A dental officer and his assistant remove the wisdom tooth of a crew member of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)

Dental surgery is any of a number of medical procedures which involve artificially modifying the dentition. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1880x2810, 1796 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Dentistry Dental surgery ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1880x2810, 1796 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Dentistry Dental surgery ... A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient. ... Dental assistants help the dental operator (Dentist or other treating Dental auxiliary) provide more efficient dental treatment. ... Wisdom teeth are third molars that usually appear between the ages of 18 and 20 (although they may appear when older, or fail to appear at all). ... Four aircraft carriers, (bottom-to-top) Principe de Asturias, amphibious assault carrier USS Wasp, USS Forrestal and light V/STOL carrier HMS Invincible, showing size differences of late 20th century carriers An aircraft carrier is a warship designed to deploy and in most cases recover aircraft, acting as a sea... A medical procedure is a course of action intended to achieve a result in the care of patients, used by medical or paramedical personnel. ... Dentition is the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth. ...

Types

Some of the more common are:

• Endodontic (surgery involving the pulp or root of the tooth)
  • Root canal
  • Pulpotomy The opening of the pulp chamber of the tooth to allow an infection to drain; Usually a precursor to a root canal
  • Pulpectomy - The removal of the pulp from the pulp chamber to temporarily relieve pain; Usually a precursor to a root canal.
  • Apicoectomy - A root-end resection. Occasionally a root canal alone will not be enough to relieve pain and the end of the tooth, called the apex, will be removed by entering through the gingiva and surgically extracting the diseased material.

• Prosthodontic (dental prosthetics)
  • Crowns (caps) — artificial coverings of the tooth made from a variety of materials, including CMC/PMC (ceramic/porcelain metal composite), gold or a tin/aluminum mixture. The underlying tooth must be reshaped to accommodate these
  • Veneers — artificial coverings similar to above, except that they only cover the forward (labial or buccal) surface of the tooth. Usually for aesthetic purposes only.
  • Bridges — a set of two or more fused crowns which bridge a missing tooth (teeth). Typically used after an extraction.
  • Implants — a procedure in which a base is set into the bone (mandible or maxilla), allowed to heal, and months later an artificial tooth is screwed into place.
  • Dentures (false teeth) — a partial or complete set of dentition which either attach to neighboring teeth by use of metal or plastic grasps or to the gingival or palatial surface by use of adhesive.
  • Implant-supported prosthesis — a combination of dentures and implants, bases are placed into the bone, allowed to heal, and metal appliances are fixed to the gingival surface, following which dentures are placed atop and fixed into place.

• Orthodontic treatment
  • Implants and implant-supported prosthesis — also an orthodontic treatment as it involves bones
  • Apiectomy — also an orthodontic treatment as part of the underlying bone structure must be removed.
  • Extraction — a procedure in which a diseased, redundant, or problematic tooth is removed, either by pulling or cutting out. This procedure can be done under local or general anesthesia and is very common — many people have their wisdom teeth removed before they become problematic.
  • Fiberotomy — a procedure to sever the fibers around a tooth, preventing it from relapsing.

A humans visible teeth. ... This article is about the root canal, which is an anatomical entity within a tooth. ... Pulp can refer to: Soft shapeless substances in general. ... Root canal procedure: unhealthy tooth, drilling, filing with endofile, rubber filling and crown Root canals are the long passages full of soft tissue deep within the dentin of a tooth, adjoining the pulp chamber. ... Apicoectomy (L. apex, apicis: a summit or a tip), also known as root-end resection, is an endodontic surgical procedure whereby a tooths root tip is removed. ... The gingiva (sing. ... Crown A crown, or full-coverage restoration (sometimes incorrectly called a cap) is a prosthetic tooth designed by a dentist and usually created by a lab technician (or more recently, a CAD-CAM machine). ... A veneer is a thin covering over another surface. ... This article is about the edifice. ... The term implant has different meanings: in Scientology, see Implant (Scientology) in medicine, see prosthesis This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A false tooth is a term that can be used for several different dental devices used to replace a missing tooth. ... Categories: Stub | Dentistry ... In chemistry, liquid-liquid extraction is a useful method to separate components (compounds) of a mixture. ... Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences) has traditionally meant the condition of having the perception of pain and other sensations blocked. ... A fiberotomy is a orthodontic surgical procedure designed to sever the gingival fibers around a tooth. ...

Dental anesthesia

Dentists inject anesthetic to block sensory transmission by the alveolar nerves. The superior alveolar nerves are not usually anesthetized directly because they are difficult to approach with a needle. For this reason, the maxillary teeth are usually anesthetized locally by inserting the needle beneath the oral mucosa surrounding the teeth. The inferior alveolar nerve probably is anesthetized more often than any other nerve in the body. To anesthetize this nerve, the dentist inserts the needle somewhat posterior to the patient’s last molar. X-rays can reveal if a person has cavities Dentistry is the practical application of knowledge of dental science (the science of placement, arrangement, function of teeth) to human beings. ... Injection has multiple meanings: In mathematics, the term injection refers to an injective function. ... Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ... The mechanism of the reflex arc Sensory nerves are nerves that receive sensory stimuli, such as how something feels and if it is painful. ... Alveolar nerve may refer to: Inferior alveolar nerve Anterior superior alveolar nerve Posterior superior alveolar nerve Category: ... Superior alveolar nerves can refer to: Anterior superior alveolar nerve Posterior superior alveolar nerve Category: ... Look up needle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A humans visible teeth. ... A local anesthetic is a drug that reversibly inhibits the propagation of signals along nerves. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, and are involved in absorption and secretion. ... The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch (V3) of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). ... Molar may refer to: Molar (tooth), the fourth kind of tooth in mammals. ...

Several nondental nerves are usually anesthetized during an inferior alveolar block. The mental nerve, which supplies cutaneous innervation to the anterior lip and chin, is a distal branch of the inferior alveolar nerve. When the inferior alveolar nerve is blocked, the mental nerve is blocked also, resulting in a numb lip and chin. Nerves lying near the point where the inferior alveolar nerve enters the mandible often are also anesthetized during inferior alveolar anesthesia. For example, the lingual nerve can be anesthetized to produce a numb tongue. The facial nerve lies some distance from the inferior alveolar nerve, but in rare cases anesthetic can diffuse far enough posteriorly to anesthetize that nerve. The result is a temporary facial palsy (paralysis or paresis), with the injected side of the face drooping because of flaccid muscles, which disappears when the anesthesia wears off. If the facial nerve is cut by an improperly inserted needle, permanent facial palsy may occur. The inferior alveolar nerve (sometimes called the inferior dental nerve) is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch (V3) of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). ... The mental nerve emerges at the mental foramen, and divides beneath the Triangularis muscle into three branches: one descends to the skin of the chin. ... Cutaneous innervation refers to the area of the skin which is supplied by a specific nerve. ... For other uses, see Lip (disambiguation). ... Look up Chin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The mandible (from Latin mandibÅ­la, jawbone) or inferior maxillary bone is, together with the maxilla, the largest and strongest bone of the face. ... The Lingual Nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve from the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve (CN V3), that supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... The facial nerve is seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. ... Bells palsy (or facial palsy) is characterised by facial drooping on the affected half, due to malfunction of the facial nerve (VII cranial nerve), which controls the muscles of the face. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Paresis is a condition typified by partial loss of movement, or impaired movement. ... Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences) has traditionally meant the condition of having the perception of pain and other sensations blocked. ... Bells palsy (or facial palsy) is characterised by facial drooping on the affected half, due to malfunction of the facial nerve (VII cranial nerve), which controls the muscles of the face. ...

Agents

Forms of dental anesthesia are similar to general medical anesthesia except for the use of nitrous oxide, relatively uncommon outside of the dental field in the U.S.

• Nitrous oxide (N2O), also known as "laughing gas", binds to the hemoglobin in the lungs, where it travels to the brain, leaving a disassociated and euphoric feeling for most patients. N2O is typically used in conjunction with Procaine.
• Local anesthetics used are lidocaine or xylocaine (a modern replacement for novocaine, procaine), septocaine (a numbing medication which can overpower infection, which can make it difficult to get numb), and marcaine (a long-acting anesthetic). A combination of these may be used depending on the situation. Also, most agents come in two forms: with and without epinephrine.
• Eugenol — made from clove oil, this is a topical anesthetic also used in the common dental material ZOE (zinc oxide eugenol).
• Topical anastethics — benzocaine, eugenol, and forms of xylocaine are used topically to numb various areas before injections or other minor procedures
• General anesthesia — drugs such as versed, ketamine, and fentynyl are used to put the patient in a twilight sleep or render them completely unconscious and unaware of pain.

R-phrases S-phrases Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Lidocaine (INN) (IPA: ) or lignocaine (former BAN) (IPA: ) is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. ... Lidocaine (INN) or lignocaine (former BAN) is a popular local anesthetic often used in dentistry or topically. ... Procaine hydrochloride is a local anesthetic used primarily in dentistry. ... Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. ... Articaine is a dental local anesthetic. ... Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic. ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Eugenol (C10H12O2), is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i. ... Oil of cloves can be purchased over the counter at pharmacies Oil of cloves, also known as Clove oil, is an essential oil from the clove plant. ... In Dentistry, Zinc Oxide Eugenol (Clove oil) is used as a filling or cement material. ... A topical anesthetic is a local anesthetic that is used to numb the surface of a body part. ... Benzocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever. ... Eugenol (C10H12O2), is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i. ... This article or section may be confusing for some readers, and should be edited to be clearer. ... Midazolam, also known by the trade names Versed®, Hypnovel® and Dormicum®, is a benzodiazepine drug with an imidazole structure. ... Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic for use in human and veterinary medicine. ... First synthesized in Belgium in the late 1950s, fentanyl, with an analgesic potency of about 80 times that of morphine, was introduced into medical practice in the 1960s as an intravenous anesthetic under the trade name of Sublimaze®. Thereafter; two other fentanyl analogues were introduced; alfentanil (Alfenta®), an ultra-short... Twilight sleep is an amnesic condition characterized by insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness, induced by an injection of morphine and scopolamine, especially to relieve the pain of childbirth. ...

Blocks

• Electrical nerve blocks — a technology that involves using electrical current to block the reception or generation of pain signals.
• Branch block — a common form of local dental anesthesia, blocks the reception of pain for one quadrant of the mouth at a time. Typically given in the buccal surface (cheek). (IAB, MNB are types of this block)
• Dental block — given below the tooth in question. Used usually for minor procedures such as fillings.
• Palatal block— given into the hard palate, useful in numbing the upper teeth.
• Intraosseous — an injection of local anesthetic given directly into the osseous (bone) structure of the tooth.
• Intrapulpal — an injection of local anesthetic given directly into the pulp of the tooth to completely desensitize the tooth.
• An alternative to chemical or electrical blocks, acupuncture or acupressure is rarely used.

Regional nerve blockade, or more commonly nerve block, is a general term used to refer to the injection of local anesthetic onto or near nerves. ... Intraosseous infusion is the process of injection directly into the marrow of the bone. ... Acupuncture chart from Hua Shou (fl. ... Acupressure (a portmanteau of acupuncture and pressure) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) technique based on the same ideas as acupuncture. ...

See also

• Dentistry
• Surgery
• Wisdom tooth
• Tooth extraction

A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient. ... “Surgeon” redirects here. ... Wisdom teeth are third molars that usually appear between the ages of 18 and 20 (although they may appear when older, or fail to appear at all). ... Surgical extraction of an impacted molar. ...

External links

• Dental Video
• A Number of Conditions which May Require Oral Surgery