NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Dental braces

Dental braces (also known as orthodontic braces) are a device used in orthodontics to correct alignment of teeth and their position with regard to bite. Braces are often used to correct malocclusions such as underbites, overbites, cross bites and open bites, or crooked teeth and various other flaws of teeth and jaws, whether cosmetic or structural. Orthodontic braces are often used in conjunction with other orthodontic appliances to widen the palate or jaws, create spaces between teeth, or otherwise shape the teeth and jaws. Most orthodontic patients are children or teenagers, however, recently, more adults have been seeking orthodontic treatment. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (634x611, 122 KB) Summary Orthodontic metal brackets (braces). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (634x611, 122 KB) Summary Orthodontic metal brackets (braces). ... Orthodontics is a specialty of dentistry that is concerned with the study and treatment of malocclusions (improper bites), which may be a result of tooth irregularity, disproportionate jaw relationships, or both. ... A mans visible teeth. ... A malocclusion refers to the misalignment of teeth and/or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches. ... Orthodontic technology is a specialty of dental technology that is concerned with the design and fabrication of dental appliances for the treatment of malocclusions, which may be a result of tooth irregularity, disproportionate jaw relationships, or both. ...

History

In the mid-18th century the French physician Pierre Fauchard (credited as the father of modern dentistry) witnessed and treated several dental deformities very common among citizens in Paris during the pre-revolutionary France. Historians believe that two different men deserve the title of being called "the Father of Orthodontics." One man was Norman W. Kingsley, a dentist, writer, artist, and sculptor, who wrote his "Treatise on Oral Deformities" in 1880. Kingsley's writings influenced dental science greatly. Also deserving credit is dentist J. N. Farrar, who wrote two volumes entitled "A treatise on the Irregularities of the teeth and their corrections". Farrar was very good at designing brace appliances, and he was the first to suggest the use of mild force at timed intervals to move teeth. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Pierre Fauchard (born 1687 in Brittany; died March 22, 1761 in Paris) was a significant French dentist. ... The French Revolution (1789â€“1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

The American dentist Edward Angle is widely regarded as the father of modern orthodontics. Practising in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, his eponymous classification of dental arch relationships is used worldwide. His textbook, "Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth" was first published in 1887. It went into seven much revised editions and laid the foundation of the modern specialty. After tenure as professor of orthodontics in two medical schools, he went on to found his School of Orthodontia in 1910. He designed several fixed orthodontic appliance systems including the ribbon arch and then the edgewise appliance. This has evolved into the sophisticated pre-adjusted and self-ligating systems used by the great majority of orthodontists today. Edward Hartley Angle (June 1, 1855 - August 11, 1910) was an American dentist, widely regarded as the father of orthodontics. ... Orthodontics is a specialty of dentistry that is concerned with the study and treatment of malocclusions (improper bites), which may be a result of tooth irregularity, disproportionate jaw relationships, or both. ...

How braces work

Teeth move through the use of force. The force applied by the archwire pushes the tooth in a particular direction and a stress is created within the periodontal ligament. The modification of the periodontal blood supply determines a biological response which leads to bone remodelling, where bone is created on one side by osteoblast cells and resorbed on the other side by osteoclasts. An archwire is a device consisting of a wire conforming to the alveolar or dental arch, used as an anchorage in correcting irregularities in the position of the teeth with dental braces. ... // Headline text The periodontal ligaments are considered part of the periodontium, as they are supporting tissue of a tooth. ... An osteoblast (from the Greek words for bone and germ or embryonic) is a mononucleate cell that is responsible for bone formation. ...

Two different kinds of bone resorption are possible. Direct resorption, starting from the lining cells of the alveolar bone, and indirect or retrograde resorption, where osteoclasts start their activity in the neighbour bone marrow. Indirect resorption takes place when the periodontal ligament has become acellular (necrosis or hyalinization), for an excessive amount and duration of compressive stress. In this case the quantity of bone resorbed is larger than the quantity of newly formed bone (negative balance). Bone resorption only occurs in the compressed periodontal ligament. Another important phenomenon associated with tooth movement is bone deposition. Bone deposition occurs in the distracted periodontal ligament. Without bone deposition, the tooth will loosen and voids will occur distal to the direction of tooth movement. The alveolar process (processus alveolaris), also referred to as the alveolar bone, is the bone found in the jaws of a mouth containing the socket of teeth. ...

A tooth will usually move about a millimeter per month during orthodontic movement, but there is high individual variability. Orthodontic mechanics can vary in efficiency, thus explaining a wide range of response to orthodontic treatment.

Procedure

Orthodontic services may be provided by any licensed dentist trained in orthodontics. In North America most orthodontic treatment is done by orthodontists , dentists specializing in diagnosis and treatment of malocclusions—malalignments of the teeth, jaws, or both. A dentist must complete 2–3 years of additional post-doctoral training to earn a specialty certificate in orthodontics. There are many general practitioners who also provide orthodontic services. Orthodontics is a specialty of dentistry that is concerned with the study and treatment of malocclusions (improper bites), which may be a result of tooth irregularity, disproportionate jaw relationships, or both. ... A malocclusion refers to the misalignment of teeth. ...

The first step is to determine if braces are suitable for the patient. The doctor consults with the patient and inspects the teeth visually. If braces are appropriate, a records appointment is set up where X-rays, moulds, and impressions are made. These records are analyzed to determine the problems and proper course of action. Typical treatment times vary from six months to six years depending on the complexity and types of problems. Orthognathic surgery may be required in extreme cases. In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... Relationship between mandible and maxilla Orthognathic surgery is surgery to correct conditions of the jaw and face related to structure, growth, sleep apnea, TMJ disorders or to correct orthodontic problems that cannot be easily treated with braces. ...

Teeth to be braced will have an etchant applied to help the cement bond to the surface of the tooth. A bracket will be applied with dental cement, and then cured with light until hardened. This process usually takes a few seconds per tooth. If required, orthodontic spacers may be inserted between the molars to make room for molar bands to be placed at a later date. Molar bands are required to ensure brackets will stick. Bands are also utilized when dental fillings or other dental work make securing a bracket to a tooth unfeasible. Orthodontic spacers are used in orthodontics before braces are applied on teeth. ... Molar 47 (left), molar 46 and premolar 45(right) Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into dental restoration. ...

An archwire will be threaded between the brackets and affixed with elastic or metal ligatures. Archwires in the past had to be bent, shaped, and tightened frequently to achieve the desired results. Modern orthodontics makes frequent use of nickel-titanium archwires and temperature-sensitive materials. When cold, the archwire is limp and flexible, easily threaded between brackets of any configuration. Once heated to body temperature, the archwire will stiffen and seek to retain its shape, creating constant light force on the teeth. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1176 KB) Summary Dental braces, with a powerchain, removed after completion of treatment. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1176 KB) Summary Dental braces, with a powerchain, removed after completion of treatment. ... In orthodontics, a ligature is the name for the small elastic that is used to affix the archwire to the bracket. ...

Elastics are used to close open bites, shift the midline, or create a stronger force to pull teeth or jaws in the desired direction. Brackets with hooks can be placed, or hooks can be created and affixed to the archwire to affix the elastic to. The placement and configuration of the elastics will depend on the course of treatment and the individual patient. Elastics are made in different diameters, sizes, and strengths. This article is about the common household item. ...

In many cases there is insufficient space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly. There are two main procedures to make room in these cases. One is extraction: teeth are removed to create more space. The second is expansion: the palate or arch is made larger by using an expander. Expanders can be used with both children and adults. Since the bones of adults are already fused, expanding the palate is not possible without surgery to unfuse them. An expander can be used on an adult without surgery, but to expand the dental arch, and not the palate. Something used for braces patients ... The superior dental arch is larger than the inferior, so that in the normal condition the teeth in the maxillae slightly overlap those of the mandible both in front and at the sides. ... The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and vertebrate animals. ...

For some patients, Invisalign might be a viable alternative to braces. The Invisalign system uses a series of clear plastic trays to move teeth into their position over a length of time. This system is not recommended for more difficult cases, or for people whose last molars have yet to erupt. However, one of the disadvantages of Invisalign is that it usually requires a longer treatment time, especially because the appliance is removable, whereas conventional braces are always working because they are fixed to the patient's teeth. This usually allows for a faster treatment because the patient is not tempted to remove the appliance, as they may be with Invisalign. Invisalign Logo Invisalign is a method of orthodontic therapy promoted as an invisible way of straightening teeth without using traditional braces. ... Wisdom teeth are third molars that usually appear between the ages of 16 and 24 (although they may appear when older or younger). ...

Patients may need post-orthodontic surgery, such as a fiberotomy or alternatively a gum lift, to prepare their teeth for retainer use and improve the gumline contours after the braces come off. A fiberotomy is a orthodontic surgical procedure designed to sever the gingival fibers around a tooth. ... The bottom (as worn) of an upper retainer resting on top of a retainer case. ...

Each month or so the braces must be tighted. This helps shift the teeth, into the correct postition. When they get tighted the orthodontist takes off the colors, and the wire is very loose. The patient gets to chose color, and then the orthodontist tightens them, This may cause some discomfort, which is normal.

Post-treatment

In order to avoid the teeth moving back to their original position, retainers may be worn once treatment with braces is complete.

Even before getting braces some people receive spacers or separators. These go on the top and bottom back molars. Patients will wear them until their banding appointment. Spacers are small blue elastics placed between your molars. They will make space for the metal molar bands that will be fitted to the patient's mouth when the wires are added.

Some patients find braces can be discomforting in the mouth, which can affect the post-treatment of patients with braces.

Retainers

Retainers are required to be worn once treatment with braces is complete. The orthodontist will recommend a retainer based on the patient's needs. If a patient does not wear the retainer as recommended, the teeth might move towards their original position (relapse). The bottom (as worn) of an upper retainer resting on top of a retainer case. ...

A Hawley retainer is made of metal hooks that surround the teeth and are enclosed by an acrylic plate shaped to fit the patient's palate. An Essix retainer is similar to Invisalign trays. It is a clear plastic tray form-fitted to the teeth and stays in place by suction. A bonded retainer is a wire permanently bonded to the lingual side of the teeth (usually the lower teeth only).

Pre-finisher

If a person's teeth are not ready for a proper retainer, the orthodontist may prescribe the use of a pre-finisher. This rubber appliance similar to a mouthguard fixes gaps between the teeth, small spaces between the upper and lower jaw, and other minor problems that could worsen. These problems are small matters that dental braces cannot fix. mouthguards is a device that fits into the mouth over one or both arches of teeth to protect against injury while playing contact sports. ...

The pre-finisher is molded to the patient's teeth by use of severe pressure to the appliance by the person's jaw. The pre-finisher is then worn for the prescribed time, with the user applying force to the pre-finisher in their mouth for ten to fifteen seconds at a time. The goal is increasing the "exercise" time, time spent applying force to the appliance. Like the retainer, the pre-finisher is not a permanent addition to one's mouth, and can be moved in and out of the mouth.

Surgery

Orthognathic surgery is surgery to correct conditions of the jaw and face, including after treatment with braces. For instance, the origin of uneven teeth can actually be an uneven growth of the jaws. Then, the teeth must first be properly positioned with braces, creating an obvious prognathism or retrognathism. It is this condition that orthognathic surgery finally fixes. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Relationship between mandible and maxilla Orthognathic surgery is surgery to correct conditions of the jaw and face related to structure, growth, sleep apnea, TMJ disorders or to correct orthodontic problems that cannot be easily treated with braces. ... Human jaw front view Human jaw left view Human jaw top view The jaw is either of the two opposable structures forming, or near the entrance to, the mouth. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Retrognathism (or retrognathia) is a type of malocclusion which refers to a mandible which is further posterior than would be expected. ...

Complications and risks

Plaque forms easily when food is retained in and around braces. It is important to maintain proper oral hygiene by brushing and flossing thoroughly when wearing braces to prevent tooth decay, decalcification, or unpleasant color changes to the teeth. Improper removal of plaque caused a build up of calculus (dark yellow colour) near the gums on almost all the teeth. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

There is a small chance of allergic reaction to the latex rubber in elastics or to the metal used in braces. Latex-free elastics and alternative metals can be used instead. It is important for those who believe that they are allergic to their braces to notify the orthodontist immediately.

Mouth sores may be triggered by irritation from components of the braces. Many products can increase comfort, including oral rinses, dental wax or dental silicone, and products to help heal sores. Mouth ulcer on the lower lip A mouth ulcer (from Latin ulcus) is the name for the appearance of an open sore inside the mouth caused by a break in the mucous membrane or the epithelium on the lips or surrounding the mouth. ...

Braces can also be damaged if proper care is not taken. It is important to wear a mouthguard to prevent breakage and/or mouth injury when playing sports. Chewing gum and certain sticky or hard foods, such as raw carrots, large hard pretzels, and toffee should be avoided because they can damage braces. Frequent damage to braces can prolong treatment. mouthguards is a device that fits into the mouth over one or both arches of teeth to protect against injury while playing contact sports. ... Chewing gum Chewing gum is a type of confectionery, traditionally, made of chicle, a natural latex product, although for reasons of economy and quality many modern chewing gums use rubber instead of chicle. ... Binomial name Daucus carota A carrot (Daucus Carota) is a root vegetable, typically orange or white in color with a woody texture. ... A pretzel is a baked snack that is ordinarily twisted into a unique knot-like shape. ... English Toffee (the chewy sort) in cellophane wrapping Toffee is a confection made by boiling molasses or sugar along with butter, milk and occasionally flour. ...

In the course of treatment orthodontic brackets may pop off due to the forces involved, or due to cement weakening over time. The orthodontist should be contacted immediately for advice if this occurs. In most cases the bracket is replaced.

When teeth move, the end of the arch wire may become displaced, causing it to poke the back of the patient's cheek. Dental wax can be applied to cushion the protruding wire. The orthodontist must be called immediately to have it clipped, or a painful mouth ulcer may form. If the wire is causing severe pain, it may be necessary to carefully bend the edge of the wire in with a spoon or other piece of equipment (i.e. tweezers) until the wire can be clipped by an orthodontist. An orthodontic archwire is a device consisting of a wire conforming to the alveolar or dental arch, that can be used as a source of force in correcting irregularities in the position of the teeth with dental braces. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Patients with periodontal disease usually must obtain periodontal treatment before getting braces. A deep cleaning is performed, and further treatment may be required before beginning orthodontic treatment. Bone loss due to periodontal disease may lead to tooth loss during treatment.

In some cases, teeth may be loose for a prolonged period of time. One may be able to wiggle one's teeth for a year or two after treatment or longer.

The dental displacement obtained with the orthodontic appliance determines in most cases some degree of root resorption. Only in a few cases is this side effect large enough to be considered real clinical damage to the tooth. In rare cases, the teeth may fall out or have to be extracted due to root resorption.[1][2] In dentistry, root resorption is the breakdown or destruction, and subsequent loss, of the root structure of a tooth. ...

Pain is common after adjustment and may cause difficulty eating for a time, often several days. During this period, eating soft foods can help avoid additional pressure on teeth. A soft diet is recommended in many situations, including some types of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), surgery involving the mouth or gastrointestinal tract, and pain from newly adjusted braces. ...

The metallic look may not be desirable to some people, although transparent varieties are available. However, transparent braces usually do not work as well as metallic ones. Transparent braces can also become undesirably stained or discolored by eating or drinking foods with dye in them.

Treatment time and cost

Typical treatment time is from six months to six years, depending on the severity of the case, location, age, etc., although two years is average. Treatment can be accelerated using novel planning and positioning techniques. Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Typical cost of braces is about $5,000 in the US, but can be much lower in other countries. In India, the cost is usually around $600 to $1,000. In CIS countries for example, the cost is $200 to $500 per jaw. Member state Associate member Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Working language Russian Type Commonwealth Membership 11 member states 1 associate member Leaders - Executive Secretary Viktor Yanukovych Establishment December 21, 1991 Website http://cis. ...

In some European countries, e.g. Sweden, orthodontic treatment is available without charge to patients under 16 (or for treatment to start at 16, such as Ireland), as benefits for orthodontic treatment are provided under government-run health care systems. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Sometimes braces are required more than once if the retainer fails to keep teeth in place.

Types of braces

Braces in popular culture

For many children and teenagers, even those without severe bite problems, braces are simply a part of growing up. There is a growing number of adults (roughly 25% of brace patients are over 21) wearing braces to correct orthodontic issues.

Celebrities who have been spotted wearing functional braces in adulthood include Tom Cruise, Gwen Stefani, Lil Bow Wow, Ashley Judd, Joan Cusack(as a kid), P!nk, Lee Ann Womack, Terrell Davis, Lisa Scott-Lee, Lila McCann, Lisa Bonet, Linda Gray, Emma Watson, Cher, Nancy Kissinger (wife of former Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger), Brett Favre, Randy Moss,Fantasia,Marquis Daniels, Josh Howard, Kelly Clarkson, Kim Fields, Serena Williams, Venus Williams, Prince Harry, Kevin Mawae, Reggie White, Felton Spencer, Dwight Howard, Alyssa Milano, Svetlana Kuznetsova, Cristiano Ronaldo and University of Colorado head football coach Dan Hawkins. Paula Jones, who gained fame during the late 1990's for filing a sexual harassment lawsuit against then-President Bill Clinton, wore braces during the months when she was going through other physical and wardrobe changes. Tom Cruise (born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV on July 3, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated, Golden Globe Award-winning American actor and film producer. ... Gwen RenÃ©e Stefani (born October 3, 1969) (IPA pronunciation: [1]), is an American singer, songwriter, fashion designer and occasional actress. ... Shad Gregory Moss (born March 9, 1987) is a rapper who is better known in the music world as Bow Wow. ... Ashley Judd (born April 19, 1968) is an American actress. ... Joan Mary Cusack (born October 11, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated American actress and comedian. ... Alecia Moore (born September 8, 1979), better known by her stage name Pink (also written as P!nk), is a Grammy Award-winning American singer-songwriter who first gained prominence in North America in early January of 2000. ... This biographical article needs additional references for verification. ... Terrell Lamar Davis (born October 28, 1972 in San Diego, California) is a former American football running back who played for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League from 1995 to 2001. ... Lisa Michelle Scott-Lee (born 5 November 1975 in St Asaph, Denbighshire, Wales) is a Welsh singer and a graduate of the Italia Conti Academy stage school, who is best known for her five years with one of the most successful UK pop groups of all time, Steps. ... Lila Elaine McCann (born December 4, 1981 in Steilacoom, Washington) is an American country music singer who made her debut on the country music charts at age sixteen, with the single Down Came a Blackbird. To date, she has charted eleven singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs... Lisa Michelle Boney (born November 16, 1967), known professionally as Lisa Bonet (IPA: ), is an American actress. ... Linda Ann Gray (born September 12, 1940 in Santa Monica, California) is an American actress, best known for her role as Larry Hagmans long-suffering wife, Sue Ellen Ewing on the television soap opera Dallas as a recurring character in the series first season in the spring of 1978... Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson[1] (born 15 April 1990) is an English film actress who rose to fame playing the role of Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series. ... This article is about Cher, the entertainer. ... Nancy Kissinger (Nancy Maginnes) is a philanthropist who is married to former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American politician, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ... Brett Hillbilly Favre (pronounced Farv, born on October 10, 1969 in Gulfport, Mississippi [1]) is an American football player, currently starting quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). ... Randy Moss (born February 13, 1977 in Rand, West Virginia) is an American football wide receiver for the New England Patriots. ... Look up Fantasia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Fantasia may refer to one of several things. ... Marquis Antwane Daniels (born January 7, 1981 in Orlando, Florida) is a 66 (198 cm), 200 lb (91 kg) shooting guard/small forward for the National Basketball Associations Indiana Pacers. ... Joshua Jay Howard (born April 28, 1980 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina) is a 6 7 NBA small forward for the Dallas Mavericks. ... Kelly Brianne Clarkson (born April 24, 1982) is an American pop rock singer. ... Kim Victoria Fields (born May 12, 1969 in New York, New York) is an American actress. ... Serena Jameka Williams, (born September 26, 1981) is an American former World No. ... Venus Ebone Starr Williams (born June 17, 1980 in Lynwood, California) is an American professional tennis player. ... Prince Henry of Wales (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984), commonly known as Prince Harry, is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales and his first wife, the late Diana, Princess of Wales. ... Kevin Mawae (born January 23, 1971) is an American Football player who currently plays center for the New York Jets of the NFL. Categories: American football biography stubs | 1971 births | National Football League players | American football offensive linemen | New York Jets players | Seattle Seahawks players | AFC Pro Bowl players ... Reginald Howard Reggie White (December 19, 1961 â€“ December 26, 2004) was a professional American football player. ... Felton Spencer Felton LaFrance Spencer (born January 15, 1968 in Louisville, Kentucky) is a former center in the National Basketball Association. ... Dwight David Howard (born December 8, 1985, in Atlanta, Georgia[1]) is an American basketball player for the Orlando Magic of the National Basketball Association (NBA). ... Alyssa Jayne Milano (born December 19, 1972) is an American actress and singer. ... Svetlana Aleksandrovna Kuznetsova (Cyrillic: ; born June 27, 1985) is a Russian professional tennis player. ... Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, OIH (pron. ... Dan Hawkins may refer to either of the following people: Dan Hawkins â€” a British rock guitarist (In north europe also known as Dwayne) Dan Hawkins â€” the head football coach at the University of Colorado. ... Paula Corbin Jones (born Paula Rosalee Corbin on September 17, 1966, in Lonoke, Arkansas) is a former Arkansas state employee who sued President Bill Clinton for sexual harassment and eschewal. ... Sexual harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a sexual nature. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...

Wearing braces as a fashion statement, rather than from medical necessity, appears to catch on among the young in some parts of the world. In 2006, the media reported that wearing fake braces had become a teen fad in Thailand, and authorities considered punishing sellers of fake braces with six months in prison or a $1,300 fine. ^[1] A similar fad has occurred in the Philippines, though it has caught on with everyone of all ages, teenagers and the elderly alike; dental braces are a sign of wealth in the Philippines. This is not dissimilar to obesity being coveted in some places of the Third World, as it is also an indicator of some wealth. Medical necessity is generally considered that which is reasonable, necessary, and/or appropriate based on evidence-based clinical standards of care. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see FAD (disambiguation). ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ...

Beavis and Butt-head is an American animated television series created by Mike Judge. ... Simpsons redirects here. ... Last Exit to Springfield is the 17th episode of The Simpsons fourth season. ... Homer Simpson is also a character in the book and film The Day of the Locust. ... Lisa Marie Simpson is a character in the animated television series The Simpsons, voiced by Yeardley Smith; Lisa is the only character Smith voices on a regular basis. ... This article is about the television series. ... Leelas Homeworld is the second episode of Futuramas fourth season. ... Turanga Leela (often referred to simply as Leela) (born A.D. 2975) is the primary female character in the animated television series Futurama. ... Braceface was a Canadian animated series formerly broadcast on Teletoon in Canada, and on the Disney Channel and ABC Family in the United States. ... Nivea Beauty Shot of Norelle Van Herk for Americas Next Top Model, taken episode 3 Norelle Van Herk (born circa 1984) is an American fashion model. ... ANTM redirects here. ... Tootie Ramsey (Season 5) Dorothy (Tootie) Ramsey was a fictional character on the sitcom The Facts of Life. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... The Facts of Life was an American sitcom which ran on the NBC network from August 24, 1979 to May 7, 1988. ... Ugly Betty is an Emmy-winning[1] American television comedy-drama series starring America Ferrera, Eric Mabius, Rebecca Romijn and Vanessa Williams. ... This article is about the Australian television channel. ... America Georgine Ferrera (born April 18, 1984) is an American actress. ... Ugly Betty is an Emmy-winning[1] American television comedy-drama series starring America Ferrera, Eric Mabius, Rebecca Romijn and Vanessa Williams. ... For other uses, see Oxygen (disambiguation). ... Adrien Brody (born April 14, 1973) is an American actor known for his freakishly large nose. ... This article is about the musician himself. ... A gold dental grill In hip hop culture, a grill (pl. ... Straight Outta Lynwood track listing White & Nerdy Pancreas Canadian Idiot Ill Sue Ya Polkarama! Virus Alert Confessions Part III Weasel Stomping Day Close But No Cigar Do I Creep You Out Trapped in the Drive-Thru Dont Download This Song White & Nerdy is the second single from Weird... Magnolia is a 1999 drama film, written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. ... Not to be confused with Bill Macy. ... Fosters Home for Imaginary Friends (sometimes called Fosters for short, and abbreviated as FHIF/FHFIF) is an Emmy Award-Winning American animated television series created and produced at Cartoon Network Studios by animator Craig McCracken, who also created The Powerpuff Girls. ... Cheese is an imaginary friend from the Cartoon Network television series Fosters Home for Imaginary Friends who is voiced by Candi Milo. ... For the movie, see Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters. ... Frylock is a character in Aqua Teen Hunger Force. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Wild Thornberrys was an American animated television series. ... 6teen is an animated Canadian sitcom created by Jennifer Pertsch and Tom McGillis for Teletoon as one of its original productions. ...

Contents

History

How braces work

Procedure

Post-treatment

Retainers

Pre-finisher

Surgery

Complications and risks

Treatment time and cost

Types of braces

Braces in popular culture

See also

References

External links

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

How braces work

Procedure

Post-treatment

Retainers

Pre-finisher

Surgery

Complications and risks

Treatment time and cost

Types of braces

Braces in popular culture

See also

References

External links

History