Denial of the Armenian Genocide is the assertion that the events within the Ottoman Empire following April 24, 1915 and the Tehcir Law of May 1915 were not part of a state-organized genocide directed against the empire's Armenian inhabitants, and that the Armenian Genocide did not occur.^[1] For example, the Republic of Turkey does not accept that the Ottoman authorities attempted to eliminate the Armenian people.^[1] Turkey acknowledges that during World War I many Armenians died, but counters that Turks died as well, and that massacres were committed on both sides as a result of inter-ethnic violence and the wider conflict of World War I.^[1] The denial of the Armenian Genocide is often criticized by genocide scholars and historians, in particular as a crucial symbolic and ideological process which follows every genocide after it has taken place and is intended to desensitize and make possible the emergence of new forms of genocidal violence to peoples in the future.^[2] is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Tehcir Law The Tehcir Law was a law of the Ottoman Empire setting the rules and conditions of the tehcir (forced relocations)[1][2]. The law was passed by the parliament on May 27, 1915 and came into force on June 1, 1915, with publication in Takvim-i Vekayi... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... The Republic of Turkey is a country located in Southwest Asia with a small part of its territory (3%) in southeastern Europe. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-1920 were court martials of the Ottoman Empire after the armistice of Mudros during the aftermath the World War One, which the leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress and selected former officials had court-martial with/including the charges of subversion of the... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Trial of Soghomon Tehlirian was a sensationalized trial of the assassination of the former Grand Vizier Talat Pasha by the Soghomon Tehlirian. ... Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire is direct consequence of the World War I with the Ottomans involvement in the Middle Eastern theatre. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Terminology

The use of specific terminologies regarding the issue are highly debated between both parties, such as the word "deportation". Both sides claim that using some of the specific words do not fit to the realities of the period (context should be considered) or they are not substantiated with the facts.

Use of deportation

Currently, regarding the activities performed under Tehcir Law, May 1915, the Republic of Turkey rejects the use of the word "deportation" and "refugee".^[3] Turkey uses the terminology "deportation" for expulsion of foreigners (the expulsion of natives is usually called banishment, exile, or transportation) or extradition.^[4] Turkey instead uses the words "relocation" and "immigrant," respectively. Turkey claims that all the destination regions were within the Ottoman Empire's borders. According to revisionist historians, the Ottoman government recognized these "immigrants" as its citizens and took extensive measures to record the type, quantity, and value of the their property, as well as the names of the owners and where they were sent.^[3] The Tehcir Law The Tehcir Law was a law of the Ottoman Empire setting the rules and conditions of the tehcir (forced relocations)[1][2]. The law was passed by the parliament on May 27, 1915 and came into force on June 1, 1915, with publication in Takvim-i Vekayi... The Republic of Turkey is a country located in Southwest Asia with a small part of its territory (3%) in southeastern Europe. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... See Exile (disambiguation) for other meanings. ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. ...

"Denial" as a problematic term

The term "denial" has itself been subject to critical consideration, with arguments arising from both sides.

irrespectively From "Ottoman perspective" the term used as "denial of realities" applies to "conclusions" that are blind sighted in the interpretation process, such as considering one side of the casualties (Christian: Armenian Greek, etc) and ignoring the other side (Muslim: Kurds, Azeris, etc). An example of this ignorance can be seen in the use of chethes (irregular units) being the origin of trouble for the Armenian population (long history of Kurdish-Armenian relations). The assumption that the Kurdish chetes were under Ottoman control was presented as a "denial of realities." In truth, they say a civil war (waged by chetes of both sides) rather than a planned annihilation^[5]. There are "recent studies" which used to fall into "denial" that present lack of monolithic political system or non unity between Three pashas^[6]. The assumptions that during this time Committee of Union and Progress was a monolithic political system or united political front performing empire level activities is questioned. The unity or power of Three pashas, which were presented as organizers of 1.5 million annihilation, is also questioned. The same arguments, presented in the rest of the article, extends to many other positions, such as covert operations of Russo-British intelligence services, use of the Memoirs of Naim Bey, etc. It is claimed that the "late response", "lack of communication" between the sides, the important part of the Armenian Archives, Ottoman Archives, even the third parties archives being classified were the source of problematic use of the word "denial." Kurdish-Armenian relations covers the historical relations between the Kurds and the Armenians. ... The Three Pashas are the famous Pashas who enabled the Ottoman Empire to enter the WWI. Talat, along with Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha formed a group called the three pashas. ... Foundation: 1894 Dissolved: 1918, Court Martialed Head: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: ), initially a secret society established as the Committee of Ottoman Union (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti in 1889 by the medical students İbrahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti and Hüseyinzade Ali, became was a political... The Three Pashas are the famous Pashas who enabled the Ottoman Empire to enter the WWI. Talat, along with Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha formed a group called the three pashas. ... Operation Nemesis is the Armenian Revolutionary Federation code-name for the covert operation in the 1920s to assassinate the Turkish masterminds of the Armenian Genocide. ... Ottoman Archives is a collection of sources related to Ottoman Empire in 19 Middle east, 11 EU and Balkan states, 3 Cacuses, 2 central asia, 2 Cyprus, Isreal and Republic of Turkey. ...

From "Armenian perspective" use proffers an alternative account of the events, the inevitable norm of education in Turkey is a defense of this account; thus, by virtue of merely being educated in Turkey,^{[original research?]} an unawareness of any tenable alternative viewpoint may cause a Turkish national to be accused of "denying" something she or he never had an opportunity to know in the first place. Turkish state revisionism is further helped by the fact that, as a result of the alphabet reform of 1928 (which changed the Turkish script from an Arabic alphabet to a Latin-based alphabet) the vast majority of Turks are unable to read Ottoman-period newspapers, letters, or diaries.^[7]

Late response

The Turkish government was very slow in answering the genocide charges, though nearly a century had passed since the events.^[8] In 1975 Turkish historian and biographer Şevket Süreyya Aydemir said: "The best course, I believe, is not to dwell on this subject and allow both sides to forget (calm) this part of history." This view was shared by the foreign ministry of Turkey at the time. Zeki Kuneralp, a former Turkish ambassador, had a different explanation, according to him "The liabilities of not publishing the historical documents outweigh the advantages."^[9] Zeki Kuneralp(b 1914, d 1998) Born in Istanbul Diplomat Turkey. ...

Only in the 1980s did the controversy become public through the work of Kamuran Gürün^{[citation needed]}. Other Turkish institutions followed Gürün. The basic thesis of genocide was only then tested by gathering and organizing the decades-old records and data on the conflict and its casualties. Also at this time, political^[10] and military^[11] analysis of the crisis began. Since the initial exposure, academic analysis has proceeded to find the underlying conditions of the Empire and the Armenians, with the aim of understanding history to prepare for the future, rather than preserving national pride.

Arguments brought forward

April 24

While World War I was unfolding in the Middle East and shattering the Ottoman Empire, some members of the two primary nationalist groups within the state, the Armenians and the "Arab revolt", called for armed struggle against the Ottomans.^[12] Christian Armenians were located in both the Russian and Ottoman Empires.^[12] Some Armenians insisted that their people support the Ottoman government,^[12] as Armenians were placed in the Ottoman bureaucracy, but other Armenians claimed that only the Russian Tsar, by virtue of shared religion, was the protector of all Armenians.^[13] In eastern Anatolia, during the Caucasus Campaign some of the Ottoman Armenian population, often following the Armenian radical nationalists, engaged in open warfare,^[13] these activities are summarized under Armenian resistance. The Zeitun Resistance, which lasted three months from August 30, 1914 to December 1, 1914, resulted in the report that Armenians defeated all the Ottoman troops sent against them.^[14] “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Combatants Hashemite Arabs Great Britain Ottoman Empire Commanders Faisal T.E. Lawrence Ahmed Djemal Strength 5,000 (?) 25,000 (?) This article is about the Arab Revolt of 1916. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Central Caspian Dictatorship Democratic Republic of Georgia Commanders Enver Pasha Vehip Pasha Kerim Pasha Mustafa Kemal Kazım Karabekir Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov Nikolai Yudenich Andranik Ozanian Drastamat Kanayan Garegin Njdeh Movses Silikyan Lionel Dunsterville Strength •3rd... Combatants Ottoman Empire Armenian Militia of Armenakans (Ramkavars), Hnchakians (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party), and Dashnaktsutiun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation) Armenian resistance is the military and political activities of the Armenian militia or (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenakan, Armenian Revolutionary Federation) against the Ottoman Empire during the World War One. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire members of Hunchaks (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party) Strength 1nd conflict: 20,000 Armed Armenian militia 2nd conflict: 69 grandes, 612 gun, 21 hand-gun, 70 horses Casualties Over 100 soldiers. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

In April 1915, shortly after the Van resistance, an Armenian government was proclaimed in Van,^[13] the Administration for Western Armenia. Following these events, April 25 was the onset of the Allied campaign to drive towards the Ottoman capitol (see Battle of Gallipoli). The day before Battle of Gallipoli, Talat Pasha took a decision on April 24, 1915 with the internal codes given by the archive code BOA. DH. ŞFR, nr.52/96,97,98.^[15] Talat Pasha ordered the governors of the Ottoman Empire to (a) arrest the members of Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Hentchak and other groups that involve with Armenian national liberation movement, (b) collect documents from party houses and (c) destroy all arms seized in the process. Beginning April 24, there were Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital in 1915. The Ottoman Empire wanted to destroy the Armenian resistance and the Turkish authorities today hold the position that the deaths incurred on Armenians as a whole were the result of the turmoil of World War I and that the Ottoman Empire was fighting against Russia, Armenian volunteer units, and the Armenian militia. The Turkish authorities further assert that claims of massacre which ignore the actions of the Armenian resistance movements, are not established historical fact, and therefore grounds for denial that the Armenian Genocide ever took place. It has been suggested that Battle of Van be merged into this article or section. ... Flag Capital Van, Turkey Language(s) Armenian Political structure Provisional Governor Aram Manougian Historical era WWI period  - Independence 28 May, 1915  - Ottoman take over 1918 The Armenian provisional government (see Western) with the progressive autonomous region[1] that initially set up around of Lake Van, which later at the end... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants British Empire Australia British India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom Egyptian labourers[1] France Senegal  Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir Ian Hamilton Lord Kitchener John de Robeck Otto von Sanders Mustafa Kemal Strength 5 divisions (initial) 16 divisions (final) 6 divisions (initial) 15 divisions (final) Casualties 252,000[2] 195... Combatants British Empire Australia British India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom Egyptian labourers[1] France Senegal  Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir Ian Hamilton Lord Kitchener John de Robeck Otto von Sanders Mustafa Kemal Strength 5 divisions (initial) 16 divisions (final) 6 divisions (initial) 15 divisions (final) Casualties 252,000[2] 195... Mehmed Talat Pasha was one of leaders of the Young Turks , Ottoman statesman, grand vizier (1917) , and leading member of the Ottoman government from 1913 to 1918. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... Foundation: 1890 Founders: Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, Simon Zavarian Head: Hrant Markarian Ideology: Socialism,[1] Nationalism,[2] United Armenia International alignment: Socialist International[1] Colours: Red Seats: Armenia – 16 seats out of 131 Nagorno-Karabakh – 3 seats out of 33 Lebanon – 2 seats out of 128 Website: Partys Official... Foundation: 1887 Founders: Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Gevorg Gharadjian, Ruben Khan-Azat, Christopher Ohanian, Gabriel Kafian and Manuel Manuelian Head: Setrag Ajemian Ideology: Socialism International alignment:  ? Colour: Red Seats:  ? Website: Partys Official Web Site The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (SDHP), also known as Hentchak, Henchak, Social-Democratic Hentchakists, Huntchakians... For the political party under Armenia; see Armenian national movement (party) Armenian national movement, Armenian national liberation movement or before establishment of First Armenian Republic commonly known as Armenian revolutionary movement was the Armenian effort to re-establish an Armenian state in the historic Armenian homelands of eastern Asia Minor. ... The number of Armenian notables deported from Ä°stanbul/Constantinople in 1915 in the larger framework of Armenian deportations in the Ottoman Empire, plausibly part of that same vast and organized processus, differ greatly from one source to the other. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Armenian Militia of Armenakans (Ramkavars), Hnchakians (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party), and Dashnaktsutiun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation) Armenian resistance is the military and political activities of the Armenian militia or (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenakan, Armenian Revolutionary Federation) against the Ottoman Empire during the World War One. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... Armenian volunteer units were Armenian soldiers in Russian, French and British armies during the WWI. Majority of these units support the military activities at Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. Most famous commanders of these units were on alongside the Russian army units, such as Andranik Toros Ozanian whom... Defenders of Van in front of ARF flag Armenian militia (Armenian irregular units, Armenian partisans, or Armenian Cethes, Armenian: ), better known by Armenians as Fedayee, is a term referring to Armenian guerrillas who voluntarily leave their families in order to fight for Armenians. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ...

Furthermore, they contend that there was a political movement towards creating a "Republic of Armenia". The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the Balkanization process were in the same period, and may obfuscate the actual events. The First Republic of Armenia existed from 1917 until 1922. ... Balkanization is a geopolitical term originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region into smaller regions that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other. ...

Deportations

See also: Tehcir Law

The Tehcir Law The Tehcir Law was a law of the Ottoman Empire setting the rules and conditions of the tehcir (forced relocations)[1][2]. The law was passed by the parliament on May 27, 1915 and came into force on June 1, 1915, with publication in Takvim-i Vekayi...

Locations

Baghdad Railway was the only railway in 1915. Gallipoli in the west, and the Caucasus Campaign in the east.

This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2007) Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

They note that in 1915 there was only one railway that connects west-east and that the path of what it considers relocation was not a conspiracy to exterminate Armenians. Turkish authorities strongly reject claims that the locations of the camps which are mentioned in some sources are a result of a conspiracy to bury Armenians in deserts. Deir ez-Zor is a district along the Euphrates and one of the unique places far away from any military activity; thus, Deir ez-Zor's selection as a burying site in a deserted location is rejected. They attribute the graves in these areas to difficulties of traveling under very hard conditions. The conditions of these camps reflected the condition of the Ottoman Empire. The Empire was facing the Gallipoli landings in the west, and the Caucasus Campaign in the east. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire planned to construct a Baghdad Railway under German control. ... Combatants British Empire Australia British India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom Egyptian labourers[1] France Senegal  Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir Ian Hamilton Lord Kitchener John de Robeck Otto von Sanders Mustafa Kemal Strength 5 divisions (initial) 16 divisions (final) 6 divisions (initial) 15 divisions (final) Casualties 252,000[2] 195... Combatants Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Central Caspian Dictatorship Democratic Republic of Georgia Commanders Enver Pasha Vehip Pasha Kerim Pasha Mustafa Kemal Kazım Karabekir Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov Nikolai Yudenich Andranik Ozanian Drastamat Kanayan Garegin Njdeh Movses Silikyan Lionel Dunsterville Strength •3rd... Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Dayr az Zawr, or Deir ez Zor, town (1994 est. ... Combatants British Empire Australia British India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom Egyptian labourers[1] France Senegal  Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir Ian Hamilton Lord Kitchener John de Robeck Otto von Sanders Mustafa Kemal Strength 5 divisions (initial) 16 divisions (final) 6 divisions (initial) 15 divisions (final) Casualties 252,000[2] 195... Combatants Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Central Caspian Dictatorship Democratic Republic of Georgia Commanders Enver Pasha Vehip Pasha Kerim Pasha Mustafa Kemal Kazım Karabekir Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov Nikolai Yudenich Andranik Ozanian Drastamat Kanayan Garegin Njdeh Movses Silikyan Lionel Dunsterville Strength •3rd...

Ethnic cleansing

Regarding the "process of relocation" under the Tehcir Law, arguments disputing the similarities to the ethnic cleansing (Holocaust) are as follows: (a) there is no record of (neither from origination archives nor from destination archives in Syria) an effort to develop a systematic process and efficient means of killing, (b) there are no lists or other methods for tracing the Armenian population to assemble and kill as many people as possible, (c) there was no resource allocation to exterminate Armenians (biological, chemical warfare allocations), and the use of morphine as a mass extermination agent is not accepted; in fact, there was a constant increase in food and support expenses and these efforts continued after the end of deportations, (d) there is no record of Armenians in forced deportations being treated as prisoners, (e) the claims regarding prisoners apply only to the leaders of the Armenian militia, but did not extend to ethnic profiling; the size of the security force needed to develop these claims was beyond the power of the Ottoman Empire during 1915, (f) there is no record of prisons designed or built to match the claims of a Holocaust, (g) there were no public speeches organized by the central government targeting Armenians.^[who?] This article is about the drug. ... Defenders of Van in front of ARF flag Armenian militia (Armenian irregular units, Armenian partisans, or Armenian Cethes, Armenian: ), better known by Armenians as Fedayee, is a term referring to Armenian guerrillas who voluntarily leave their families in order to fight for Armenians. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into racial profiling. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ...

Security of Deportees

The security of the immigrants were under the responsibility of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman authorities present the facts that some companies had been attacked before they reached their settlement regions.^[16] They summarize these attacks; present the fact that the roads between Aleppo and Meskene resulted in many deaths.^[17] Other events were located at Diyarbekir to Zor and from Saruc to Halep through Menbic road.^[18] Companies have also faced with local attacks from the local tribes in the Diyarbekir, Mamuretülaziz and Bitlis regions.^[19] Various eyewitness accounts of Armenian civilians being killed by the Ottoman soldiers they were under command of are usually discounted by revisionist historians.^{[citation needed]} Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320...

The Turkish authorities^{[citation needed]} present two positions regarding on this issue;

1. "Investigation Commissions": during the migration process determined the officers, who showed reluctance or unlawful actions, by visiting to the regions that events occurred and following the decisions they observed the appropriate actions taken^{[20] [21] [22]} The appropriate actions were extended to the Court Martial and in accordance with the judgments at the Court Martial, guilty parts were sentenced to heavy punishments ^[23]
2. "End of the World War I": the issue opened one more time during the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-20 under the military occupation of Istanbul, which Ottoman courts generated one more analysis.

The Turkish authorities maintain the position that the Ottoman Empire did not exercise the degree of control which the opposing parties claim. Turkey accepts that there were Armenian deaths as a result of Ottoman decisions, but states that the responsible Ottoman bureaucrats and military personnel were tried. Bernard Lewis believe that what he names the "tremendous massacres" ^[24] were not "a deliberate preconceived decision of the Ottoman government."^[25] The Dutch historian nl:Erik Zürcher believes that the reported killings during the application of Tehcir law were ordered not by the Ottoman government itself, but claims that a small circle.^[26] He supported his claims, in particular, the holding of trials by court martial involving several hundred soldiers guilty of massacres, as early as 1916.^[27] Zürcher believes that the killings could not be qualified as genocide. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-1920 were court martials of the Ottoman Empire after the armistice of Mudros during the aftermath the World War One, which the leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress and selected former officials had court-martial with/including the charges of subversion of the... Combatants Turkish Revolutionaries Commanders Mustafa Kemal 1 1commander during restoration. ... For the founder of the River Island retail chain, see Bernard Lewis (entrepreneur). ... The Tehcir Law The Tehcir Law was a law of the Ottoman Empire setting the rules and conditions of the tehcir (forced relocations)[1][2]. The law was passed by the parliament on May 27, 1915 and came into force on June 1, 1915, with publication in Takvim-i Vekayi...

Casualties

Archive document of 1914 Census of Ottoman Empire. Total population (sum of all millets) was 20,975,345 as published by Stanford J. Shaw^[28]

There is no consensus between Armenian scholars and Turkish scholars which casualties should be directly assigned to Ottoman Empire. Western historians say that before and after the WWI Armenian population difference should be used. The Ottoman Armenian population before 1914 gain very importance in this perspective. Western publications use partial statistics (conflict regions) representing like Turkish Armenia, Anatolia, Ottoman Armenia, Asiatic Turkey, 6 Armenian Villeyets, 9 Armenian Villeyets etc. Historians like Yusuf Halacoglu, claims that Ottoman Empire should only be responsible from "deportations" and brings forward more questionable lower figures of Armenian casualties. Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Stanford J. Shaw Stanford Jay Shaw (May 5, 1930 – December 16, 2006) was an American historian best known for his monumental works on late Ottoman Empire, Turkish Jews, and early Turkish Republic. ... Ottoman Armenian population size within the Ottoman Empire between 1914 and 1915 is a controversial topic. ...

Based on questionable studies of the Ottoman census by Justin McCarthy and on contemporary estimates, it is said that far fewer than 1.5 million Armenians lived in the relevant areas before the war.^[29] Estimates of deaths are thus lowered, ranging from 600,000 to 200,000 between 1914 and the Armistice of Mudros. In addition, it is said that these deaths are not all related to the deportations, nor should they all be attributed to the Ottoman authorities. Dr. Justin A. McCarthy is an American demographer, Ottoman expert, and history professor at the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky. ... The Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918), which ended the hostilities on Middle Eastern theatre of World War I between Ottoman Empire and Allies, was signed by the Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey) and the British Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe), on the aboard HMS Agamemnon in Moudros port...

Yusuf Halacoglu, President the Turkish Historical Society (TTK), presented even lower figures of Armenian casualties. He estimates that with the "deportations" (excluding inter-ethnic violence) total of 56,000 Armenians perished during the period due to war conditions, and less than 10,000 were actually killed.^{[citation needed]} This study is still absent from Turkish foreign affairs publications.

Assertions brought forward

Inter-ethnic violence

See also: Ottoman casualties of World War I

Ottoman Armenian history can not be understood in isolation especially without the consideration of rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman sources use similar arguments to Armenian nationalism which they use to other non-Ottoman ethnic groups. They point to the famous patriotic speech “The Paper Ladle” of Catholicos Mgrdich Khrimian in which he advised Armenians to take the National awakening of Bulgaria as a model as the hopes of the Armenian people for self-determination were ignored.^[30]. “The Paper Ladle” was a turning point at the Armenian national awakening in the Ottoman Empire. The nationalism did not only influence the Armenians. The Kurdish-Armenian relations caused trouble for both the Armenian and Muslim populations of the region. The New York Times quoted a Turkish embassy gazette in 1896 that stated: "It wasn't the Porte that caused the massacres in Armenia, but the Christian propaganda in Asia Minor where their cry, "Down with Islam," initiated the war of the crescent against the cross." ^[31] Published in December 1918, at best a serious food shortage and famine in the eastern parts Ottoman casualties of World War I covers the casualties of the Ottoman Empire during that war. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... With the rise of national states and their histories, it is very hard to find reliable sources on the Ottoman concept of a nation. ... The Armenians are a nation and an ethnic group, originating in the Caucasus and eastern Asia Minor. ... Bulgarian nationalism emerged in the early 19th century under the influence of western ideas such as liberalism and nationalism, which trickled into the country after the French revolution, mostly via Greece. ... Kurdish-Armenian relations covers the historical relations between the Kurds and the Armenians. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire often confusing the Sublime Porte and the High Porte. ...

The plight of Ottoman Muslims throughout the 19th and 20th centuries is also mentioned. According to the historian Mark Mazower, Turkey resents the fact that the West is ignorant of the fate of millions of Muslims expelled from the Balkans and Russia, and would consider any apology towards Armenians as a confirmation of the anti-Turkish sentiment held by Western powers for centuries. Mazower recognizes a genocide of the Armenians, but he notes "Even today, no connection is made between the genocide of the Armenians and Muslim civilian losses: the millions of Muslims expelled from the Balkans and the Russian Empire through the long 19th century remain part of Europe's own forgotten past. Indeed, the official Turkish response is invariably to remind critics of this fact — an unconvincing justification for genocide, to be sure, but an expression of underlying resentment" ^[32] . Published in December 1918, at best a serious food shortage and famine in the eastern parts Ottoman casualties of World War I covers the casualties of the Ottoman Empire during that war. ... Mark Mazower is a notable British historian. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... The Long 19th Century refers to the period between 1789-1914, that is between the French Revolution which established a non-monarchial republic in Europe, to the beginnings of the World War I , the conclusion of which late in 1918 and via the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 eliminated many...

Famine

"Hunger Map of Europe", published in December 1918, indicates serious food shortages in most of the territories of the Ottoman Empire, and famine in Armenian-controlled territory.

Regarding the famine and starvation arguments; Turkish authorities acknowledges that many Armenians died, but says Muslim millet (Turks) of the Empire died too. The most horrible cases, which happened to occur around the region that is currently Syria (part of Ottoman Empire until end of war), was covered in a detailed article (the whole of Greater Syria, and thus including Akkar) by Linda Schatkowski Schilcher.^[33] This study lists what she views as eight basic factors, contributing to as many as 500,000 deaths of the Syrians in the 1915-1918 period: (a) The Entente powers' total blockage of the Syrian coast; (b) the inadequacy of the Ottoman supply strategy; deficient harvest and inclement weather; (c) diversion of supplies from Syria as a consequence of the Arab revolt; (d) the speculative frenzy of a number of unscrupulous local grain merchants; the callousness of German military official in Syria, and systematic hoarding by the population at large. ^[34] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 695 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (697 × 601 pixel, file size: 769 KB, MIME type: image/png) This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 695 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (697 × 601 pixel, file size: 769 KB, MIME type: image/png) This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Allies side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in gray. ... Combatants Hashemite Arabs Great Britain Ottoman Empire Commanders Faisal T.E. Lawrence Ahmed Djemal Strength 5,000 (?) 25,000 (?) This article is about the Arab Revolt of 1916. ...

In general, beginning with World War I every situation of the Empire got worse every year, as most of the able man being in the front lines. Signing of the Armistice of Mudros by the Ottoman Empire was related with the breakdown of the public support under very bad conditions. The Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918), which ended the hostilities on Middle Eastern theatre of World War I between Ottoman Empire and Allies, was signed by the Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey) and the British Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe), on the aboard HMS Agamemnon in Moudros port...

Conflict resolution

See also: Armenian-Turkish relations

The Turkish authorities seek both historical and political reconciliation with Armenia, but has put forth certain conditions before reconciliation. Turkey closed its border with Armenia in 1993 following the Nagorno-Karabakh War between Armenia and Turkic-speaking Azerbaijan. The borders have remained closed because the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute has not been settled to this day, and also because of a dispute over a matter of history: The death of hundreds of thousands of Armenians in eastern Turkey during the dying days of the Ottoman Empire; whether to label it 'genocide' or not.^[35] There are currently no formal diplomatic relations between Armenia and Turkey. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Combatants Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh1 Republic of Armenia 2 CIS mercenaries Republic of Azerbaijan Afghan Mujahideen 3 Chechen Volunteers 4 CIS mercenaries Commanders Samvel Babayan, Hemayag Haroyan, Monte Melkonian, Vazgen Sargsyan, Arkady Ter-Tatevosyan Ä°sgandar Hamidov, Suret Huseynov, Rahim Gaziev, Shamil Basayev Casualties 6,000 dead, 25,000 wounded 17... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ...

Documentation and historical study

As a scholarly study area, the field is highly divided, as the camps on both sides of this issue approach it very strongly.

Every original document of the Tehcir Law is open^[3]. The Ottoman Archives were taken over by the Governmental Archives Directorate of the Prime Ministry. Until today, the Ottoman Archives were researched by many historians. Beside the researches made by thousands of historians, these documents were translated in English and published in order to enlighten the public ^{[36][dubious – discuss]}. The Tehcir Law The Tehcir Law was a law of the Ottoman Empire setting the rules and conditions of the tehcir (forced relocations)[1][2]. The law was passed by the parliament on May 27, 1915 and came into force on June 1, 1915, with publication in Takvim-i Vekayi...

Turkish authorities point out that without doing a triangulation, even if the facts were reported correctly, the conclusions drawn can be false. It is also possible to look at secondary sources in the Ottoman Archives of the period such as budget, allocations, decisions/reasons of requests. There are also personal records such as Mehmed Talat Pasha's personal notes. They also point out the general attitude (Sick man of Europe) of the time and how it deforms perceptions. They state that the conclusions reached toward genocide are highly biased. Ottoman Archives is a collection of sources related to Ottoman Empire in 19 Middle east, 11 EU and Balkan states, 3 Cacuses, 2 central asia, 2 Cyprus, Isreal and Republic of Turkey. ... Mehmed Talat Pasha (Turkish: Mehmet Tâlât Paşa) (1874-1921) was one of the leaders of the Young Turks, an Ottoman statesman, grand vizier (1917) , and leading member of the Sublime Porte from 1913 until 1918. ... The term Sick Man of Europe is a nickname associated with a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty and/or poverty. ... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ...

Some very "central" (most cited) sources are actively questioned on the basis that they do not include a single reference from the Ottoman Archives^{[citation needed]}. Mainly occupying force's sources of the period (British, French) on the basis of their Intelligence (information gathering) issues. There are concerns that these sources may promote propaganda. Ottoman Archives is a collection of sources related to Ottoman Empire in 19 Middle east, 11 EU and Balkan states, 3 Cacuses, 2 central asia, 2 Cyprus, Isreal and Republic of Turkey. ... Intelligence (abbreviated or ) is the process and the result of gathering information and analyzing it to answer questions or obtain advance warnings needed to plan for the future. ...

Enver Zia Karal (Ankara University), Salahi R. Sonyel (British historian and public activist), Ismail Binark (Director of Ottoman archives, Ankara), Sinasi Orel (director of a much publicized project on declassifying documents on Ottoman Armenians), Kamuran Gurun (former diplomat), Mim Kemal Oke, Justin McCarthy, and others have told that the "Blue Book" (The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916) by James Bryce and Arnold J. Toynbee lacks credibility.^[37] Dr. Justin A. McCarthy is an American demographer, Ottoman expert, and history professor at the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky. ... James Bryce, right, with Andrew Carnegie; Bryce served as a trustee of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, OM, GCVO, FRS, PC (May 10, 1838 - January 22, 1922), was a British jurist, historian and politician. ... This page is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee; for the economic historian Arnold Toynbee see this article. ...

Reverse engineering of activities aimed to provide evidence without covering opposing reasoning, such as "Map of Genocide", contain factual problems according to these historians. In this map, the methodology developed, related to "Centers of Massacre and Deportation" and adding data from three different sources (the data in these sources are also aggregate data), is questionable. This map is used as a source of validation among Western scholars.

They bring up points on arguments that there was a secret arrangement which can be traced through mismatches on orders and distributions of the forced deportations. There are many periphery central transmissions on how to deal with emerging issues, such as allocating more than 10% of the destination population and its consequences to the local economy.

Talat Pasha Telegrams

See also: The Memoirs of Naim Bey

In many references that cite genocidal intent use "The Talat Pasha telegrams, (The Naim-Andonian documents)", which are a series of documents by the Interior Minister Mehmed Talat Pasha, to constitute as concrete evidence that the deaths were implemented as a state policy. He was notoriously tied with the "Kill every Armenian man, woman, and child without concern" order in these documents (see Aram Andonian's page for more on this topic). The genocidal intent of Mehmed Talat Pasha and even the correctness of this famous sentence is highly dependent on the authenticity of these documents. Mehmed Talat Pasha (Turkish: Mehmet Tâlât Paşa) (1874-1921) was one of the leaders of the Young Turks, an Ottoman statesman, grand vizier (1917) , and leading member of the Sublime Porte from 1913 until 1918. ... Aram Andonian was an Armenian intellectual who worked for in the Young Turkish government during World War I. Andonian served in the department of military censorship and he gained fame after the war for introducing what has now been known as the Andonian Telegrams. They are a series of documents...

Institutional Study

According to the Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, the denial of Armenian genocide is "the most patent example of a state's denial of its past".^[38]

Colin Tatz, Professor of Macquarie University, considers the nature of Turkish denial industry as "pernicious, outrageous and continued": "Here is a modern state, totally dedicated, at home and abroad, to extraordinary actions to have every hint or mention of an Armenian genocide removed, contradicted, explained, countered, justified, mitigated, rationalised, trivialised and relativised."^[39] In their book Criminological Perspectives, E. McLaughlin, J. Muncie and G. Hughes conclude: "If the Turkish government can deny that the Armenian genocide happened; if revisionist historians and neo-Nazis deny that Holocaust took place; if powerful states all around the world today can systematically deny the systematic violations of human rights they are carrying out - then we know that we're in bad shape".^[40] Macquarie University is an Australian university located in Sydney. ...

In 1990, psychologist Robert Jay Lifton received a letter from the Turkish Ambassador to the United States, questioning his inclusion of references to the Armenian Genocide in one of his books. The ambassador inadvertently included a draft of the letter, presented by scholar Heath Lowry, advising the ambassador on how to prevent mention of the Armenian Genocide in scholarly works. Lowry was later named to a chair at Princeton University, which had been endowed with a $750,000 grant from the Republic of Turkey. The incident was the subject of numerous reports as to ethics in scholarship.^[41][42] Robert Jay Lifton (born May 16, 1926) is a prominent American psychiatrist and author, chiefly known for his studies of the psychological causes and effects of war and political violence. ...

Another source marks: "In order to institutionalize this campaign of denial and try to invest it with an aura of legitimacy, there was established in Ankara a "think-tank" in April 2001. Operating under the name "Institute for Armenian Research" as a subsidiary of The Center For Eurasian Studies, with a staff of nine, this new outfit is now proactively engaged in contesting all claims of genocide by organizing a series of conferences, lectures, and interviews, and above all, through the medium of publications, including a quarterly".^[43]

Open University of Israel scholar Yair Auron has addressed the various means employed by the Turkish government to obscure the reality of the Armenian Genocide: Open University of Israel Campus in Raanana Image:OpenUniversityzomet. ...

"Since the 1980s, the Turkish government has supported the establishment of "institutes" affiliated with respected universities, whose apparent purpose is to further research on Turkish history and culture, but which also tend to act in ways that further denial."^[44]

University of California, Los Angeles scolar Leo Kuper in a review on Ervin Staub's "The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence" research, marks: The University of California, Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Los Angeles, California, United States. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

"The Armenian genocide is a contemporary current issue, given the persistent aggressive denial of the crime by the Turkish government-not withstanding its own judgment in courts martial after the first World War, that its leading ministers had deliberately planned and carried out the annihilation of Armenians, with the participation of many regional administrators."^[45]

According to American scolars Roger W. Smith, Eric Markusen and Robert Jay Lifton, "the government of Turkey has channeled funds into a supposedly objective research institute in the United States, which in turn paid the salary of a historian who served that government in its campaign to discredit scholarship on the Armenian genocide".^[46]

In an open letter by the "Danish Department for Holocaust and Genocide Studies and the denial and relativization of the Armenian genocide", historians Torben Jorgensen and Matthias Bjornlund wrote:

"When it comes to the historical reality of the Armenian genocide, there is no “Armenian” or “Turkish” side of the “question,” any more than there is a “Jewish” or a “German” side of the historical reality of the Holocaust: There is a scientific side, and an unscientific side acknowledgment or denial. In the case of the denial of the Armenian genocide, it is even founded on a massive effort of falsification, distortion, cleansing of archives, and direct threats initiated or supported by the Turkish state, making any “dialogue” with Turkish deniers highly problematic."^[47]

Philip L. Kohl and Clare Fawcett write that the "Armenian cultural remains in neighboring Turkey are frequently dismissed or referred to as "Ottoman period" monuments", and that the continued denial of the state-sponsored genocide is "related to these practices".^[48]

According to historian Taner Akcam, through a series of reforms, Turkey "tried to erase the traces of a recent past that had become undesirable", so the collective memory "was replaced by an official history written by a few authorised academics, which became the sole recognised reference. Events prior to 1928 and the writings of past generations became a closed book."^[49] Taner Akçam. ...

Issues regarding deniers

Outlawing

Some countries, including Argentina, Switzerland and Uruguay have adopted laws that punish genocide denial. In October 2006, France passed a bill which if approved by the Senate and president, will make Armenian Genocide denial a crime. Genocide denial occurs when an otherwise accepted act of genocide is met with attempts to deny the occurrence and minimize the scale or death toll. ...

The first person convicted by a court of law for denying the Armenian genocide is Turkish politician Doğu Perinçek, found guilty of racial discrimination by a Swiss district court in Lausanne in March 2007. Perinçek appealed the verdict. After the court's decision, he said, "I defend my right to freedom of expression." "I have not denied genocide because there was no genocide," he argued. Ferai Tinç, a foreign affairs columnist with Turkey's Hurriyet newspaper, added, "we find these type of [penal] articles against freedom of opinion dangerous because we are struggling in our country to achieve freedom of thought."^[50] In December 2007, the Swiss Federal Court has confirmed the sentence given to Perinçek.^[51] DoÄŸu Perinçek (born June 17, 1942 in Gaziantep) is a Turkish politician of Turkeys nationalist socialist left, leader of Turkeys Workers Party, former chairman of the Revolutionary Workers and Peasants Party of Turkey. ... An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ... Lausanne (pronounced ) is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman), and facing Évian-les-Bains (France) and with the Jura mountains to its north. ... Hürriyet (Liberty) is a secular centrist, nationalist high-circulation broadsheet daily Turkish newspaper. ...

In November 1993 American historian Bernard Lewis said in an interview that "the reality of the Armenian genocide results from nothing more than the imagination of the Armenian people."^[52] In 1995 the French court interpreted his remarks as a denial of the Armenian Genocide and fined him one franc, and the publication of court verdict at Lewis' cost in Le Monde^[53]. The court ruled that while Lewis has the right to his views, they did damage to a third party and that "it is only by hiding elements which go against his thesis that the defendant was able to state that there was no 'serious proof' of the Armenian Genocide; consequently, he failed in his duties of objectivity and prudence by expressing himself without qualification on such a sensitive subject."^[54] For the founder of the River Island retail chain, see Bernard Lewis (entrepreneur). ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... For the song by the Thievery Corporation, see Le Monde (song). ...

Advertisement and propaganda

The Ankara Chamber of Commerce included DVDs, accusing the Armenian people of slaughtering Turks, with their paid tourism advertisements in the June 6, 2005 edition of the magazine TIME Europe. Time Europe later apologized for allowing the inclusion of the DVDs and published a critical letter signed by five French organizations. ^[55][56] The February 12, 2007 edition of Time Europe included an acknowledgment of the truth of the Armenian Genocide and a DVD of a documentary by French director Laurence Jourdan about the genocide. ^[57]. The government of Turkey under their umbrella group www.turkishcoalitionofamerica.org has been pushing its denialist view through Google adsense. DVD (also known as Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc - see Etymology) is a popular optical disc storage media format. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... TIME redirects here. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... This article is about the corporation. ...

The denialist view on Armenian genocide is represented in Internet both by Turkish official and unofficial organizations. Among the web-sites representing this view are:

• Tall Armenian Tale
• Armenian Genocide Hoax
• Grand National Assembly of Turkey Report:
  • Turks and Armenians: The Ottoman Experience
  • The Political Milieu of the Armenian Question
  • Realities Behind the Relocation
  • The Armenian Problem and International Law
  • The Jewish Holocaust and the Armenians
• Turkish Ministry of Culture Report:
  • Turco-Armenian Relations
  • How the Armenin Issue Came About
  • April 24, 1915
  • Relocation
• Ottoman Archives Document Center
  • Ottoman Armenian Archives Index
  • Armenian Documents
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey Report:
  • Ambassador Nabi Şensoy about "The Armenian Genocide" on the PBS
• ATAA Index:
  • Hovhannes Katchaznouni on Dashnag experience
  • Bruce Fein on An Armenian and Muslim Tragedy? Yes! Genocide? No!
  • The U.S. Congress and Adolf Hitler on the Armenians
  • Justin McCarthy on Testimony at the House International Committee
• Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies Main Index
• Connecting the Dots on the “Alleged" Armenian Genocide
• "Tete de Turc" French site with lots of articles opposing genocide thesis
• Faruk Logoglu's article on Washington Times: To reconcile Turks and Armenians O. Faruk Logoglu is the former ambassador of Turkey to the United States.
• Revisiting Armenian Genocide by Guenter Lewy Guenter Lewy is professor emeritus of political science, University of Massachusetts, and the author of The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (University of Utah Press, 2005).
• British Sources Refuting the AAG
• American Sources that Refute the AAG
• Israeli and Jewish Sources that Refute the AAG
• Turkish Last Names: Honest History Tellers
• Armenian Terrorism: Then and Now
• Track Two Diplomacy Program in Turkey and the Caucasus by Center for Global Studies, American University

Mutual Perceptions Research (Armenia/Turkey) (*.doc file) "The Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) and the Armenian Sociological Association (HASA) have organized a Mutual Perceptions Research Project. Each group is carrying out sociological research to identify key issues of cultural understanding between the neighboring countries, including the perception of Turks by Armenians and of Armenians by Turks. The study focuses on the perceptions of the majority populations in each country. The combined results will constitute study findings. Representatives from each team met in Yerevan and fieldwork was undertaken in both countries. The results of the research were presented at an international seminar jointly organized by TESEV and HASA in Tbilisi, Georgia (country)."

The Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi in Turkish) is the unicameral parliament of Turkey which carries out legislative functions. ... Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkey (Turkish: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı) is the Republic of Turkey political ministry office responsible for culture and tourism affairs in Turkey. ... Ottoman Archives is a collection of sources related to Ottoman Empire in 19 Middle east, 11 EU and Balkan states, 3 Cacuses, 2 central asia, 2 Cyprus, Isreal and Republic of Turkey. ... Following is a list of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. ... Assembly of Turkish American Associations is the umbrella organization to create cohesion and cooperation between the large numbers of social/cultural Turkish American organizations around the United States. ... Hovhannes Katchaznouni (Armenian: ) (Akhaltsikhe, Georgia 1868 – Yerevan, Armenia 1938) was the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Armenia from May 30, 1918 to May 28, 1919. ... Bruce Fein is a lawyer in the United States who specializes in constitutional and international law. ... Justin MCarthy (22 November 1830 - 1912) was an Irish politician, historian and novelist. ... Location of Tbilisi in Georgia Coordinates: , Country Established c. ... Motto: áƒ«áƒáƒšáƒ ერთობაშია Strength is in Unity Anthem: áƒ—ავისუფლება Freedom Capital (and largest city) Tbilisi Official languages Georgian1 Demonym Georgian Government Unitary semi-presidential republic  -  President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili  -  Prime Minister Lado Gurgenidze Consolidation  -  Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia c. ...

See also

• Recognition of the Armenian Genocide
• Kurdish recognition of the Armenian genocide
• Armenian Genocide
• Serdar Argic

Catholicos Karekin II and Archbishop Rowan Williams at the Armenian Genocide monument in Yerevan To date, 22 countries have officially recognized the massacres of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire as genocide. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... Serdar Argic was the alias used in one of the first automated newsgroup spam incidents on Usenet, with the objective of denying the Armenian Genocide. ...

Bibliography

• The Banality of Denial, by Yair Auron, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2003, ISBN 076580834X, 338 pp.
• Investigation into the negation of a genocide, by Yves Ternon, Brackets, 1989
• Revolution and Genocide, by Robert Melson, 1992, 386 p.
• Encyclopedia of Genocide, ed. by Israel Charny, 1999
• The Psychological Satisfaction of Denials of the Holocaust or Other Genocides by Non-Extremists or Bigots, and Even by Known Scholars, by Israel W. Charny, "IDEA" journal, July 17, 2001, Vol.6, no.1
• The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies, by Kurt Jonassohn, 1990, 480 p.
• A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, by Ward Churchill, 1997, City Lights Books, ISBN 0872863239
• Professional ethics and the denial of the Armenian genocide, by Smith, Roger W.; Markusen, Eric; and Lifton, Robert Jay // Holocaust and Genocide Studies, # 9 (1), 1995, p. 1-22
• Le Monde Diplomatique - The long denied Armenian Genocide: Turkey's carefully forgotten history, by Taner Akcam, Le Monde Diplomatique, 2000
• The Crime of Destruction and the Law of Genocide, by Caroline Fournet, 2007, Ashgate Publishing, 182 p., ISBN 0754670015
• Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals, by Gary Jonathan Bass, Princeton University Press, pp. 106-146
• Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide, NY: Basic Books, 2002, pp. 1-16
• Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide, by Richard G. Hovannisian, 1998
• The Key Elements in the Turkish Denial of the Armenian Genocide, by Vahakn Dadrian, 1999

Taner Akçam. ... Richard G. Hovannisian is an Armenian historian. ... Professor Vahakn N. Dadrian, currently the director of Genocide Research at Zoryan Institute, is researcher and historian of the Armenian Genocide. ...

References

This article is an overview article about the Crown chartered British Broadcasting Corporation formed in 1927. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Battle of Van be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 514 pixelsFull resolution (960 × 617 pixel, file size: 511 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... This article is about the state. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article refers to the news department of the British Broadcasting Corporation, for the BBC News Channel see BBC News (TV channel). ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ottoman Archives is a collection of sources related to Ottoman Empire in 19 Middle east, 11 EU and Balkan states, 3 Cacuses, 2 central asia, 2 Cyprus, Isreal and Republic of Turkey. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Taner Akçam. ... SRG SSR idée suisse is the business name of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation -- in German: Schweizerische Radio- und Fernsehgesellschaft (SRG), in Romansh Societad svizra da radio e televisiun (SSR), in Italian: Società svizzera di radiotelevisione (SSR), in French: Société suisse de radiodiffusion et télévision (SSR). ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... For the song by the Thievery Corporation, see Le Monde (song). ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.. It is also one of the citys oldest papers, having been founded in 1877. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Denial of the Armenian Genocide, Armenian Genocide Resource Library for Teachers
• Armenian genocide denial by Turkey, at Genocide Watch Website
• A source of news and information on the No Place for Hate/Anti-Defamation League Armenian Genocide denial issue
• Selected Bibliography on Denial of the Armenian Genocide, by Zoryan Institute, 2001