Demonology is the systematic study of demons or beliefs about demons.^[1] Insofar as it involves exegesis, demonology is an orthodox branch of theology.^[2] This article is about the concept. ... “Fiend” redirects here. ... Exegesis (from the Greek to lead out) involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a holy scripture, such as of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, the Talmud, the Midrash, the Quran, etc. ... Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ...

Description

Demonology is the branch of theology relating to superhuman beings who are not gods.^[3] It deals both with benevolent beings that have no circle of worshippers or so limited a circle as to be below the rank of gods, and with malevolent beings of all kinds. It may be noted that the original sense of "demon," from the time of Homer onward, was a benevolent being;^[4] but in English the name now connotes malevolence. Demons, when they are regarded as spirits, may belong to either of the classes of spirits recognized by primitive animism;^[5] that is to say, they may be human, or non-human, separable souls, or discarnate spirits which have never inhabited a body. A sharp distinction is often drawn between these two classes, notably by the Melanesians, the West Africans and others; the Arab djinn, for example, are not reducible to modified human souls; at the same time these classes are frequently conceived as producing identical results, e.g. diseases.^[4][3] Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Look up Supernatural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation). ... The English word spirit comes from the Latin spiritus (breath). // The English word spirit comes from the Latin spiritus, meaning breath (compare spiritus asper), but also soul, courage, vigor, ultimately from a PIE root *(s)peis- (to blow). In the Vulgate, the Latin word translates Greek (πνευμα), pneuma (Hebrew (רוח) ruah), as... The term Animism is derived from the Latin anima, meaning soul.[1][2] In its most general sense, animism is simply the belief in souls. ... For other uses, see Genie (disambiguation). ...

Types

See also: Classification of demons

Under the head of demons are classified only such spirits as are believed to enter into relations with the human race; the term therefore includes: The Temptation of St. ...

1. angels in the Judeo-Christian tradition that fell from grace,^[4]
2. human souls regarded as genii or familiars,^[6]
3. such as receive a cult (e.g., ancestor worship),^[4]
4. ghosts or other malevolent revenants.^[7]

Excluded are souls conceived as inhabiting another world. But just as gods are not necessarily spiritual, demons may also be regarded as corporeal; vampires for example are sometimes described as human heads with appended entrails, which issue from the tomb to attack the living during the night watches. The so-called Spectre Huntsman of the Malay Peninsula is said to be a man who scours the firmament with his dogs, vainly seeking for what he could not find on earth - a buck mouse-deer pregnant with male offspring; but he seems to be a living man; there is no statement that he ever died, nor yet that he is a spirit. The incubi and Succubi of the Middle Ages are sometimes regarded as spiritual beings; but they were held to give proof of their bodily existence, such as offspring (though often deformed).^[8] Belief in demons goes back many millennia. The Zoroastrian faith teaches that there are 3,333 Demons, some with specific dark responsibilities such as war, starvation, sickness, etc. Jacob wrestling an angel, by Gustave Doré (1832-1883), a shared Judeo-Christian story. ... This page is about the core essence of a being. ... “Familiar” redirects here. ... Ancestor worship, also ancestor veneration, is a religious practice based on the belief that ones ancestors possess supernatural powers. ... This article is about the paranormal. ... In the Middle Ages, revenants were legendary animated corpses which rose from the grave to haunt the living. ... Further reading Christopher Frayling - Vampyres: Lord Byron to Count Dracula 1992. ... Incubus, 1870 This article is about the type of demon called an Incubus. For other uses, see Incubus. ... For other uses, see Succubus (disambiguation). ... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ...

Prevalence of demons

According to some societies, all the affairs of life are supposed to be under the control of spirits, each ruling a certain "element" or even object, and themselves in subjection to a greater spirit.^[9] For example, the Inuit are said to believe in spirits of the sea, earth and sky, the winds, the clouds and everything in nature. Every cove of the seashore, every point, every island and prominent rock has its guardian spirit. All are potentially of the malignant type, to be propitiated by an appeal to knowledge of the supernatural.^[10] In Korea, countless demons inhabit the natural world; they fill household objects and are present in all locations. By the thousands they accompany travelers, seeking them out from their places in the elements.^[11] . Bön . Hinduism (Tattva) and Buddhism (Mahābhūta) Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni/Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Japanese (Godai) Earth (地) Water (水) Air / Wind (風) Fire (火) Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Chinese (Wu Xing) . Modern Many ancient philosophies used a set of archetypal classical elements to explain... For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ...

In ancient Babylon, demonology had an influence on even the most mundane elements of life, from petty annoyances to the emotions of love and hatred. The numerous demonic spirits were given charge over various parts of the human body, one for the head, one for the neck, and so on. In present-day Egypt, the ubiquitous jinn are believed to be so densely distributed that acts such as pouring water unto the ground are accompanied by seeking the permission of a potentially dampened spirit.^[11] For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ...

Greek philosophers such as Porphyry, who claimed influence from Platonism,^[12] and the fathers of the Christian Church, held that the world was pervaded with spirits,^[11] the latter of whom advanced the belief that demons received the worship directed at pagan gods.^[13] Porphyry (Greek Πορφύριος purple-clad) may refer to: Porphyry of Tyros (c. ... Platonic realism is a philosophical term usually used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the existence of universals after the Greek philosopher Plato who lived between c. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers...

Character of the spiritual world

The ascription of malevolence to the world of spirits is by no means universal. In West Africa the Mpongwe believe in local spirits, just as do the Inuit; but they are regarded as inoffensive in the main. Passers-by must make some trifling offering as they near the spirits' place of abode; but it is only occasionally that mischievous acts, such as the throwing down of a tree on a passer-by, are, in the view of the natives, perpetuated by the class of spirits known as Ombuiri.^[14] So too, many of the spirits especially concerned with the operations of nature are conceived as neutral or even benevolent; the European peasant fears the corn-spirit only when he irritates him by trenching on his domain and taking his property by cutting the corn;^[15] similarly, there is no reason why the more insignificant personages of the pantheon should be conceived as malevolent, and we find that the Petara of the Dyaks are far from indiscriminating and malignant, being viewed as invisible guardians of mankind.^[16]  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... The Mpongwe are an ethnic group in Gabon, notable as the earliest known dwellers around the Estuary, where Libreville is now located. ... The Dayak IPA: (or Dyak) are the peoples indigenous to Borneo. ...

Zoroastrian demonology

In the Zoroastrian tradition, Ahura Mazda, as the force of good Spenta Mainyu, will eventually be victorious in a cosmic battle with an evil force known as Angra Mainyu or Ahriman.^[17] Ahura Mazda () is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator, hence God. ... In Zoroastrianism, Amesha Spentas are the Holy Immortals, the equivalent of Archangels in Christian theology. ... Angra Mainyu is the Avestan language name of the hypostasis of the destructive spirit. The Middle Persian equivalent is Ahriman. ... Angra Mainyu or Ahriman was the evil spirit in the dualistic strain of Zoroastrianism. ...

Jewish demonology

While historical Judaism never "officially" recognized a rigid set of doctrines about demons,^[18] many scholars believe that its post-exilic concepts of eschatology, angelology, and demonology were influenced by Zoroastrianism.^[19][20] Some, however, believe that these concepts were received as part of the Kabbalistic tradition^[21] passed down from Adam, Noah, and the Hebrew patriarchs.^[22] See Sefer Yetzirah. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Babylonian captivity also refers to the permanence of the Avignon Papacy. ... For the eschatological beliefs of various religions, see End Times. ... Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra, Zartosht). ... The tree of life Kabbalah (קבלה Reception, Standard Hebrew Qabbala, Tiberian Hebrew Qabbālāh; also written variously as Cabala, Cabalah, Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabala, Kabalah, Kabbala, Qabala, Qabalah) is a religious philosophical system claiming an insight into divine nature. ... For other uses, see Adam (disambiguation). ... This article is about the biblical Noah. ... Sefer Yetzirah (Hebrew, Book of Creation[1], ספר יצירה) is the title of the earliest book on Jewish esotericism. ...

The Talmud declares that there are 7,405,926 demons, divided in 72 companies.^{[citation needed]} Indeed, some commentators hold that Satan was a prosecutor for God in early Judaism, and a somewhat minor angel at that.^[23] While most people believe that Lucifer and Satan are different names for the same being, not all scholars subscribe to this view.^[24] The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. ... This article is about the concept of Satan. ... This article is about the star or fallen angel. ...

There is more than one instance where demons are said to have come to be, as seen by the sins of the Watchers and the Grigori, of Lilith leaving Adam, of demons such as vampires, the demon-locusts from the Book of Revelation, impure spirits in Jewish folklore such as the dybbuk and of wicked humans that have become demons as well.^[25][26] The Grigori are a group of fallen angels told of in Biblical apocrypha who mated with mortal women, giving rise to a race of hybrids known as the Nephilim, who are described as giants in Genesis 6:4. ... This article is about the demon Lilith. ... Michelangelos Creation of Adam, from the Sistine Chapel. ... Philip Burne-Jones, The Vampire, 1897 Vampires are mythological or folkloric beings that subsist on human and/or animal lifeforce. ... Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ... Jewish mythology is the body of mythology of the Jewish people and Judaism as understood by some people. ... Dybbuk - in kabbalah and European Jewish folklore, is a malicious possessing spirit, believed to be the dislocated soul of a dead person, escaped from Gehenna, a Hebrew term very loosely translated as hell. The word dybbuk is derived from the Hebrew דיבוק, meaning attachment; the dybbuk attaches itself to the body...

Christian demonology

Main article: Christian demonology

Christianity is traditionally wary of the study of Demonology, typified by the words of Albert Magnus "It is taught by the demons, it teaches about the demons, and it leads to the demons."^[27] This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Albertus Magnus (b. ...

The most extensive exposition of Christian demonology are Heinrich Kramer's Malleus Maleficarum, once thought to have been co-written by Jacob Sprenger;^[28] and Nicholas Remy's Daemonolatreiae libri tres, both assuming the reality of witchcraft and its capability of posing a threat to the Roman Catholic church. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Heinrich Kramer (also known under latinised name Heinrich Institor, 1430?-1505) was a churchman and inquisitor. ... Cover of the seventh Cologne edition of the Malleus Maleficarum, 1520 (from the University of Sydney Library). ... James Sprenger was born in Basel between 1436 and 1438. ... Nicholas Remy (aka Rémy and Remigius) (1534 - 1600) was a French Catholic priest. ... Daemonolatreiae libri tres is a 1595 work by Nicholas Remy. ... “Witch” redirects here. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Demonology refers to catalogues that attempt to name and set a hierarchy to demons and spirits thought to be malignant. In this sense, demonology can be seen as the mirror image of angelology, which attempts to compile the same information for good spirits. For other uses, see Angel (disambiguation). ...

In Christian tradition, demons are fallen angels,^[3] so demonology could be considered a branch of angelology and vice versa. The grimoires of occult magic are the tomes that contain the lore of this version of demonology, containing instructions on how to summon them and bend them to the conjuror's will.^[29] It has been suggested that Evil Angels be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Angel (disambiguation). ... This design for an amulet comes from the Black Pullet grimoire. ... Not to be confused with Magic (illusion). ... A conjurer (or conjuror) is a person that performs rituals or acts of conjuration. ...

In the 15th century it was estimated that 133,306,668 angels fell from the Heavens in a total of 9 days according to the Bishop of Tusculum (c. 1273),^[30] and this was reaffirmed by Alphonso de Spina (c. 1460). The see of Frascati is a Catholic suburbicarian diocese in Italy, based at Frascati, near Rome. ... Alphonso de Spina (unknown date of birth – in or about 1491) was a Spanish Franciscan Catholic Bishop, preacher and writer. ...

On another note, The Book of Enoch, an apocryphal text, tells of 200 "sons of God" (angels) who became enamored with "daughters of men", and coupled with them, and were therefore banished from Heaven. Hence, the range between 200 and 133,306,668 is one estimate of the number of demons, at least according to some Christian sources. The Book of Enoch is a pseudepigraphal apocryphal work attributed to Enoch, the great-grandfather of Noah. ... In Judeo-Christian theologies, apocrypha refers to religious Sacred text that have questionable authenticity or are otherwise disputed. ...

The New Testament explicitly affirms the existence of lesser adversarial spirits. (Luke 4:41, 10:17-20; Ephesians 6:12; James 2:19; Revelation 16:13, 14) In Christianity, Satan is the leader of a force of evil opposing the all-good God.^[3] This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... The Gospel of Luke (literally, according to Luke; Greek, Κατά Λουκαν, Kata Loukan) is a synoptic Gospel, and the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament. ... Described by William Barclay as the Queen of the Epistles, the Epistle to the Ephesians is one of the books of the Bible in the New Testament. ... The Epistle of James is a book in the Christian New Testament. ... Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... This article is about the concept of Satan. ...

Occult demonology

Practitioners of Ceremonial magic sometimes attempt to constrain and command demons to do their bidding, using methods such as the Goetia and The Book of Abramelin. The demons are often those mentioned in Christian demonology. These practitioners do not necessarily worship demons, but seek to deploy them to obtain their goals. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The demon Satan In folklore, mythology, and religion, a demon is a supernatural being that is generally described as an evil spirit, but is also depicted to be good in some instances. ... Buer, the 10th spirit, who teaches Moral and Natural Philosophy (from the Mathers and Liddell 1995 edition). ... Cover of the 2006 edition of Steven Guths English translation of The Book of Abramelin, compiled and edited by Georg Dehn ; the cover design is by Phillip Augusta, adaped from Emblem 23 of Michael Maier’s Atalanta Fugiens. ...

Other followers of the occult do worship demons, and refer to their religion as "demonolatry."^[32]. Demonolators consider methods such as the Goetia very disrespectful towards the demons, and possibly dangerous for the operator. They instead use forms of prayer, magick and ritual which petition the demons, asking for their aid rather than commanding them. Buer, the 10th spirit, who teaches Moral and Natural Philosophy (from the Mathers and Liddell 1995 edition). ... For other uses, see Prayer (disambiguation). ... This article refers to the magical system of Aleister Crowley and Thelema. ... A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ...

Demonolators are not identical to practitioners of Theistic Satanism. They worship other demons (such as Belial and Leviathan) either alongside, or instead of Satan. ^[33] Some demonolators say that their form of demonolatry is a tradition, often familial, that is not related to the modern religious and philosophical movements collectively referred to as Satanism.^[34] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A woodcarving of Belial and some of his followers from Jacobus de Teramos book Buche Belial (1473) Belial (also Belhor, Baalial, Beliar, Belias , Beliall, Beliel; from Hebrew בְּלִיַּ֫עַל ; also named Matanbuchus, Mechembuchus, Meterbuchus in older scripts) is an evil being in Jewish apocrypha, and also a term used to characterise... This article is about the biblical creature. ...

Islamic demonology

In Islam, the devil Iblis (Satan and/or Lucifer in Christianity) was not an angel, but of a different kind, the jinn. (Humans are created from earth, Angels from light, and jinn from fire). The jinn though, are not necessarily evil; they could be good doers or sinners just like humans. Since the jinn and humans are the only kinds of creation who have the will to choose, the followers of Iblis could be jinn or human. The angels, on the other hand, are sinless and only obey the will of God.^[35] For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In the Qur'an, when God ordered those witnessing the creation of Adam to kneel before him (before Adam), Iblis refused to do so and was therefore damned for refusal to obey God's will.^[36] The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ...

Demonology in Buddhism and Hinduism

Some branches of Buddhism affirm the existence of Hells^[37] peopled by demons who torment sinners and tempt mortals to sin, or who seek to thwart their enlightenment, with a demon named Mara as chief tempter.^[38] Most of these "demons" are considered to be representations of mental obstructions. ^[39] Hinduism contains traditions of combats between its gods and various adversaries, such as the combat of Indra and the asura Vritra.^[40] A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... The Inferno redirects here. ... Bodhi (Pali and Sanskrit. ... Hinduism (known as in modern Indian languages[1]) is a religious tradition[2] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... For other uses, see Indra (disambiguation). ... // In Hinduism In Hindu mythology, the Asura (Sanskrit: असुर) are a group of power-seeking deities, sometimes misleadingly referred to as demons. ... In the early Vedic religion, Vritra (Sanskrit: वृत्र (Devanāgarī) or (IAST)) the enveloper, was an Asura and also a serpent or dragon, the personification of drought and enemy of Indra. ...

See also

• Demon
• Names of the demons
• List of demons
• Christian demonology
• Hierarchy of demons
• Classification of demons
• Exorcism
• Deal with the devil

“Fiend” redirects here. ... According to Christian theology all Pagan deities are demons. ... This is a list of demons, including both specific demons (e. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In early Christian theology, Satan or the Devil was seen as chief of all other demons. ... The Temptation of St. ... Saint Francis exorcised demons in Arezzo, fresco of Giotto Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure, correctly pronounced exercism) is the practice of evicting demons or other evil spiritual entities from a person or place which they are believed to have possessed (taken control of). ... St. ...

References

1. ^ "Demonology" at Dictionary.com Unabridged, (v 1.1) Random House, Inc., retrieved January 29 2007.
2. ^ Theology definition and kinds of Theology at biblia.com
3. ^ ^{a b c d} "Demon" from Funk & Wagnalls® New Encyclopedia, © 2006 World Almanac Education Group, retrieved from history.com
4. ^ ^{a b c d} van der Toorn, Becking, van der Horst (1999), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in The Bible, Second Extensively Revised Edition, Entry: Demon, pp. 235-240, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8028-2491-9
5. ^ Animism at The Catholic Encyclopedia
6. ^ Demon, entry in the Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2001 Douglas Harper, hosted at dictionary.com
7. ^ Ghost, entry in The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Copyright © 2000, Houghton Mifflin Company, hosted at dictionary.com
8. ^ Masello, Robert, Fallen Angels and Spirits of The Dark, pp. 64-68, © 2004, The Berkley Publishing Group, 200 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016, ISBN 0-399-51889-4
9. ^ Ludwig, Theodore M., The Sacred Paths: Understanding the Religions of the World, Second Edition, pp. 48-51, © 1989 Prentice-Hall, Inc., ISBN 0-02-372175-8
10. ^ Rink, Henry (1875), "Chapter IV: Religion" of Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, London, 1875, at sacred-texts.com
11. ^ ^{a b c} Demonology at the Online Encyclopedia, Originally appearing in Volume V08, Page 10 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
12. ^ Cumont, Franz (1911), The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, Chapter VI: Persia, p. 267 at sacred-texts.com
13. ^ Augustine, The City of God, Book 8, Chapter 24, at the Christian Classics Etherial Library
14. ^ Hamill Nassau, Robert (Rev.) M.D., S.T.D., (1904), Fetichism in West Africa, Chapter V: Spiritual Beings in Africa - Their Classes and Functions, Charles Scribners Son
15. ^ Frazer, Sir James George (1922), The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion, Chapter 46, "The Corn-Mother in Many Lands," at The University of Adelaide Library
16. ^ Greem, Eda (c. 1909), Borneo: The Land of River and Palm at the Project Canterbury website
17. ^ "Who are the Zoroastrians," at tenets.zoroastrianism.com
18. ^ Mack, Carol K., Mack, Dinah (1998), A Field Guide to Demons, Fairies, Fallen Angels and Other Subversive Spirits, p. XXXIII, New York: Henry Holt and Co., ISBN 0-8050-6270-X
19. ^ Zoroastrianism at net.bible.org
20. ^ Jahanian, Daryoush, M.D., "The Zoroastrian-Biblical Connections," at meta-religion.com
21. ^ Franck, Adolphe (1843), translated by Sossnitz, I. (1926), The Kabbalah, or, The Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews, Part Two, Chapter IV, "Continuation of The Analysis of The Zohar: The Kabbalists' View of The World," p. 184 at sacred-texts.com
22. ^ Mathers, S.L. McGregor (Translation from Latin - 1912), Kabbala Denudata: The Kabbala Unveiled, Introduction, at sacred-texts.com
23. ^ "Satan: The OT View of Satan," at bibletexts.com
24. ^ Davidson, Gustav (1967), A Dictionary of Angels, Including The Fallen Angels, p. 176, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-19757
25. ^ Demonology at jewishencyclopedia.com
26. ^ Josephus, Flavius, Wars of The Jews, Book VII, Chapter VI, Par. 3, at Early Jewish Writings
27. ^ "Demonology". Catholic Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company. 
28. ^ "Impact of Malleus Maleficarum on persecution of witches in England," at Medieval World - Etrusia's Guide to Medieval Britain
29. ^ Masello, Robert, Fallen Angels and Spirits of The Dark, p. 85, © 2004, The Berkley Publishing Group, 200 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016, ISBN 0-399-51889-4
30. ^ Davidson, Gustav (1967), A Dictionary of Angels, Including The Fallen Angels, p. 352, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-19757
31. ^ The Fallen Host & The War in Heavens
32. ^ [1]
33. ^ [2]
34. ^ http://www.ofs-demonolatry.org/faq.htm#prove
35. ^ "Who is Satan?" at understanding-islam.com
36. ^ The Qur'an (Yusuf Ali, tr.): Sūra 38: Sād: Section 5 (65-88) at sacred-texts.com
37. ^ Boeree, Dr. C. George (2000), Chapter: "Buddhist Cosmology", An Introduction to Buddhism, Shippensburg University
38. ^ "Demon" and "Mara" in the Glossary of Buddhist Terms at kadampa.org
39. ^ Ibid.
40. ^ Vritra at the Encyclopedia Mythica

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

External links

• Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Demonology
• A to Z list of Demons
• OFS Demonolatry