashs 1,637,094 (1.13%)
  • Kazakhs 653,962 (0.45%)
  • Azerbaijani 621,840 (0.43%)
  • Yakuts 443,852 (0.31%)
  • Kumyks 422,409 (0.29%)
  • Tuvans 243,442 (0.17%)
  • Karachays 192,182 (0.13%)
  • Uzbeks 122,916 (0.08%)
  • Balkars 108426 (0.07%)
  • Turks 95,672 (0.06%)
  • Nogais 90,666 (0.06%)
  • Khakas 75,622 (0.05%)
  • Altay peoples 67,239 (0.05%)
  • Circassians 60,517 (0.04%)
  • Turkmens 33,053 (0.02%)
  • Kirghiz 31,808 (0.02%)
  • Shors 13,975 (0.01%)
  • Gagauz 12,210 (0.01%)
  • Dolgans 7,261 (0.01%)
  • Crimean Tatars 4,131 (0.00%)
  • Tofalar 837 (0.00 %)

• Caucasian (total 3.30%)
  • Chechens 1,360,253 (0.94%)
  • Avars 814,473 (0.56%)
  • Kabardians 519,958 (0.36%)
  • Dargins 510,156 (0.35%)
  • Ingush 413,016 (0.28%)
  • Lezgins 411,535 (0.28%)
  • Georgians 197,934 (0.14%)
  • Laks 156,545 (0.11%)
  • Tabasarans 131,785 (0.09%)
  • Adyghe 128,528 (0.09%)
  • Abazas 37,942 (0.03%)
  • Rutuls 29,929 (0.02%)
  • Aguls 28,297 (0.02%)
  • Abkhaz 11,366 (0.01%)
  • Tsakhurs 10,366 (0.01%)

• Finno-Ugric (1.86%)
  • Mordvins 843,350 (0.58%)
  • Udmurts 636,906 (0.44%)
  • Mari 604,298 (0.42%)
  • Komi 293,406 (0.20%)
  • Komi-Permyak 125,235 (0.09%)
  • Karelians 93,344 (0.06%)
  • Finns 34,050 (0.02%)
  • Estonians 28,113 (0.02%)
  • Mansi 11,432 (0.01%)
  • Veps 8,240 (0.01%)
  • Sami 1,991 (0.00%)
  • Izhorians 314 (0.00%)

• Samoyedic (0.05%)
  • Nenets 41,302 (0.03%)
  • Khanty 28,678 (0.02%)
  • Selkups 4,249 (0.00%)
  • Yukaghir 1,509 (0.00%)
  • Nganasans 834 (0.00%)
  • Enets 237 (0.00%)

• Mongols (0.43%)
  • Buryats 445,175 (0.31%)
  • Kalmyks 173,996 (0.12%)

• Vietnamese 296,556 (0.20%)

• Semitic peoples (0.17%)
  • Jews 229,938 (0.16%)
  • Assyrians 13,649 (0.01%)

• Koreans 148,556 (0.10%)

• Manchu-Tungus (0.02%)
  • Evenks 35,527 (0.02%)
  • Evens 19,071 (0.01%)
  • Nanais 12,160 (0.01%)
  • Ulchs 2,913 (0.00%)
  • Udege 1,657 (0.00%)
  • Orochs 686 (0.00%)
  • Negidals 567 (0.00%)
  • Oroks 346 (0.00%)

• Chukotko-Kamchatkan (0.02%)
  • Chukchi 15,767 (0.01%)
  • Koryak 8,743 (0.01%)
  • Itelmeni 3,180 (0.00%)
  • Chuvans 1,087 (0.00%)

• Nivkh 5,162 (0.00%)

• Eskimo-Aleut
  • Eskimo 1,750 (0.00%)
  • Aleut 540 (0.00%)

• Ket 1,494 (0.00%)

Some 1.6% of the population are ethnicities not native to the Russian territory. The census has an additional group of 'other' ethnicities of 42,980 (0.03%). The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... The Ossetians (oss. ... Tzigane redirects here; for the composition by Maurice Ravel, see Tzigane (Ravel). ... This article is about the Central Asian Persians known as Tajiks. ... The Tat are an Iranian ethnic group from the Caucasus. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Kültigin Monument where first mention of Tatar people is inscribed Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. ... The Chuvash (Chuvash , Russian: Чуваши, Tatar: ÇuaÅŸlarЧуашлар) are a Turkic people usually associated with Chuvashia. ... Languages Kazakh (and/or languages in country of residence) Religions Sunni Islam Related ethnic groups Kipchaks and other Turkic tribes, ancient Indo-Iranian tribes, Mongols The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар []; Russian: Казахи; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia... Yakuts, self-designation: Sakha, are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ... Flag of the Kumyks Kumyks are a Turkic people occupying the Kumyk plateau in north Dagestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian Sea. ... Tuvans or Tuvinians (Tuvan: Тывалар, Tyvalar) are a group of Turkic people who make up about two thirds of the population of Tuva, Russia. ... The Karachays (Къарачайлыла, Qaraçaylıla) are a Turkic people of the Ciscaucasus, mostly situated in the Russian Karachay-Cherkess Republic. ... The Balkar (малкъар /malqar/balqar) people are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region, the titular population of Kabardino-Balkaria. ... The Nogais, also spelled Nogay, Noghai, and often called the Caucasian Mongols (Caucasian refers to their geographic position, in the Caucasus mountains, not to their ethnicity), are a Turkic people, and an important ethnic group in the Daghestan region who speak the Turkic Nogai language. ... The Khakas, or Khakass, are a Turkic people, who live in Russia, in the republic of Khakassia in the southern Siberia. ... Altay is a language of the Turkic group of languages. ... Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess (Çerkes), and is not the self-designation of any people. ... A traditional Kyrgyz Manaschi performing part of the Manas epic poem at a yurt camp in Karakol Kyrgyz are a Turkic ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. ... Shors or Shorians (Russian: , also transliterated as Shorts, Shortses) are a people in the Kemerovo Oblast in Russia. ... The Gagauz are a Turkic people minority of southern Moldova (in Gagauzia) and of southwestern Ukraine (in Budjak) that numbers around 250,000. ... The Dolgans (Russian: ; self-designation: долган, тыа-кихи, саха) are a Turkic people, who inhabit Taymyr Autonomous Okrug in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. ... The Crimean Tatars (sg. ... Tofalars (Тофалары, тофа (tofa) in Russian; formerly known as карагасы, or karagas) are a Turkic-speaking people in the Irkutsk Oblast in Russia. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... // Geography The Chechen people are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya, which is internationally recognized as part of Russia. ... Avars or Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan, in which they are the predominant group. ... Kabarda, Kabard or Kabarid are simply alternative ways of referring to the Kabar people of the northern Caucasus more commonly known by the plural term Kabardin (or Kebertei as they term themselves). ... The Dargin people are an ethnic group of the Caucasus who live mainly in the Russian republic of Dagestan. ... The Ingush are a people of the northern Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. ... Flag of the Lezgian people The Lezgins, also called the Lezgin, Lezgi, Lezgis, Lezgs, and Lezgians are an ethnic group who live mainly in southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan who speak the Lezgi language. ... The Laks are an ethnic group who live mostly in Dagestan. ... The Tabasarans are an ethnic group who live mostly in Dagestan, Russia. ... The Adyghe or Adygs are a people of the northwest Caucasus region, principally inhabiting Adygeya (23 %) (now a constituent republic of the Russian Federation) and Karachay-Cherkessia (11 %) (where they are named as Cherkes). Shapsug National District, an autonomous district founded for Shapsigh (or Shapsugh) tribe living on the Black... The Abazins (self-designation: Abaza) are a people who live mostly in Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygeya of Russia. ... Rutuls (Рутульцы, or рутулы in Russian) are a people in Dagestan (Russia) and some parts of Azerbaijan. ... Aguls (Агулы in Russian) are a people in Dagestan, Russia. ... The Abkhazians or Abkhaz (Abkhaz: , Georgian: აფხაზები, Turkish: Abhazlar) are a Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, de jure an autonomous republic of Georgia. ... Media:Example. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... The Mordvins (Mordva) are a people who speak languages of the Finno-Volgaic branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. ... The Udmurts are a people who speak the Finno-Ugric Udmurt language. ... The Mari (also known as Cheremis in Russian and ÇirmeÅŸ in Tatar) are a Volga-Finnic people in the Volga area, the natives of Mari El, Russia. ... Komi (obsolete: Komi-Zyrians) live in Komi Republic, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, and Yamal-Nenets autonomous district of Russia. ... Komi (obsolete: Komi-Zyrians) live in Komi Republic, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, and Yamal-Nenets autonomous district of Russia. ... The Karelians is a name used to denote two related, yet different ethnic groups of Finnic-language speakers. ... Mansi (obsolete: Voguls) are an endangered ethnic group living in Khantia-Mansia, an autonomous region within the Russian Federation, together with Khants. ... Veps language, spoken by Vepses, belongs to the Baltic-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Map of the Sami people. ... The Izhorians (sg. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages The Samoyedic languages are spoken on both sides of the Ural mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by perhaps 30,000 speakers altogether. ... The Nenets people (Russian name: Ненцы - Nentsy (plural)) are an indigenous people in Russia. ... Khanty (obsolete: Ostyaks) are an endangered indigenous people calling themself Khanti, Khande, Kantek (Khanty), living in the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, a region historically known as Yugra in Russian Federation, together with Mansi peoples. ... Selkups (Селькупы in Russian, former name until 1930s - остяко-самоеды, or ostyak-samoyeds) are a people in Siberia, Russia. ... The Yukaghir, or Yukagirs (Russian: ; self-designation: одул (odul), деткиль (detkil)) are a people in East Siberia, living in the basin of the Kolyma River. ... The Nganasans are one of the indigenous peoples of Siberia. ... The Enets people (Russian: Энцы; singular: Энец), or Yenetses, Entsy, Entsi, Yenisei, Yenisei-Samoyed, Yenisey Samoyeds or Yeniseian people are a traditionally nomadic people who live on the east bank, near the mouth, of the Yenisei River, many in the village of Potapovo in the Taimyr Autonomous Territory, Taymyria of Krasnoyarsk Krai... The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... The Buryats, numbering approximately 436,000, are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic. ... The Republic of Kalmykia (Russian: Респу́блика Калмы́кия; Kalmyk: Хальм Тангч) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... 14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ... Languages Assyrian, Chaldean, Turoyo Religions Christianity Related ethnic groups other Semitic peoples Assyrians are an ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, but who have migrated to the Caucasus, North America and Western Europe during the past century. ... Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. ... The Evenks or Evenki (obsolete: Tungus or Tunguz, autonym: Эвэнки, Evenki) are a nomadic Tungusic people of Northern Asia. ... The Evens or Eveny (formerly known as the Lamuts a term meaning ocean people in Even) (Эвены in Russian) are a people in Siberia and the Russian Far East. ... The Hezhen people (also called Hezhe, Nanai, Gold/Goldi, Samagir; own names in IPA: [xÉ™dÊ‘É™n], [nanio] and [kilÉ™n]; Chinese: 赫哲族, Hèzhézú) are an ethnic group. ... The Ulchis or Ulchs (Ульчи, ольчи in Russian; self designation: пани, or pani) are an indigenous people of Siberia. ... Udege (Удэгейцы in Russian; self designation: удээ and удэхе, or udae and udekhe correspondingly) are a people in the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai in Russia. ... Orochs or orochons is a small people of Russia that speak the Oroch (Orochon) dialect of the Southern group of Tungusic languages. ... Negidals (Негидальцы in Russian; self designation: элькан бэйэнин, or elkan bayenin) are a people in the Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, who live along the Amgun River and Amur River. ... Oroks (Ороки in Russian; self designation: ульта, or ulta) are a people in the Sakhalin Oblast (mainly, eastern part of the island) in Russia. ... The Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages (commonly also Chukchi-Kamchatkan) are a language family of northeastern Siberia. ... Chukchi, or Chukchee (Russian: чукчи (plural), chukcha, чукча (singular)) are an indigenous people inhabiting the Russian Far East on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea. ... See also: Koryakia Autonomous District Koryaks, a Mongoloid people of northeastern Siberia, inhabiting the coastlands of the Bering Sea to the south of the Anadyr basin and the country to the immediate north of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the southernmost limit of their range being Tigilsk. ... The Itelmen are an ethnic group that live on the Kamchatka peninsula in the Russian Federation. ... The Chuvans (Чуванцы in Russian) are one of the 40 or so less-numerous peoples of the North recognized by the Russian government. ... The Nivkhs (also Nivkh or Gilyak; ethnonym: Nivxi; language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) are an indigenous people inhabiting the region of the region of the Amur River estuary and on nearby Sakhalin Island. ... Eskimo-Aleut languages Eskimo-Aleut is a language family native to Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, and parts of Siberia. ... Distribution of Inuit language variants across the Arctic. ... The Aleuts (self-denomination: Unangax, Unangan or Unanga) are the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, U.S.A. and Chukotka, Russia. ... Kets (Кеты in Russian) are Siberian people that speak Ket language. ...

See also: Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, Detailed Table of 2002 census This list is based solely on territory; the peoples listed here do not belong to a single language family or ethnicity: they are Finno-Ugric, Turkic, Eskimo-Aleut, and other groups. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Gradient

The demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. In 1970, Russia had the third largest population of Jews in the world, estimated at 2,150,000, following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2002, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 230,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. Predominantly these are European peoples like Germans, Czechs, Greeks and members of their families. The main destinations are the USA (Jews, Meskhetian Turks etc.), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Canada, Finland (Finns).

At the same time, Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, 200,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, there are at least 1.5 million illegal immigrants in the country. There is a significant inflow of ethnic Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, and Ukrainians into big Russian cities, something that is viewed very unfavorably by many citizens and even gives rise to nationalist sentiments. Numbers of Chinese flee the overpopulation and birth control regulations of their home country and settle in the Far East and in southern Siberia. Many immigrant ethnic groups have much higher birth rates than native Russians, further shifting the balance. This article is about the Central Asian Persians known as Tajiks. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... Far Eastern Federal District (highlighted in red) Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ... Siberian Federal District (darker red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) arctic northeast Siberia Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the Euro-Asian Steppe. ...

Median Age and Fertility

Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.

Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age - Ingush - women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age - Jews - women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children. [4] Map of countries and territories by fertility rate The total fertility rate (TFR, also called fertility rate or total period fertility rate) of a population is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the current age-specific... The Ingush are a people of the northern Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. ...

Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration. Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה, ascent or going up) is a term widely used to mean Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel). ...

Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census.

The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census. [5]

Languages

Russian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages, see their respective articles. There more than 100 languages spoken in Russia. Many of them are in danger of extinction. An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. ...

Religion

Main article: Religion in Russia

St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow.

View of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow.

The most widespread religion in Russia is Eastern Orthodox Christianity dominated by Russian Orthodox Church. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Download high resolution version (500x630, 175 KB)Saint Basils Cathedral, 2004-07. ... Download high resolution version (500x630, 175 KB)Saint Basils Cathedral, 2004-07. ... St Basils Cathedral The Intercession Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral, better known as the Cathedral of St. ... View of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour from the Red Square in 1997. ... View of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour from the Red Square in 1997. ... View of the cathedral in 1905 The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Russian: Храм Христа Спасителя) is the largest Orthodox church in the world. ... ... The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ...

Since the end of Soviet rule, up to 60% of citizens of Russia, including up to 80% of ethnic Russians, have identified themselves as Orthodox, Even non-religious ethnic Russians mostly associate themselves with Orthodox faith for cultural reasons ^[5]. Second largest religion is Islam, whose followers are estimated to comprise 4-6% of the population. Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include various Protestant faiths, Roman Catholicism, and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. These religions typically occur among minority groups and are quite rare among ethnic Russians and other Slavic peoples. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions. Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... In the context of Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers (Russian: ) separated after 1666 - 1667 from the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... Buddhism is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, which is also a philosophy and a system of psychology. ... Gaudiya Vaishnavism, (Bengal) Vaishnavism, is a Vaishnava religious movement founded by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1534). ... The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic languages. ... A shaman doctor of Kyzyl. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ...

Education

Main article: Education in Russia This article is about education in Russia. ...

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.5%
male: 99.99%
female: 97% (1989 est.) World literacy rates by country The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. ...

Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. Private schools are rare (although getting more popular) and can be mainly found in the capital region. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian. Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance tatar (1%), Yakut (0.4%) etc.

About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.

The number of doctors in relation to the population is high by American standards, although medical care in Russia, even in major cities, is below Western standards.

Labor force

The Russian labor force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. Millions of Russian workers are underemployed. Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Many Russian workers compensate by working other part-time jobs. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. The standard of living has been on the rise since 1999, but almost one-third of the population still does not meet the minimum subsistence level for money income. The Russian Ministry of Economic Development and Trade estimates that the percentage of people under the subsistence level will gradually decrease by 23%-25% in the period up to 2005. The economy of Russia experienced a dramatic transformation in the 1990s. ...

Health

As of 2004, the average life expectancy in Russia was 59 years for males and 72 years for females. The biggest factor that contributes to low life expectancy is high mortality among working-age males due to preventable causes (violent crimes, traffic accidents, alcohol etc.) Some infectious diseases are also implicated, such as AIDS/HIV and tuberculosis. Both diseases became widespread in Russia in the 1990s. However, the underlying problems with healthcare in Russia pre-date the post-Soviet period. The Soviet Union had been increasingly lagging behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s. By 1985, life expectancy for males was only 62.7 years in Russia, compared to 71.6 in Great Britain and 74.8 in Japan. The turmoil in the early 1990s and the economic crisis in 1998 caused life expectancy in Russia to go down while it was steadily growing in the rest of the world. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for Tubercle Bacillus) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by the mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

HIV/AIDS

Russia and Ukraine are said to have the highest growth rates of HIV infection in the world outside Sub-Saharan Africa. In Russia HIV seems to be transmitted mostly by intravenous drug users sharing needles, although data is very uncertain. There is evidence of growing transmission between sex workers and their clients. Data from the Federal AIDS Center shows that the number of registered cases is doubling every 12 months and by May 1, 2002 had reached 193,400 persons. When this number is adjusted to include people who have not been tested for the disease, estimates of the actual number of infected persons vary from 800,000 to 1 million. Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. ... Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ... A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area A political map showing national divisions in relation to the ecological break (Sub-Saharan Africa in green) Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe those countries of the African continent that are not...

Main cities

Moscow is the largest city (population 10.1 million) and is the capital of the Federation. Moscow continues to be the center of Russian Government and is increasingly important as an economic and business center. Its cultural tradition is rich, and there are many museums devoted to art, literature, music, dance, history, and science. It has hundreds of churches and dozens of notable cathedrals; it has become Russia's principal magnet for foreign investment and business presence. Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2007)    - Density 10,469,000   9684. ...

St. Petersburg (population 4.6 million), established in 1703 by Peter the Great as the capital of the Russian Empire, was called Petrograd during World War I and Leningrad after 1924. In 1991, as the result of a city referendum, it was renamed St. Petersburg. Under the Tsars, the city was Russia's cultural, intellectual, commercial, financial, and industrial center. After the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, the city's political significance declined, but it remained a cultural, scientific, and military-industrial center. The Hermitage is one of the world's great fine arts museums. Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Anthem: God Save the Tsar! The Russian Empire in 1914 Capital Saint Petersburg Language(s) Russian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1721-1725 Peter the Great (first)  - 1894-1917 Nicholas II (last) History  - Established 22 October, 1721  - February Revolution 2 April, 1917 Area  - 1897 22,400,000 km2 8,648,688 sq... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna... The State Hermitage Museum (Russian: ) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest, oldest, most important and famous art galleries and museums of human history and culture in the world. ...

Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, a major industrial city and a transportation hub. The most prominent Russian university outside Moscow and St.Petersburg -- Novosibirsk State University -- is located in a suburb of Novosibirsk. Location of Novosibirsk in Russia and the Oblast Coordinates: Oblast Novosibirsk  - Mayor Vladimir Gorodetskiy Area    - City 447. ... Novosibirsk State University was founded in May 1959 in the USSR by Soviet academicians Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev, Sergei Lvovich Sobolev and Sergey Alekseyevich Khristianovich in a program of estabilishing a Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. ...

Vladivostok, located in the Russian Far East, is becoming an important center for trade with the Pacific Rim countries. Vladivostok (Russian: ) is the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, situated close to the Russo-Sino border and North Korea. ... Far Eastern Federal District (highlighted in red) Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Other large cities of importance include, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Yekaterinburg (formerly Sverdlovsk), Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-na-Donu, and Chelyabinsk. Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: ), colloquially shortened as Nizhny and also transliterated into English as Nizhniy Novgorod or Nizhni Novgorod or Nizhnii Novgorod, is the fourth largest city of Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. ... Kazan (Russian: ; Tatar: Qazan, Казан) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russias largest cities. ... Snow-covered statue of Sverdlov in Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburgs Church on the Blood built on the spot where the Tsar and his family were executed. ... Photograph of snow-covered Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburgs Church on the Blood, built on the spot where the Tsar and his family were murdered. ... Flag Seal Location Location of Krasnoyarsk and Krai in Russia Coordinates , Government Krai Krasnoyarsk Mayor Pyotr Pimashkov Geographical characteristics Area     City 172 km²     Land   172 km²     Water   0 km² Population     City (2005) 917,200     Density   5,300/km² Elevation +135. ... Location of Novosibirsk in Russia and the Oblast Coordinates: Oblast Novosibirsk  - Mayor Vladimir Gorodetskiy Area    - City 447. ... Omsk (Russian: ) is a city in southwest Siberia in Russia, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast. ... Samara (Russian: ), from 1935 to 1991—Kuybyshev (), is a major city situated on the Volga River in the southeastern part of European Russia, Volga Federal District, the administrative center of Samara Oblast. ... The kremlin in Rostov Rostov (Russian: Росто́в) is one of the oldest towns in Russia and an important tourist centre of the so called Golden ring. ... Chelyabinsk Theatre. ...

Notes

See also

• Demographics of the Soviet Union
• Demographics of Siberia
• Russian Empire Census

This articles details the demographics of the Soviet Union. ... Geographically, Siberia includes: Urals Federal District Kurgan Oblast Sverdlovsk Oblast Tyumen Oblast Khantia-Mansia Yamalia Chelyabinsk Oblast Siberian Federal District Altai Krai, administrative center — Barnaul, population 2. ... Russian Empire Census of 1897 was the first and the only census carried out in the Imperial Russia. ...

References

• Edited by Julie DaVanzo, Gwen Farnsworth Russia's Demographic "Crisis" 1996 RAND ISBN 0-8330-2446-9
• Jessica Griffith The Regional Consequences of Russia’s Demographic Crisis University of Leicester

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit global policy think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the United States armed forces. ... University of Leicester seen from Victoria Park - Left to right: the Department of Engineering, the Attenborough tower, the Charles Wilson building. ...

External links

• Interactive statistics for all countries, site of US Census bureau.
• 2006 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau
• Population density and distribution maps (text is in Russian; the topmost map shows population density based on 1996 data)
• Ethnic groups of Russia
• Problems with mortality data in Russia
• Russian Empire:
  • The Red Book of the peoples of the Russian Empire
  • (Russian) В погоне за малыми, an article about treatment of minoroties in the Russian Empire, Kommersant-Money, October 25, 2005