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Deontic logic is the field of logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts. Alternatively, a deontic logic is a formal system that attempts to capture the essential logical features of these concepts. Typically, a deontic logic uses OA to mean it is obligatory that A, (or it ought to be (the case) that A), and PA to mean it is permitted (or permissible) that A. The term deontic is derived from the ancient Greek déon, meaning, roughly, that which is binding or proper. Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of criteria for the evaluation of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. ...
An obligation can be legal or moral. ...
Most modern file systems have methods of administering permissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
History
The central intuition behind deontic logic, first articulated by the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century, is that what is obligatory is what is necessary for a good person to do, and what is permitted is what is possible for a good person to do. Thus, the logic of obligation and permission is analogous to the logic of necessity and possibility. This article is 82 kilobytes or more in size. ...
(16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...
The first formal system of deontic logic was proposed by Ernst Mally in the 1920s. While Mally's intentions were good, it turned out that his system entailed that a proposition is true just in case it is obligatory, or in symbols: Ernst Mally (1879 - 1944) was an Austrian philosopher and student of Alexius Meinong. ...
The 1920s was a decade sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ...
 . This is, of course, extremely counterintuitive.
The first plausible system of deontic logic was proposed by G. H. von Wright in his paper "Deontic Logic" in the philosophical journal Mind in 1951. (Von Wright was also the first to actually use the term "deontic" to refer to this kind of logic.) Since the publication of von Wright's seminal paper, many philosophers and computer scientists have investigated and developed systems of deontic logic. Nevertheless, to this day deontic logic remains one of the most controversial and least agreed-upon areas of logic. Georg Henrik von Wright (pronounced, roughly, vrikt) (June 14, 1916 – June 16, 2003) was a Finnish philosopher, who succeeded Ludwig Wittgenstein as professor at the University of Cambridge. ...
Mind is a well-respected British journal, currently published by Oxford University Press, which deals with philosophy in the analytic tradition. ...
A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ...
Computer science (informally: CS or compsci) is, in its most general sense, the study of computation and information processing, both in hardware and in software. ...
Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of criteria for the evaluation of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. ...
Standard deontic logic In von Wright's first system, obligatoriness and permissibility were treated as features of acts. It was found not much later that a deontic logic of propositions could be given a simple and elegant Kripke-style semantics, and von Wright himself joined this movement. The deontic logic so specified came to be known as "standard deontic logic," often referred to as SDL, KD, or simply D. It can be axiomatized by adding the following axioms to a standard axiomatization of classical propositional logic: Kripke semantics (also known as possible world semantics, relational semantics, or frame semantics) is a formal semantics for modal logic systems, created in late 1950s and early 1960s by Saul Kripke. ...
 In English, these axioms say, respectively: - If it ought to be that A implies B, then if it ought to be that A, it ought to be that B;
- If it ought to be that A, then it is permissible that A.
FA, meaning it is forbidden that A, can be defined (equivalently) as  or  .
The propositional system D can be extended to include quantifiers in a relatively straightforward way. In language and logic, quantification is a construct that specifies the extent of validity of a predicate, that is the extent to which a predicate holds over a range of things. ...
Dyadic deontic logic An important problem of deontic logic is that of how to properly represent conditional obligations, e.g. If you smoke (s), then you ought to use an ashtray (a). It is not clear that either of the following representations is adequate:   Some deontic logicians have responded to this problem by developing dyadic deontic logics, which contain a binary deontic operators:  means it is obligatory that A, given B means it is permissible that A, given B. (The notation is modeled on that used to represent conditional probability.) Dyadic deontic logic escapes some of the problems of standard (unary) deontic logic, but it is subject to some problems of its own. This article defines some terms which characterize probability distributions of two or more variables. ...
Other variations Many other varieties of deontic logic have been developed, including non-monotonic deontic logics, paraconsistent deontic logics, and dynamic deontic logics. A non-monotonic logic is a formal logic whose consequence relation is not monotonic. ...
A paraconsistent logic is a logical system that attempts to deal nontrivially with contradictions. ...
In digital electronics, dynamic logic is sometimes used to refer to a class of design assumptions also known as clocked logic, used to distinguish this type of logic from static logic. ...
Joergensen's Dilemma Deontic logic faces Joergensen's Dilemma. Norms cannot be true or false, but truth and truth values seem essential to logic. There are two possible answers: - Deontic logic handles norm propositions, not norms;
- There might be alternative concepts to truth, e.g. validity or success.
See also A modal logic is any logic for handling modalities: concepts like possibility, impossibility, and necessity. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
Resources - Hilpinen, Risto, 2001, "Deontic Logic," in Goble, Lou, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell.
- G. H. von Wright, 1951. "Deontic logic," Mind 60: 1-15.
Georg Henrik von Wright (pronounced, roughly, fon vrikt, IPA: [je:ɔrj hɛn:rik fɔn-vrik:t],) (June 14, 1916 – June 16, 2003) was a Finnish philosopher, who succeeded Ludwig Wittgenstein as professor at the University of Cambridge. ...
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