Picture of a mild case of fluorosis. Notice the faint white mottling. Dental fluorosis occurs because of the excessive intake of fluoride either through naturally occurring fluoride in the water, water fluoridation, toothpaste, or other sources. The damage in tooth development occurs between the ages of 6 months to 5 years, from the overexposure to fluoride. Teeth are generally composed of hydroxyapatite and carbonated hydroxyapatite; when fluoride is present, fluorapatite is created. Excessive fluoride can cause yellowing of teeth, white spots, and pitting or mottling of enamel. Consequently, the teeth become unsightly. Fluorosis cannot occur once the tooth has erupted into the oral cavity. At this point, fluorapatite is beneficial because it is more resistant to dissolution by acids (demineralization). Image File history File links Fluorosis-mild. ...
Image File history File links Fluorosis-mild. ...
Fluoride is the ionic form of fluorine. ...
Water fluoridation is the practice of adding fluoride compounds to water with the intended purpose of reducing tooth decay in the general population. ...
Radiograph of lower right (from left to right) third, second, and first molars in different stages of development. ...
Fluoride is the ionic form of fluorine. ...
Types of teeth Molars are used for grinding up foods Carnassials are used for slicing food. ...
Hydroxylapatite is a naturally occurring form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), but is usually written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two molecules. ...
ske| Fracture|| Conchoidal to even Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH-, F-, or Cl- ions, respectively, in the crystal. ...
Tooth enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body , and with dentin, cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major parts of the tooth. ...
The mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity, is the opening through which an animal or human takes in food. ...
Although it is usually the permanent teeth which are affected, occasionally the primary teeth may be involved. In mild cases, there may be a few white flecks or small pits on the enamel of the teeth. In more severe cases, there may be brown stains. The differential diagnosis for this condition may include Turner's hypoplasia (although this is usually more localized), some mild forms of amelogenesis imperfecta, and other environmental enamel defects of diffuse and demarcated opacities. Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans. ...
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This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Turners hypoplasia is an abnormality found in teeth. ...
Amelogenesis Imperfecta is an inherited condition that presents abnormal formation of the enamel or external layer of teeth. ...
Picture of a severe case of fluorosis. Image File history File links Fluorosis-severe. ...
Image File history File links Fluorosis-severe. ...
Deans index
H.T. Dean's fluorosis index was developed in 1942 and is currently the most universally accepted classification system. An individual's fluorosis score is based on the most severe form of fluorosis found on two or more teeth.[1] Deans Index | Classification | Criteria – description of enamel | | Normal | Smooth, glossy, pale creamy-white translucent surface | | Questionable | A few white flecks or white spots | | Very Mild | Small opaque, paper white areas covering less than 25% of the tooth surface | | Mild | Opaque white areas covering less than 50% of the tooth surface | | Moderate | All tooth surfaces affected; marked wear on biting surfaces; brown stain may be present | | Severe | All tooth surfaces affected; discrete or confluent pitting; brown stain present |
Prevalence of dental fluorosis As of 2005 surveys conducted by the National Institute of Dental Research in the USA between 1986 and 1987[2] and by the Center of Disease Control between 1999 and 2002[3] are the only national sources of data concerning the prevalence of dental fluorosis. 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), is part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and as such its function is to the promote the general health of the American people, by improving their oral, dental and craniofacial health. ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in Atlanta, Georgia adjacent to the campus of Emory University. ...
NIDR and CDC Findings | Deans Index | 1987 | 2002 | | Questionable fluorosis | 17% | 11.8% | | Very mild fluorosis | 19% | | Mild fluorosis | 4% | 5.83% | | Moderate fluorosis | 1% | 0.59% | | Severe fluorosis | 0.3% | | Total | 22.3% | 37.2% | The Center of Disease Control found a 9% higher prevalence of dental fluorosisin American children than was found in a similar survey 20 years ago. In addition, the survey provides further evidence that African Americans suffer from higher rates of fluorosis than Caucasian Americans.
The condition is more prevalent in rural areas where drinking water is derived from shallow wells or hand pumps. It is also more likely to occur in areas where the drinking water has a fluoride content of more than 1ppm (part per million), and in children who have a poor intake of calcium. General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 40. ...
Dietary Reference Intakes for Fluoride [2] | Age group | Reference weight kg (lb) | Adequate intake (mg/day) | Tolerable upper intake (mg/day) | | Infants 0-6 months | 7 (16) | 0.01 | 0.7 | | Infants 7-12 months | 9 (20) | 0.5 | 0.9 | | Children 1-3 years | 13 (29) | 0.7 | 1.3 | | Children 4-8 years | 22 (48) | 1.0 | 2.2 | | Children 9-13 years | 40 (88) | 2.0 | 10 | | Boys 14-18 years | 64 (142) | 3.0 | 10 | | Girls 14-18 years | 57 (125) | 3.0 | 10 | | Males 19 years and over | 76 (166) | 4.0 | 10 | | Females 19 years and over | 61 (133) | 3.0 | 10 | If the water supply is fluoridated at the rate of 1ppm, it is necessary to consume one litre of water in order to take in 1 mg of fluoride. It is highly improbable a person will receive more than the tolerable upper limit from consuming optimally fluoridated water alone.
Fluoride consumption can exceed the tolerable upper limit when someone drinks a lot of fluoride containing water in combination with other fluoride sources, such as swallowing fluoridated toothpaste use, consuming food with a high fluoride content, or consuming fluoride supplements. The use of fluoride supplements as a prevention for tooth decay is rare in areas with water fluoridation, but was recommended by many dentists in the UK until the early 1990s.
Dental fluorosis can be prevented by lowering the amount of fluoride intake to below the tolerable upper limit.
Treatment
 Before and after porcelain laminate veneers Dental fluorosis can be cosmetically treated by a dentist. The cost and success can vary significantly depending on the treatment. Tooth bleaching, microabrasion, and conservative composite restorations or porcelain veneers are commonly used treatment modalities. Generally speaking, bleaching and microabrasion are used for superficial staining, whereas the conservative restorations are used for more unaesthetic situations. Also, as a preventative measure, dentists recommend that children should not receive topical fluoride treatment until the age of three or at the earliest time that a determination can be made about a child's total flouride exposure. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 232 pixelsFull resolution (937 × 272 pixel, file size: 75 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Dr.Seyed Hossein Rejali I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 232 pixelsFull resolution (937 × 272 pixel, file size: 75 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Dr.Seyed Hossein Rejali I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
X-rays can reveal if a person has cavities Dentistry is the practical application of knowledge of dental science (the science of placement, arrangement, function of teeth) to human beings. ...
Tooth Whitener for Home Use (Brush for Application) Tooth bleaching, also known as tooth whitening, is a common procedure in general dentistry but most especially in the field of cosmetic dentistry. ...
Abrasion is the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element. ...
It has been suggested that Dental fillings be merged into this article or section. ...
“Fine China†redirects here. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
External links
References - ^ (2005) Fluoridation Facts. American Dental Association, 28-29.
- ^ a b (2005) Fluoridation Facts. American Dental Association, 29.
- ^ Table 23, Surveillance for Dental Caries, Dental Sealants, Tooth Retention, Edentulism, and Enamel Fluorosis --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005). Retrieved on 2006-10-29.
- [Marshall TA, et al. (2004). Associations between Intakes of Fluoride from Beverages during Infancy and Dental Fluorosis of Primary Teeth. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23:108-16.]
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