NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Demographics of Transnistria

Transnistria (officially Pridnestrovie) is an unrecognised country in South-Eastern Europe.which declared its independence from Moldova on September 2, 1990. To date its de-facto independence has not been recognized and Its sovereignty remains an issue of contention. Image File history File links Transnistria_State_Flag. ... Transnistria COA. from the Estonian wiki, apparently from geraldika. ... The Transnistrian flag is a version of the former flag of Moldavian SSR which served as a flag of the whole country until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 with slightly different colors and no hammer and sickle or red star. ... Moldavian SSR coat of arms 1940-1991 The coat of arms of Transnistria is a remodeled version of the former Moldavian SSR coat of arms that was substituted by the internationally-recognized Moldovan government after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. ... This page lists state and national mottos for the worlds independent states and if applicable, their component states. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... The Anthem of Transnistria is named We sing the praises of Transnistria (Russian:ÐœÑ‹ ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ð¼ Ñ‚ÐµÐ±Ñ, ÐŸÑ€Ð¸Ð´Ð½ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð²ÑŒÐµ). The music was written by B. A. Aleksandrov, and the lyrics by B. Parmenov, N. Bozhko and V. Pishenko. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Transnistria Categories: Images with unknown source ... This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order. ... County Transnistria Status Municipality/Capital Mayor Viktor Kostyrko, since 2003 Area 85 kmÂ² Population (2005) 159 163 Geographical coordinates 46Â°51â€² N 29Â°38â€² E Web site http://www. ... An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ... States with semi-presidential systems are shown in yellow The semi-presidential system is a system of government that features both a prime minister and a president who are active participants in the day to day functioning of government. ... Igor Nikolayevich Smirnov (b. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Several geo-political entities in the world have no general international recognition, but they want to be recognized as sovereign states. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 1,000 kmÂ² and 10,000 kmÂ². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of sovereign states and other territories by population, using the most recently available official figures. ... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries/dependencies by population density in inhabitants/kmÂ². The figures in the following table are based on areas including inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). ... 1994 Transnistrian ruble banknote The Transnistrian Ruble is the official currency of Transnistria, an unrecognised break-away republic between Moldova and Ukraine in Eastern Europe. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precision atomic time standard. ... Areas that observe daylight saving time Areas that once observed daylight saving time Areas that have never observed daylight saving time A 2001 public service announcement for the upcoming turning back of the clocks Daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, is a conventional local time adopted by... Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precision atomic time standard. ... The following is a list of currently existing Internet Top-level domains (TLDs). ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... .ru is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Russia. ... .md is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Moldova. ... Transnistria may refer to: Transnistria or Trans-Dniester in eastern Europe, internationally recognised as part of the Republic of Moldova but whose de facto independence is maintained with the assistance of Russian forces. ... A declaration of independence is a proclamation of the independence of an aspiring state or states. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Several geo-political entitites in the world have no general international recognition, but they are de facto sovereign states. ...

The land that forms Transnistria is that part of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic that was transferred to the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic when the latter was created in 1940 ^[1] Moldavian ASSR (Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Republic; Romanian: Republica AutonomÄƒ SocialistÄƒ SovieticÄƒ MoldoveneascÄƒ) was an autonomous region of the Ukrainian SSR between 12 October 1924 and 2 August 1940, encompassing Transnistria (now in Moldova) and parts which are now in Ukraine. ... State motto: Пролетарь дин тоате цэриле, униць-вэ! Official language None. ...

Names

Although most commonly known in English as Transnistria, its official name is Pridnestróvskaia Moldávskaia Respública (Moldovan: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ, Russian: Приднестровская Молдавская Республика, Ukrainian: Придністровська Молдавська Республіка, ПМР) as per the Constitution of Transnistria. This is abbreviated PMR. Although most commonly known in English as Transnistria, the official name is Pridnestrovie. ... The current Constitution of Transnistria was approved by national referendum on 24 December 1995, and signed into law by the President of Transnistria on 17 January 1996. ...

The official short form of the name is Pridnestrovie (transliteration of the Russian "Приднестровье").^[2]

Several other names are also in common use, all meaning "adjacent to the (river) Dniester". Although most commonly known in English as Transnistria, the official name is Pridnestrovie. ... The Dniester (Polish Dniestr, Ukrainian Ð”Ð½Ñ–ÑÑ‚ÐµÑ€ (Dnister), Romanian Nistru, Russian Ð”Ð½ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€ (Dnestr), Yiddishâ€«× ×¢×¡×˜×¢×¨ â€¬ (nester), Serbian (Dnjester) and during antiquity was called Tyras in Latin) is a river in Eastern Europe. ...

Geography

Transnistria is landlocked and borders Bessarabia (for 411 km) to the West and Ukraine (for 405 km) to the East. It is a narrow valley stretched in the North-South direction along the banks of the Dniester River, which forms the natural boundary along the most part of the border with Moldova. Bender and its surrounding area on the river's west bank is controlled by Transnistria, while some villages near Dubossary on the east bank are under Moldovan control. A landlocked country is one that has no coastline. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... The river Dniestr (in Polish and Russian; Nistru in Romanian; Дністер, Dnister in Ukrainian; Tyras in Latin; also known as Dniester) is a river in Eastern Europe. ... Look up Bender in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Bender may refer to one of the following. ... Dubossary (Russian: Ð”ÑƒÐ±Ð¾ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ñ‹, Moldovan: DubÄƒsari) is a city in Transnistria, Moldova with a population of 28,500. ...

Border issues

During the 1992 War of Transnistria some villages from the Dubăsari district which geographically belong to Transnistria rebelled against Transnistrian separatist government and actually are under the control of the central government of the Republic of Moldova. Those villages are: Cocieri (Kochiyery), Molovata Nouă (Novaya Malovata), Coşniţa (Cosnita, Koshnitsa), Pîrîta (Pârâta, Pyryta), Pohrebea (Pogrebya), Doroţcaia (Dorotskoye), Roghi (Rogi) and Vasilievca (Vasilyevka). The village of Corjova (birthplace of Moldavian president Vladimir Voronin) is divided between a Transnistrian controlled area and a Republic of Moldova controlled area. Combatants Transnistria Russian volunteers Ukrainian volunteers Moldova Casualties 823 Transnistrian fatalities;[1] unknown number of volunteer casualties ~1,000 total casualties Official figures: 172 combatants, ~400 civilians The War of Transnistria involved armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between the Transnistrian separatists and the Moldovan police as... Administrative Region of DubÄƒsari is an administrative region in Transnistria. ... Cocieri is a village in the Republic of Moldova, located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River, along with Transnistria. ... Corjova is a village located in DubÄƒsari district, in the Transnistrian part of the Republic of Moldova. ... Vladimir Nicolae Voronin (born May 25, 1941) is the current President of the Republic of Moldova. ...

In 2005 Transnistrian forces entered Vasilievca, which is located over the strategic road linking Tiraspol and Rîbniţa, but withdrew after a few days ^[3] 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... County Transnistria Status Municipality/Capital Mayor Viktor Kostyrko, since 2003 Area 85 kmÂ² Population (2005) 159 163 Geographical coordinates 46Â°51â€² N 29Â°38â€² E Web site http://www. ... RÃ®bniÅ£a (Russian: Rybnitsa) is the seat of the Administrative Region of RÃ®bniÅ£a of Transnistria, a country that has declared itself independent from Moldova. ...

At the same time, some areas which geographically belong to Basarabia and not to Transnistria are controlled by the separatist authorities from Tiraspol. Those areas include the city of Tighina (Bendery in Russian) and the villages of Gîsca, Protiagailovca, Chiţcani, Mereneşti, Zagornoe, Cremenciug. Old map of Bessarabia Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Turkish) was the name used by Russia to designate the eastern part of the territory known as Moldova (Moldavia in English), which was occupied by Russia in 1812. ... County Transnistria Status Municipality/Capital Mayor Viktor Kostyrko, since 2003 Area 85 kmÂ² Population (2005) 159 163 Geographical coordinates 46Â°51â€² N 29Â°38â€² E Web site http://www. ... Tighina or Bender (Russian: Ð‘ÐµÐ½Ð´ÐµÑ€Ñ‹) is a city in Transnistria, a breakaway region of Moldova. ... GÃ®sca (meaning goose in Romanian; Russian form: Gyska) is a village near Bender. ... ChiÅ£cani (Russian: Kitskani, ÐšÐ¸Ñ†ÐºÐ°Ð½ÑŒ) is one of the oldest recorded villages in Transnistria. ...

Transnistrian government claim also the village of Varniţa, a suburb of Tighina, but the Republic of Moldova has de facto control in Varniţa.

Political status

Transnistria is internationally considered to be part of the Republic of Moldova, although de facto control is excercised by a local separatist administration that declared independence from Moldova as the Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika or Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), with Tiraspol as its capital. Although exercising marginal direct control over the territory, the Moldovan government passed the "Law on Basic Provisions of the Special Legal Status of Localities from the Left Bank of the Dniester" on July 22, 2005, which established an autonomous territorial unit in Transnistria within the Republic of Moldova with the right to conduct economic, scientific, and humanitarian activities independent of the central government. The disputed status of Transnistria arose because of the Transnistrian declaration of independence on Sep. ... Autonomous territorial unit or territorial autonomous unit (moldovan Unitate teritorialÄƒ autonomÄƒ) is a country subdivision term applied to Gagauzia, Moldova. ...

Internal politics

There is disagreement as to whether elections in Transnistria are free and fair.^[4] Western countries and organizations, such as the OSCE, have declared that no democratic elections can take place in Transnistria under the present circumstances and have refused to recognize or monitor them. Some parties and publications were banned. Transnistria is a de facto independent region of the Republic of Moldova in Eastern Europe. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 462 KB) ÐÐ¿Ñ–ÑÐ°Ð½ÑŒÐ½Ðµ Tiraspol, Moldova (Transnistria), Transnistria government building Author - Monk (Monkbel), September 5, 2005. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 462 KB) ÐÐ¿Ñ–ÑÐ°Ð½ÑŒÐ½Ðµ Tiraspol, Moldova (Transnistria), Transnistria government building Author - Monk (Monkbel), September 5, 2005. ... Politics of Moldova Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Transnistria ... The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ... Politics of Moldova Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Transnistria ...

Transnistria has a multi-party system and a unicameral parliament named Transnistrian Supreme Soviet. Its legislature has 43 members elected by proportional representation.^[5] The president is elected to a five year term by popular vote. In the latest parliamentary election in December 2005, the opposition party Renewal won an overall majority and its leader Yevgeni Shevchuk became speaker of parliament. Politics of Moldova Categories: Politics stubs | Lists of political parties | Transnistrian political parties ... Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. ... The Transnistrian Supreme Soviet (Russian: Ð’ÐµÑ€Ñ…Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð° ÐŸÑ€Ð¸Ð´Ð½ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÐœÐ¾Ð»Ð´Ð°Ð²ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸) is the law making body in the region of Transnistria. ... It has been suggested that Speakers of the House be merged into this article or section. ...

A list published by the European Union indicates that a majority of the leadership were not born in Transnistria^[6] These leaders are banned from traveling to the EU. Most of the members of parliament are not native-born Transnistrians either. ^[7]

According to official PMR data ^[8], 19 members of the parliament out of 43 were born on the territory of Moldova (12 in Transnistria proper, 3 in Basarabian area of Bender-Chiţcani which is controlled by Transnistria, and 4 in Basarabia, part never claimed by Transnistria), 9 were born in the Russian Federation, 8 in Ukraine, 2 in Kazakhstan, 1 in Germany, 1 in Belarus, and 3 did not declare it. Old map of Bessarabia Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Turkish) was the name used by Russia to designate the eastern part of the territory known as Moldova (Moldavia in English), which was occupied by Russia in 1812. ...

The People's Power Party, led by Supreme Soviet member Alexander Radchenko, was banned in May 2001; after an appeal the ban was lifted but was reintroduced in December 2001, again the ban was lifted to be reintroduced in August 2002 and confirmed by the "Supreme Court" in December 2002.^[9]. Alexander Radchenko, an ethnic Russian, is a politician and human rights activist in Transnistria, a country which declared independence from Moldova in 1990. ...

"Power to the People" Party led by Nicolae Butchatsky was banned in February 2002 ^[10].

On November 14, 2001, the Transnistrian customs service banned the distribution or the publication "Glas Naroda", as it contained Radchenko's electoral platform. Radchenko said in a press conference that "Glas Naroda" has been published outside Transnistria because all the printing houses had refused to print it after having discussed the issue with representatives of the Ministry of State Security ^[11].

Election results are suspicious, as in 2001 in one region it was reported that Kamchatka-raised former metalworker Igor Smirnov collected 103.6% of the votes. Nevertheless, some organizations, such as CIS-EMO, have participated and have called them democratic. Kamchatka Oblast, an oblast in Russia. ... Igor Nikolayevich Smirnov (b. ... On October 2002, the Commonwealth of Independent States adopted at a heads of states meeting, the Convention on the Standards of Democratic Elections, Electoral Rights, and Freedoms in the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States. ...

Politics of Moldova Categories: Politics stubs | Lists of political parties | Transnistrian political parties ...

2006 referendum

A referendum was held on 17 September 2006 asking voters: Ballots of the Argentine plebiscite of 1984 on the border treaty with Chile A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

According to Transnistrian government, 78.6 percent of the registered voters of Transnistria voted in the referendum. 97.1 percent of voters supported the first point, while 2.3 percent did not support it. 3.4 percent of voters supported the second point, while 94.6 percent did not support it.^[12]^[13] An associated state is used to describe a free relationship between a territory and a larger nation. ...

The OSCE and many countries^[14] opposed the referendum, refusing to recognize it or its results, and dismissing the poll as illegitimate.^[15]

History

The area where Transnistria is now located has been inhabited by Indo-European tribes for millenia, being a borderland between Dacia and Scythia. The Ancient Greek Miletians founded about 600 BC a colony named Tyras, situated on the mouth of the Dniester river (Tyras) near today's Tiraspol. This is the history of Transnistria. ... Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Ancient Greek world, circa 550 BC Ancient Greece is the period in Greek history which lasted for around one thousand years and ended with the rise of Christianity. ... The lower half of the benches and the remnants of the scene building of the theater of Miletus, as it was on August 6, 2005. ... Tyras, a colony of Miletus, probably founded about 600 BC, situated some 10 m. ... The Dniester (Polish Dniestr, Ukrainian Ð”Ð½Ñ–ÑÑ‚ÐµÑ€ (Dnister), Romanian Nistru, Russian Ð”Ð½ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€ (Dnestr), Yiddishâ€«× ×¢×¡×˜×¢×¨ â€¬ (nester), Serbian (Dnjester) and during antiquity was called Tyras in Latin) is a river in Eastern Europe. ... County Transnistria Status Municipality/Capital Mayor Viktor Kostyrko, since 2003 Area 85 kmÂ² Population (2005) 159 163 Geographical coordinates 46Â°51â€² N 29Â°38â€² E Web site http://www. ...

In the early Middle Ages, the Tivertsy (Slavs), and the Vlachs are mentioned as living in Transnistria. Turkic nomads such as the Petchenegs ^[16] and Cumans were present in 11th-13th centuries, having controlled the territory especially from the military point of view (see Cumania). Following the Mongol invasion of Europe (1241), for a period of time, the territory was under Mongol control, and later under the Crimean Khanate, one of the five successors of the Golden Horde Empire. Genoese traders opened colonies on the shore of the Dniester around 1300, having to pay tribute for that to the Tartars. From the 15th century, parts of what today consists Transnistria was briefly ceded by the Tartars to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, when they were called Dykra. The territory was conquered by the Ottoman Empire around 1700 , becoming part of the Yedisan province. By that time the population was composed of Moldovans and Tatars^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Tivertsy, a. ... Vlachs (also called Wallachians, Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs or Ulahs) is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks also known as Besenyők, were a semi-nomadic steppe people of Central Asia that spoke a Turkic language. ... Cumans, also called as Polovtsy, (Russian ÐŸÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ñ†Ñ‹, from old Slavic for pale yellowish) was the European name for the Western Kipchaks, a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... The Cumans, also known as Polovtsy (Slavic for yellowish) were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... Mongol soldier The Mongol invasions of Europe were centered in their destruction of the Ruthenian states, especially Kiev, under the leadership of Subutai. ... The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: ; Russian: - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: - Krymske khanstvo; Turkish: ) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783. ... The Golden Horde (Turkish: AltÄ±n Ordu, Russian: Ð—Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ñ‚Ð°Ñ ÐžÑ€Ð´Ð°) was a Tatar-Mongol state established in parts of present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan after the break up of the Mongol Empire in the 1240s. ... The Ancient Port of Genoa. ... The Dniester (Polish Dniestr, Ukrainian Ð”Ð½Ñ–ÑÑ‚ÐµÑ€ (Dnister), Romanian Nistru, Russian Ð”Ð½ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€ (Dnestr), Yiddishâ€«× ×¢×¡×˜×¢×¨ â€¬ (nester), Serbian (Dnjester) and during antiquity was called Tyras in Latin) is a river in Eastern Europe. ... The presumable banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the coat of arms, called ÐŸÐ°Ð³Ð¾Ð½Ñ in Belarusian, Vytis in Lithuanian and PogoÅ„ in Polish Another version of the Lithuanian banner The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos DidÅ¾ioji KunigaikÅ¡tystÄ—, Belarusian: Ð’ÑÐ»Ñ–ÌÐºÐ°Ðµ ÐšÐ½ÑÌÑÑ‚Ð²Ð° Ð›Ñ–Ñ‚Ð¾ÌÑžÑÐºÐ°Ðµ (Ð’ÐšÐ›), Ukrainian: Ð’ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐµ ÐšÐ½ÑÐ·Ñ–Ð²ÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾ Ð›Ð¸Ñ‚Ð¾Ð²ÑÑŒÐºÐµ (Ð’ÐšÐ›), Polish: Wielkie KsiÄ™stwo Litewskie) was an... Dykra was the southern territory of the medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania near the Black Sea, presently shared between Ukraine and Moldova. ... Motto: Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem At the height of its power (1683) Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Kostantiniyye (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 Osman I - 1918â€“1922 Mehmed VI... Yedisan (also Jedisan or Edisan) is a historical region in modern southwestern Ukraine. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

In 1792 the region was ceded by the Ottoman to the Russian Empire as a result of sixth Russo-Turkish War. Until the Russian Revolution, the current Transnistria was divided between imperial guberniyas of Podolia, Kherson, and Bessarabia. The territories which now consist the breakaway republic, were part of the larger New Russia region, hence it witnessed a strong colonization process, with a multitude of ethnies being settled: lands were given to enserfed peasantry from Russia and Ukraine (see also Nova Serbia), and Jews and Germans were brought to facilitate economic development. Motto: Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem At the height of its power (1683) Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Kostantiniyye (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 Osman I - 1918â€“1922 Mehmed VI... Official language Russian Official Religion Russian Orthodox Christianity Capital Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 1914-1924) Area Approx. ... Russian Revolution can refer to the following events in the history of Russia: Russian Revolution of 1905, a series of strikes and violent anti-government protests against Tsar Nicholas II. Russian Revolution of 1917, which included: February Revolution, resulting in the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia October Revolution, the... Guberniya (Russian: ) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of the Imperial Russia, usually translated as governorate or province. ... Historical arms of Podilia The region of Podolia (also spelt Podilia or Podillya) is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, corresponding to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. ... Kherson (Ukrainian and Russian Ð¥ÐµÑ€ÑÐ¾Ð½) is a city in southern Ukraine, the capital of Kherson Oblast, with 303,900 inhabitants (2004). ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... Novorossiya (Russian: , literally New Russia) is a historic area now mostly located in southern Ukraine, and partially in southern Russia. ... The origins of serfdom in Russia are traced to Kievan Rus in the 11th century. ... Nova Serbia (New Serbia) map Nova Serbia or New Serbia (Serbian: Nova Srbija or ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð° Ð¡Ñ€Ð±Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°) was a territory of Imperial Russia in 1752-1764. ...

Nonetheless, by the beginning of the 20th century, the vast majority of the inhabitants was constituted by ethnic Romanians (Moldovans) (See also ^[23]). Image File history File links Romania_MASSR_1920. ... Image File history File links Romania_MASSR_1920. ...

The large Moldavian presence, had influenced^[24] Transnistria to become an autonomous political entity in 1924, with the proclamation of the Moldavian ASSR, which included today's Transnistria as well as part of modern-day Ukraine area around the city of Balta. Another reason for the creation of the Moldavian ASSR was the desire of the Soviet Union to eventually incorporate Bessarabia. Moldavian ASSR (Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Republic; Romanian: Republica Autonomă Socialistă Sovietică Moldovenească) was an autonomous region of the Ukrainian SSR between 12 October 1924 and 2 August 1940, encompassing Transnistria (now in Moldova) and parts which are now in Ukraine. ... old jewish cemetery in Balta, 2005 Balta (Ukrainian: ) is a small town (pop. ... Moldavian ASSR (Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Republic; Romanian: Republica Autonomă Socialistă Sovietică Moldovenească) was an autonomous region of the Ukrainian SSR between 12 October 1924 and 2 August 1940, encompassing Transnistria (now in Moldova) and parts which are now in Ukraine. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish...

The Moldavian SSR, which was organised by a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 2 August 1940, was formed from a part of Bessarabia (taken from Romania on 28 June, following the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact), and a part of the Moldavian ASSR which is roughly equivalent to present-day Transnistria. The Supreme Soviet (Верховный Совет, Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... The June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum was issued by the Soviet Union to Romania, regarding the Soviet territorial requests. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ...

In 1941, after Axis forces invaded Bessarabia in the course of the Second World War, they cut-off the Soviet troops around Odessa along the river Southern Bug, then advanced over the Dniester river and occupied the region. By March 1943, a total of 185,000 Ukrainian and Romanian Jews had been deported and murdered under Romanian and German occupation of Transnistria. The Soviet Union regained the area in 1944, and the Soviet colonisation of the region was resumed. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Eastern Front of World War II was the theatre of war covering the conflict in central and eastern Europe from June 22, 1941 to May 9, 1945. ... The Southern Buh, Bug, or Boh River (Південний Буг, Pivdennyi Buh in Ukrainian; Hipanis in ancient Greek) is entirely located in Ukraine. ... The Dniester (Polish Dniestr, Ukrainian Ð”Ð½Ñ–ÑÑ‚ÐµÑ€ (Dnister), Romanian Nistru, Russian Ð”Ð½ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€ (Dnestr), Yiddishâ€«× ×¢×¡×˜×¢×¨ â€¬ (nester), Serbian (Dnjester) and during antiquity was called Tyras in Latin) is a river in Eastern Europe. ...

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika in the Soviet Union allowed the political liberalisation at the regional level in 1980s. On 2 September 1990, the Moldovan Republic of Transnistria was unilaterally proclaimed as a Soviet republic by the "Second Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Transnistria". On 22 December 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev, the leader of USSR, signed a decree that declared the decisions of this congress legally void. Nevertheless, neither the USSR, nor Moldova, a Soviet Socialist Republic at the time, took any significant practical action, hence the new authorities in Tiraspol slowly got control over the region. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ( , Mihail SergeeviÄ GorbaÄÃ«v, IPA: , commonly written as Mikhail Gorbachev; born March 2, 1931) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika ( , Russian: ) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

The War of Transnistria involved armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between the Transnistrian separatists and the Moldovan police as early as November 1990 at Dubăsari. On 2 March 1992, Moldovan President Mircea Snegur authorized concerted military action against rebel forces which had been attacking Moldovan police outposts on the left bank of the Dniester, and on a certain smaller section of the right bank in the southern city of Tighina. The rebels, aided by contingents of Russian Cossacks and the Russian 14th Army, consolidated their control over most of the disputed area, but by no means over all of it, as later testified by Moldovan police and volunteer forces in battles at Tighina and Varniţa, at Cocieri-Dubăsari and Coşniţa-Doroţcaia plateaus. As a result of this civil war, hundreds of people were killed, and thousands were forced to leave Transnistria as refugees. Throughout 1992 fighting intensified, until a ceasefire was signed on 21 July 1992 which has held ever since. Combatants Transnistria Russian volunteers Ukrainian volunteers Moldova Casualties 823 Transnistrian fatalities;[1] unknown number of volunteer casualties ~1,000 total casualties Official figures: 172 combatants, ~400 civilians The War of Transnistria involved armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between the Transnistrian separatists and the Moldovan police as... DubÄƒsari (Russian: Ð”ÑƒÐ±Ð¾ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ñ‹ / Dubossary) is a town in eastern Moldova with a 2005 population of 49,000. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Mircea Ion Snegur (b. ... The Dniester (Polish Dniestr, Ukrainian Ð”Ð½Ñ–ÑÑ‚ÐµÑ€ (Dnister), Romanian Nistru, Russian Ð”Ð½ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€ (Dnestr), Yiddishâ€«× ×¢×¡×˜×¢×¨ â€¬ (nester), Serbian (Dnjester) and during antiquity was called Tyras in Latin) is a river in Eastern Europe. ... Tighina or Bender (Russian: Ð‘ÐµÐ½Ð´ÐµÑ€Ñ‹) is a city in Transnistria, a breakaway region of Moldova. ... Tighina or Bender (Russian: Ð‘ÐµÐ½Ð´ÐµÑ€Ñ‹) is a city in Transnistria, a breakaway region of Moldova. ... Cocieri is a village in the Republic of Moldova, located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River, along with Transnistria. ... DubÄƒsari (Russian: Ð”ÑƒÐ±Ð¾ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ñ‹ / Dubossary) is a town in eastern Moldova with a 2005 population of 49,000. ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

The OSCE is trying to facilitate a negotiated settlement. Under OSCE auspices, on 8 May 1997, the Moldovan President Petru Lucinschi and the Transnistrian president Igor Smirnov, signed the "Memorandum on the principles of normalizations of the relations between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria", also known as the "Primakov Memorandum", sustaining the establishment of legal and state relations, although the memorandum's provisions had diverging legal and political interpretations in Chişinău and Tiraspol. May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Petru Chiril Lucinschi (Russian: ÐŸÑ‘Ñ‚Ñ€ ÐšÐ¸Ñ€Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð›ÑƒÑ‡Ð¸Ð½ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹, Ukrainian: ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾ ÐšÐ¸Ñ€Ð¸Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð›ÑƒÑ‡Ð¸Ð½ÑÑŒÐºÐ¸Ð¹)(born 1940) was Moldovas second president from 1996 until his defeat after parliamentary elections in 2001. ... Igor Nikolayevich Smirnov (b. ... County ChiÅŸinÄƒu Status Municipality Mayor Vasile Ursu, since 2005 Area 635 kmÂ² Population (2004) 647,513 [1] Density 1114 inh/kmÂ² Geographical coordinates Founded in 1436 Dialing code +373 22 Web site http://www. ... County Transnistria Status Municipality/Capital Mayor Viktor Kostyrko, since 2003 Area 85 kmÂ² Population (2005) 159 163 Geographical coordinates 46Â°51â€² N 29Â°38â€² E Web site http://www. ...

In November 2003, Russia has proposed another memorandum, which contained the most detailed to date proposition on the creation of an asymmetric federal Moldovan state. To ensure the implementation of this plan, Russian troops were proposed to be stationed in Moldova for another 20 years [3]. This plan was named "the Kozak memorandum", after its author Dmitry Kozak, a counselor of the Russian president Vladimir Putin. It did not coincide with the Transnistrian position, which demanded equal status for Transnistria and the rest of Moldova. In Moldova, demonstrations took place against the memorandum, when its full text was made public. 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dmitry Kozak Dmitry Nikolayevich Kozak (Russian: Ð”Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ¾Ð·Ð°Ðº) (b. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of Russia. ...

Vladimir Voronin, who before its publication was supportive of the plan, refused to sign it without the coordination of OSCE and UE. It is widely believed, although suported only by circumstantial evidence, that this reaction appeared after a high official of the US government phoned Voronin. Putin's official visit to Moldova, that was due within days, was immediately canceled, and the Maastricht union of OSCE in 2003 was deadlocked mainly because of Russian-Western disputes over the Transnistrian issue. The formal refusal of Voronin was motivated as follows: the stationing of foreign troops on Moldovan soil contradicts the state's neutrality stipulated by the Constitution of Moldova. The refusal resulted in the sudden and long-term cooling of relations between Moldova and Russia.

In May 2005, the Ukrainian government of Viktor Yushchenko proposed a seven-point plan for the settlement of the conflict between Transnistria and Moldova. Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Ukrainian: ) (born February 23, 1954) is the current President of Ukraine. ...

Human rights

The Republic of Moldova, as well as other foreign states and non-governmental organizations claim that the separatist government of Transnistria is authoritarian and has a poor human rights record, accusing it of interference with religious freedom and of arbitrary arrest and torture. In the best-known such case, Ilie Ilaşcu, a politician in favour of Moldovan union with Romania, was sentenced to death by Transnistrian authority. The other three politicians were sentenced to terms of 12 to 15 years’ imprisonment with confiscation of their property. Ilaşcu was released in 2001 amid international pressure, but other members of his group remain to this day imprisoned. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is not a part of a government. ... Ilie IlaÅŸcu (born 30 July 1952) is a Moldovan and Romanian politician, famous for being sentenced to death by the separatist Transnistrian government. ... Ilie IlaÅŸcu (born 30 July 1952) is a Moldovan and Romanian politician, famous for being sentenced to death by the separatist Transnistrian government. ...

It is also alleged that the trafficking of women is a serious problem, although Transnistria denies this, pointing to a lack of solid evidence.

According to OSCE the media climate in Transnistria is restrictive. Authorities continue long-standing campaign to silence independent opposition voices and movements.^[25]

Transnistrian local authorities put obstructions to public mother tongue education for ethnic Moldovans in the Latin script, insisting that any public educational institutions teaching the language use the official Cyrillic alphabet. In the summer of 2004, this issue sparked into yet another political conflict between Chisinau and Tiraspol. First language (native language, mother tongue, or vernacular) is the language a person learns first. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced , also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languagesâ€”Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainianâ€”and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...

In November 2006 the European Court of Human Rights has accepted to examine the claims submitted by 3 Moldovan schools in Transnistria (from Tighina, Rîbniţa and Grigoriopol) regarding the violation of their right to education and right to work in condition of non-discrimination. The 3 schools concerned regard Russia and Moldova as responsible for violation of their rights^[26].

In November 2006, Luis O'Neill, head of OSCE mission to Moldova, has urged local authorities in the Transnistrian city of Rîbniţa to return a confiscated building to the Moldovan Latin-script school located in the city. The building was build by the Government from Chişinău and was almost finished in 2004, when transnistrian militsya took it by force, during the school crisis^[27].

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Historically, anti-Romanian discimination has been present in the policies of countries bordering Romania towards the Romanian-speaking population or minorities residing in these countries. ... The Moldovan schools in Transnistria became an issue of contention in 2004 in the context of the disputed status of Transnistria, a region claimed equally by Moldova and by Transnistria itself which declared independence on September 2, 1990. ...

International relations

Ukraine-Transnistria border customs dispute

On March 3, 2006, Ukraine imposed new customs regulations on its border with Transnistria: Ukraine declared it will only import goods from Transnistria with documents processed by Moldovan customs offices, as part of the implementation of the joint customs protocol between Ukraine and Moldova on December 30, 2005. Transnistria and Russia termed the act "economic blockade". Moldova denies this being described as blockade, claiming it created favorable conditions for registration of Transnistria-based businesses: to obtain a 6-month export license is a half-hour simplified procedure. The Ukraine-Transnistria border customs conflict started on March 3, 2006, when Ukraine imposed new customs regulations on its border with Transnistria: Ukraine declared it will import goods from Transnistria with documents processed by Moldovan customs offices only, as part of the implementation of the joint customs protocol between Ukraine... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Customs duty is a tariff or tax on the import or export of goods. ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Of major mediators of the conflict in the region, the United States, the European Union and OSCE approved the Ukrainian move, while Russia sees it as a means of political pressure and claims that "Russia's interests are directly affected" as well.

On March 4, Tiraspol retaliated by blocking the Moldovan and Ukrainian transport at the borders of Transnistria. The block was lifted on March 18.

Transnistria in popular culture

Transnistria was mentioned in The Game by Neil Strauss. And a spoof of the country was done in an episode of Eurotrash. [4] Was also covered on tv in Simon Reeve's BBC production called "Holidays in the Danger Zone: Places That Don't Exist". [5] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Eurotrash can refer to The light adult TV show Eurotrash An ethnic slur referring to uncultured residents of Europe. ...

Population

At the census of 1989, the population was 679,000. At the time of the 2004 census, the population was 555,347."^[28]

Recently, there has been a substantial emigration due to economic hardships and uncertain political situation. This is one of the reasons why a disproportionately large part of the population is past the age of retirement. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Immigration. ...

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1102x1600, 165 KB) from the Transnistrian official site http://tdsu. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1102x1600, 165 KB) from the Transnistrian official site http://tdsu. ...

Ethnicity

Since the Soviet era, Transnistria was home to three major groups: Moldovans forming a plurality alongside Russians and Ukrainians. In the latter half of the 20th century, the ethnic proportions have changed in large measure due to industrialization and the immigration of Russian and Ukrainian workers, encouraged by the Soviets. The trend continued after 1991, too, as the Moldovan population decreased between 1989 and 2004 from 39% to 32% of the total population. However, the Moldovans are still the largest single group of the region.

Economy

After WWII, Transnistria was heavily industrialized, to the point that in 1990, it was responsible for 40% of Moldova's GDP and 90% of its electricity^[30] despite the fact that it accounted for only 17% of Moldova's population.

The GDP (2005) is about $420 million^[31]. GDP per capita, based on the exchange rate, is $756, which is slightly lower than Moldova, the poorest country in Europe.

Transnistria has a number of factories, although some only possess older technology. Its largest company is a steel factory, based in Rîbniţa (Rybnitsa), which brings in about 50% of the republic's revenue and is the main provider of jobs in that city. RÃ®bniÅ£a (Russian: Rybnitsa) is the seat of the Administrative Region of RÃ®bniÅ£a of Transnistria, a country that has declared itself independent from Moldova. ...

Another exporter is the distillery Kvint of Tiraspol, known for its strong spirits, which is also shown on the 5 Transnistrian ruble banknote. 1994 Transnistrian ruble banknote The Transnistrian Ruble is the official currency of Transnistria, an unrecognised break-away republic between Moldova and Ukraine in Eastern Europe. ...

An important company in the republic is Sheriff. Sheriff owns a chain of supermarkets, a chain of petrol stations, a TV channel, the FC Sheriff Tiraspol football team and its newly constructed stadium. Sheriff is a company based in Tiraspol, Transnistria, a break-away republic in the Republic of Moldova. ... FC Sheriff Tiraspol is a Moldovan football club, playing in the city of Tiraspol, capital of Transnistria. ... Sheriff Stadium is home to FC Sheriff, a football team based in Tiraspol, capital of Transnistria, and owned by the local Sheriff corporation. ...

The extreme worsening of economic situaton of ordinary people in Transnistria was in November 2006 the subject of an open letter of one of the founders and ideologists of Transnistrian Republic, author of the first PMR constitution, Vasily Yakovlev. In his letter he is asking penal persecution for PMR president Igor Smirnov and is calling for unity with the working people of Moldova^[32]. An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience. ... Igor Nikolayevich Smirnov (b. ...

Crime

Smuggling

Transnistria has a reputation of being a heaven for smuggling weapons, women, as well and as smuggling various products into the Republic of Moldova or to eastern states through the Ukrainian border. This view is supported by the Moldovan government, the EU and various NGOs. In 2002, the European Parliament's delegation to Moldova named Transnistria "a black hole in which illegal trade in arms, the trafficking in human beings and the laundering of criminal finance was carried on".^[33] In 2005, The Wall Street Journal called Transnistria "a major haven for smuggling weapons and women"^[34]. However, OSCE and European Union diplomats cited by Radio Free Europe called the smuggling claims "wildly exaggerated".^[35] For other uses, see Human trafficking (disambiguation) A poster from the Canadian Department of Justice Trafficking in human beings is the commercial trade (smuggling) of human beings, who are subjected to involuntary acts such as begging, sexual exploitation (eg. ... Sign in the entrance of the European Parliament building in Brussels, written in all the official languages used in the European Union as of July 2006 The European Parliament building in Strasbourg The debating chamber, or hemicycle, in Strasbourg The European Parliament building in Brussels The European Parliament (formerly European... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with a worldwide average daily circulation of more than 2. ... Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a radio and communications organization which is funded by the United States Congress. ...

The Transnistrian government also denies any such allegations and has instead claimed that the Moldovan police is involved in drug smuggling. In May 2006 a Moldovan police officer was arrested in Transnistria for his role in a drug operation.^[36]^[37]

The government of Ukraine, which had long been seen as assisting in this illegal trade, has recently taken steps to prevent smuggling along its border by opening new customs posts and by stipulating that the goods passing from Transnistria through Ukraine must first obtain clearance from Moldovan authorities.^[38]

Weapons trade

Analysts and media outlets have expressed concern regarding potential threats posed by Transnistria's large deposits of weapons, and the potential of their unauthorized sale. Nevertheless, this view has been challanged in/from what year (so that one can see from what year things started to change) by other experts and organizations, as well as by the government of the PMR. Oxfordscholar Mark Almond stated that accusations of state-sponsored weapons smuggling in the PMR appear to be groundless and politically motivated, rather than based on any verified facts.^[39] Foreign experts working on behalf of the United Nations say that the historically low levels of transperancy, and the continued denial of full investigation to international monitors has reinforced negative perceptions of the Transnistrian regime [sourse, page number], although recent good levels of cooperation on the part of Transnitrian authorities in some areas may reflect a shift in the attitude of PMR.^[40] The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Jon Mark & Johnny Almond Markâ€“Almond was an English band of the late 1960s and early 1970s, who worked in the territory between rock and jazz. ...

A 2004 newspaper article claimed that a cache of surface-to-air missile launchers as well as other weapons may have disappeared from a former Soviet stockpile and that officials were at the time unable to account for their whereabouts. ^[41] The OSCE and European Union officials state that there is no evidence that Transnistria has ever, at any time in the past, trafficked arms or nuclear material, although they pointed out that a lack of evidence does not mean that dangerous activities are not taking place. Lawlessness in Transdniester alone constitutes a threat to stability.^[42] Akash Missile Firing French Air Force Crotale battery Bendix Rim-8 Talos surface to air missile of the US Navy A surface-to-air missile (SAM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft. ...

The latest research published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) indicates that Transnistria is not involved in arms production or trafficking^[43] but states that Transnistria is highly militarised, noting that the number of illicit weapons in the region is unknown. The United Nations says that the evidence for the illicit production and trafficking of weapons into and from Transnistria has in the past been exaggerated, and affirms that although there is a likelihood that trafficking of light weapons could have occurred before 2001, there is no reliable evidence that this still occurs. It also states that the same holds true for the production of such weapons, which is likely to have been carried out in the 1990s primarily to equip the local forces but which are no longer produced. These findings echo previous declarations by Transnistria that it is not involved in the manufacture or export of weapons.^[44] The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the largest multilateral source of grant technical assistance in the world. ...

Violent Incidents

Lesko synagogue, Poland A synagogue (Hebrew: ×‘×™×ª ×›× ×¡×ª ; beit knesset, house of assembly; Yiddish: ×©×•×œ, shul; Ladino ××¡× ×•×’×” esnoga) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ... Molotov cocktail is the generic name for a variety of crude incendiary weapons. ... Volkswagen minibus A minibus is a motor vehicle that is designed to carry fewer people than a full-size bus. ... Å koda 14 Tr trolleybus in Vilnius A trolleybus (also known as electric bus, trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is a bus powered by two overhead electric wires, from which it draws electricity using two trolley poles. ...

Administrative regions

Administrative Region of Camenca is an administrative region of Transnistria. ... Administrative Region of DubÄƒsari is an administrative region in Transnistria. ... Administrative Region of Grigoriopol is an administrative region of Transnistria, a country, that has declared itself independent from Moldova. ... The Administrative Region of RÃ®bniÅ£a (Russian: Rybnitsa) is a subdivision of Transnistria, a country that has declared itself independent from Moldova. ... Administrative Region of Slobozia administrative region of Transnistria, which is an unrecognized country, that has declared itself independent of Moldova. ... Administrative Region of Tiraspol is an administrative region of Transnistria. ... Administrative Region of Tighina is an administrative in Transnistria. ...

References

^ Waters, Dr. T R.; 2001; 'Security Concerns in Post-Soivet Moldova'; Conflict Studies Research Centre; ISBN 1-903584-27-2
^ Pridnestrovie.net: "Pridnestrovie" vs "Transnistria"
^ Moldova AZI, Transnistrian Militia Withdrew Its Posts from Vasilievca, Accessed 2006-10-18
^ (Some) international observers call elections free, democratic
^ Transnistria 2006: Is Regime Change Underway?
^ Info taken from the official site of the European Union. [1]
^ Official website: Biographies of all PMR Members of Parliament
^ Official website: Biographies of all PMR Members of Parliament
^ Mihai Grecu, Anatol Ţăranu - The policy of linguistic cleansing in Transnistria, page 26-27
^ Mihai Grecu, Anatol Ţăranu - The policy of linguistic cleansing in Transnistria, page 27
^ Mihai Grecu, Anatol Ţăranu - The policy of linguistic cleansing in Transnistria, page 27
^ Landslide win for independence vote in Pridnestrovie's referendum
^ PMR CEC announces final referendum results (Russian)
^ Moldova, the United States, the European Union, Ukraine, Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Iceland, Albania, Norway [2]
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5355338.stm
^ De Administrando Imperio
^ [Nicolae Dabija - "Moldova de peste Nistru, vechi pămînt strămoşesc / Zadnestrovscaia Moldova, isckonnaia naşa zemlia", Hyperion Publishing Press, Chişinău 1990]
^ George Reichersdorf: "Moldaviæ quæ olim Daciæ pers, chorographia, Georgio a Reichersdorf Transilvano auctore", Viennæ 1541.
^ Bronovius and Georg Werner: "Transylvania, Moldavia and Chersonesus Tauricæ'". Published by Arnold Mylius, Cologne, 1595.
^ Antonio Bonfini (1434 - 1503): "Rerum Ungaricarum decades quatuor cum dimidia"
^ Giovanni Botero (1540-1617): "Relazioni universali", Venice, 1591
^ Giovanni Antonio Magini (1555-1617): "Geographie universae", Venice, 1596.
^ Charles Upson Clark: “Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea”: “Frequent mention has been made of the Moldavian Soviet Republic. It is not generally known that the lower Dniester is an almost purely Roumanian stream. The villages along its left bank, from Movilau down to Ovidiopol, opposite Akkerman, are as Moldavian as those on the Bessarabian bank. And this Moldavian peasantry stretches as far east as the Bug, beyond Elisavetgrad, and down to within a few miles of Odessa (see Draghicesco). This is due to a very early immigration of Roumanian shepherds and traders along the streams of the black-earth district east of the Dniester-so early that we find here some Roumanian place-names on the Reichersdorf map of 1541. Further extensive colonization took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Polish princes of Podolia encouraging the creation of large farms by Moldavian boyars; and in the eighteenth century, Russian generals took back with them from their campaigns against the Turks, enormous numbers of Roumanian peasants. In 1739, Gen. Munnich carried back with him 100,000 Roumanian peasants, according to the memoirs of Trenck, his companion; and_ in 1792, another great immigration took place. As a result, it is reckoned that there are probably half a million Roumanian peasants in Russia east of the Dniester.” Ch. XXIX
^ ibidem
^ OSCE - Media in Transdniestria
^ ECHR TO CONSIDER CLAIMS LODGED BY MOLDOVAN SCHOOLS IN TRANSNISTRIA
^ Ribnitsa authorities must return confiscated school building, says OSCE Mission Head
^ Official data from 2004 census and comparison with the 1989 census, by Olvia Press
^ Pridnestrovie.net: The Multiethnic Republic
^ John Mackinlay and Peter Cross (editors), Regional Peacekeepers: The Paradox of Russian Peacekeeping, United Nations University Press, 2003, ISBN 92-808-1079-0 p. 135
^ RosBusiness: Transnistria announces GDP forecast
^ Vasily Yakovlev - Accusatory statement
^ European Parliament, "Chairman's Report—Ad Hoc Delegation to Moldova", 5–6 June 2002
^ The Wall Street Journal, "Moldova's Ruling Communists Are Leading a Swing to the West, Marc Champion in London and Alan Cullison in Moscow. March 4, 2005. pg. A.13
^ RFE/RL: Western Diplomats Say Reports Of Smuggling From Transdniester Likely Exaggerated
^ PMR Customs: Channel of narcotics delivery from Moldova is revealed
^ Western officials: No drug smuggling in Pridnestrovie
^ Vladimir Socor: Kyiv decides to enforce customs regulations with Moldova
^ Mark Almond: Kafka and the Arms Smugglers
^ UNDP: 2006 Small arms and light weapons survey of Moldova
^
^ RFE/RL: Western Diplomats Say Reports Of Smuggling From Transdniester Likely Exaggerated
^ UNDP: 2006 Small arms and light weapons survey of Moldova
^ PMR doesn't make weapons, experts admit
^ A Molotov Cocktail Thrown at a Synagogue in Tiraspol
^ Trans-Dniester blast kills eight BBC
^ Grenade exploded in Tiraspol trolley bus

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... The International Standard Book Number, or ISBN (sometimes pronounced is-ben), is a unique[1] identifier for books, intended to be used commercially. ... Charles Upson Clark (1875-1960) was a professor at Columbia University. ... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with a worldwide average daily circulation of more than 2. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

The British Broadcasting Corporation, invariably known as the BBC (and also informally known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world, employing 26,000 staff in the UK alone and with a budget of Â£4 billion. ...

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v • d • e

Dependent, autonomous, and other territories of Europe

Dependent territories and autonomous regions
Adjara ¹ (Georgia) • Åland (Finland) • Aosta Valley (Italy) • Azores ¹ (Portugal) • Crimea (Ukraine) • Faroe Islands (Denmark) • Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy) • Gagauzia (Moldova) • Gibraltar (UK) • Greenland ¹ (Denmark) • Guernsey (UK) • Isle of Man (UK) • Jersey (UK) • Madeira ¹ (Portugal) • Mount Athos (Greece) • Nakhichevan ¹ (Azerbaijan) • Republics of the Russian Federation ² • Sardinia (Italy) • Sicily (Italy) • Trentino-South Tyrol (Italy) • Vojvodina (Serbia) • A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... An autonomous area is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy. ... Several geo-political entities in the world have no general international recognition, but they want to be recognized as sovereign states. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... An autonomous area is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy. ... Official language Georgian Capital Batumi ISO code GE.AJ Head of the Government Levan Varshalomidze Area - Total - % water 2,900 kmÂ² n/a Population - Total (1989) - Density 392,432 135. ... Motto: none Anthem: Ã…lÃ¤nningens sÃ¥ng Capital Mariehamn Largest city Mariehamn Swedish Government Autonomous province - Governor Peter LindbÃ¤ck1 - Premier Roger Nordlund Autonomy - Declared 1920 - Recognized 19212 Accession to EU January 1, 19953 Area - Total 13,517 kmÂ² (n/a) 5,267 sq mi - Water (%) 89 Population - 2005 estimate... The Aosta Valley (in Arpitan: Val dOuta, French: VallÃ©e dAoste, Italian: Valle dAosta) is a mountainous and very silly and smelly region in north-western Italy. ... Location Motto of the autonomous region: Antes morrer livres que em paz sujeitos (Portuguese: To die free rather than to be subjugated in peace) Official language Portuguese Capitals Ponta Delgada (Presidency of the autonomous government), Angra do HeroÃsmo (Supreme Court), Horta (Legislative Assembly) Other towns Praia da VitÃ³ria... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ†Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð² ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ðµ - Prosperity in unity Anthem: ÐÐ¸Ð²Ñ‹ Ð¸ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ Ñ‚Ð²Ð¾Ð¸ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑˆÐµÐ±Ð½Ñ‹, Ð Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð° - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Capital Simferopol Largest cities Simferopol, Eupatoria, Kerch, Theodosia, Yalta Official language Ukrainian. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Gagauzia (or Gagauz-Yeri) is an autonomous region within Moldova, located along the southern border with Ukraine, inhabited by the Gagauz, a Turkic people who are ethnically and culturally distinct from other Moldovans. ... Motto: Das ilhas, as mais belas e livres (Of the islands, the most beautiful and free) Anthem: A Portuguesa (national) Hino da RegiÃ£o AutÃ³noma da Madeira (local) Capital (largest city) Funchal Portuguese Government Autonomous region - President Alberto JoÃ£o Jardim Independence - Settled 1420 - Autonomy 1976 Area - Total 797... Capital Karyes Languages Koine Greek, Church Slavonic (both liturgical), as well as Modern Greek, Russian, Serbian, Georgian, Bulgarian, Romanian (civil) Area 390 kmÂ² Population approximately 2,250 Demonym â€“ English â€“ Greek Athonite, Hagiorite Î‘Î¸Ï‰Î½Î¯Ï„Î·Ï‚, Î‘Î³Î¹Î¿ÏÎ¯Ï„Î·Ï‚ Mount Athos (Greek: ÎŒÏÎ¿Ï‚ Î†Î¸Ï‰Ï‚) is a mountain and a peninsula in Macedonia, northern Greece, called Î†Î³Î¹Î¿Î½ ÎŒÏÎ¿Ï‚ (Ayion Oros or Agion... Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhichevan. ... The Russian Federation is divided into 88 federal subjects (constituent units), 21 of which are republics. ... Sardinia (Sardegna in Italian, Sardigna or Sardinna in the Sardinian language), is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (Sicily is the largest), between Italy, Spain and Tunisia, south of Corsica. ... Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian, Î£Î¹ÎºÎµÎ»Î¯Î± in Greek) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 kmÂ² and 5 million inhabitants. ... Trentino-South Tyrol (German and Ladin: Trentino-SÃ¼dtirol, Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige) is an Autonomous Region in Northern Italy. ... Republic of Serbia â€“Vojvodina â€“Kosovo (UN admin. ... Motto: none Anthem: BoÅ¾e pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Serbian, cyrillic script1 Government Republic - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica - President Boris TadiÄ‡ Establishment - Formation 814 - First Serbian Uprising 1804 - Internationally recognized July 13, 1878 - Kingdom of SCS created December 1, 1918 - SCG dissolved June...

Unrecognized (self-proclaimed) republics
Abkhazia • Nagorno-Karabakh ¹ • South Ossetia • Transnistria • Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ^{1 • 3} Several geo-political entities in the world have no general international recognition, but they want to be recognized as sovereign states. ... Official languages Abkhaz, with Russian having co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates President Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 23 July 1992 none Currency Russian ruble Official languages Abkhaz and... Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ or Yuxarı Qarabağ, literally mountainous black garden or upper black garden; Russian: Нагорный Карабах, translit. ... Official language Ossetian Capital Tskhinvali President Eduard Djabeevich Kokoity Prime Minister Igor Viktorovich Sanakoyev Area â€“ Total â€“ % water 3,900 kmÂ² n/a Population â€“ Total â€“ Density (2004) 70,000 (approx) 18/kmÂ² Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia â€“ November 28, 1991 â€“ none Currency Russian ruble, Georgian lari Time zone UTC +3 Detailed... Anthem: Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ± (Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (LefkoÅŸa) Turkish Government Representative democratic republic[1] - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Sovereignty from Republic of Cyprus (de facto) - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition Only by Turkey and OIC Area - Total 3,355 kmÂ² (not ranked...

Territories administered by the United Nations
Kosovo The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo or UNMIK is an interim civilian administration of the Serbian province (as part of Serbia and Montenegro) called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), under the authority of the United Nations. ...

¹ Entirely on another continent but having sociopolitical connections with Europe. ² Includes significant territory in Asia. ³ Only recognized by Turkey. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

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