Vatican City

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the Vatican City The arms of the Holy See. ... Vatican City flag The pope exercises supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power over the Holy See and the State of the Vatican City, a rare case of elective non-hereditary monarchy. ...

Pope Benedict XVI Roman Curia Secretariat of State Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Cardinal Sodano Congregations Pontifical Commission Conclave Lateran treaties

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The Cardinal Secretary of State presides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which is the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia. As one of the senior offices in the Roman Catholic Church, the Secretary is required to be a cardinal. If the office is vacant, a non-cardinal may serve as Pro-Secretary of State, exercising the powers of the Secretary of State until a suitable replacement is found or the Pro-Secretary is made a cardinal in a subsequent consistory. The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ... Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: , born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on April 16, 1927 in Marktl am Inn, Bavaria, Germany) is the 265th[1] and reigning Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and sovereign of Vatican City State. ... The Roman Curia (sometimes, if inaccurately, called the Vatican) is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See, coordinating and providing the necessary organisation for the correct functioning of the Catholic Church and the achievement of its goals. ... The Secretariat of State is the oldest dicastery in the Roman Curia, the government of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Cardinal Sodano with Condoleezza Rice. ... A congregation is a type of dicastery of the Roman Curia, the central administrative organism of the Catholic Church. ... The Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State is the legislative body of Vatican City. ... The Sistine Chapel is the location of the conclave. ... The Lateran Treaties of February 11, 1929 provided for the mutual recognition of the then-Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican City. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... The Secretariat of State is the oldest dicastery in the Roman Curia, the government of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Dicasteries (from Greek: δικαστ, judge/juror) are the central offices of the Roman Curia in which the stewardship of the Roman Catholic Church is entrusted. ... The Roman Curia (sometimes, if inaccurately, called the Vatican) is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See, coordinating and providing the necessary organisation for the correct functioning of the Catholic Church and the achievement of its goals. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking just below the Pope and appointed by him as a member of the College of Cardinals during a consistory. ... // Antiquity Originally, the Latin word consistorium meant simply sitting together, just as the Greek syn(h)edrion (from which the Biblical sanhedrin was a corruption). ...

The Cardinal Secretary is regarded as being in charge of the political and diplomatic activities of the Holy See and is thus referred to as being the Holy See's "prime minister". Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ...

The Cardinal Secretary's term ends sede vacante. During this period, the former Secretary acts as a member of a commission with the Cardinal Camerlengo and the former President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, which exercises some of the functions of the head of state of the Vatican City until a new Pope is elected. Once the new Pope is chosen, the former Secretary's role in the commission likewise expires, though he can be (and usually is) re-appointed as Secretary of State. Sede vacante in the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church is the vacancy of the episcopal see of a particular church. ... The title Camerlengo (Italian for Chamberlain) refers to an official of the Papal court, referring either to the Chamberlain of the Roman Catholic Church, to the Chamberlain of the Sacred College of Cardinals, or to various lesser dignitaries. ... The President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State is the leader of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, the legislative body of Vatican City. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ...

History

The office traces its origins to that of secretary intimus, created by Pope Leo X in the early 16th century to handle correspondence with the diplomatic missions of the Holy See, which were just beginning to become permanent postings instead of missions sent on particular occasions. At this stage the secretary was a fairly minor functionary, the Vatican administration being led by the Cardinal Nephew, the Pope's confidant usually taken from his family. Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (Florence, 11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521, Rome), Pope from 1513 to his death, is known primarily for his failure to stem the Protestant Reformation, which began during his reign when Martin Luther (1483–1546) first accused the Roman Catholic Church of... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

The imprudence of Pope Julius III in entrusting the office of Cardinal Nephew to Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte, a teenaged, illegitimate, virtually illiterate street urchin whom his brother had adopted a few years earlier, led to an upgrading of the Secretary's job, as the incumbent had to take over the duties the Cardinal Nephew was unfit for. By the time of Pope Innocent X the Secretary of State was always himself a Cardinal, and Pope Innocent XII abolished the office of Cardinal Nephew in 1692. From then onwards the Secretary of State has been the most important of the officials of the Holy See. Julius III, né Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte (September 10, 1487 – March 23, 1555), was Pope from February 7, 1550 to 1555. ... Innocent X, born Giovanni Battista Pamphili (May 6, 1574 – January 7, 1655) was Pope from 1644 to 1655. ... Innocent XII, né Antonio Pignatelli (March 13, 1615 - September 27, 1700) pope from 1691 to 1700, was the successor of Alexander VIII. He came of a distinguished Naples family and was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome. ... Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ...

In 1968, Pope Paul VI's apostolic constitution Regimini Ecclesiae Universae further enhanced the powers of the Secretary, placing him over all the other departments of the Roman Curia. In 1973 Paul further broadened the Secretaryship by abolishing the ancient office of Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church and merging its functions into those of the Secretary. 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... The Servant of God Pope Paul VI (Latin: ), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. ... The Roman Curia (sometimes, if inaccurately, called the Vatican) is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See, coordinating and providing the necessary organisation for the correct functioning of the Catholic Church and the achievement of its goals. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Cardinal Secretaries of State since 1644

1. Giovanni Giacomo Panciroli (1644-1651)
2. Fabio Chigi (1651-1655); then elected Pope Alexander VII (1655-1667)
3. Giulio Rospigliosi (1655-1667); then elected Pope Clement IX (1667-1669)
4. Decio Azzolini (1667-1669)
5. Federico Borromeo junior (1670-1673)
6. Francesco Nerli (1673-1676)
7. Alderano Cybo (1676-1689)
8. Giambattista Rubini (1689-1691)
9. Fabrizio Spada (1691-1700)
10. Fabrizio Paolucci (1700-1721) (1° period)
11. Giorgio Spinola (1721-1724)
12. Fabrizio Paolucci (1724-1726) (2° period)
13. Niccolò Maria Lercari (1726-1730)
14. Antonio Banchieri (1730-1733)
15. Giuseppe Firrao (1733-1740)
16. Silvio Valenti Gonzaga (1740-1756)
17. Alberico Archinto (1756-1758)
18. Ludovico Maria Torriggiani (1758-1769)
19. Lazzaro Opizio Pallavicini (1769-1785)
20. Ignazio Boncompagni Ludovisi (1785-1789)
21. Francesco Saverio de Zelada (1789-1796)
22. Ignazio Busca (1796-1797)
23. Giuseppe Doria Pamphili (1797-1799)
24. Ercole Consalvi, pro-segretary (1800); segretary(1800-1806)
25. Filippo Casoni (1806-1808)
26. Giuseppe Doria Pamphilj, pro-segretary (1808)
27. Bartolomeo Pacca, pro-segretary (1808-1814)
28. Ercole Consalvi (1814-1823)
29. Giulio Maria della Somaglia (1823-1828)
30. Tommaso Bernetti, pro-segretary (1828-1829) (1° period)
31. Giuseppe Albani (1829-1830)
32. Tommaso Bernetti, pro-segretary (1831); cardinal segretario (1831-1836) (2° period)
33. Luigi Lambruschini (1836-1846)
34. Pasquale Tommaso Gizzi (1846-1847)
35. Gabriele Ferretti (1847-1848)
36. Giuseppe Bofondi (1848)
37. Giacomo Antonelli (1848) (1° period)
38. Anton Francesco Orioli (1848) (ad interim)
39. Giovanni Soglia Ceroni (1848)
40. Giacomo Antonelli (1848-1876) (2° period)
41. Giovanni Simeoni (1876-1878)
42. Alessandro Cardinal Franchi (March-July 1878)
43. Lorenzo Cardinal Nina (1878-1880)
44. Lodovico Cardinal Jacobini (1880-1887)
45. Mariano Cardinal Rampolla (1887-1903)
46. Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val (1903-1914)
47. Domenico Cardinal Ferrata (Sept-Oct 1914)
48. Pietro Cardinal Gasparri (1914-1930)
49. Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli (1930-1939) then elected Pope Pius XII
50. Luigi Cardinal Maglione (1939-1944)
51. Domenico Cardinal Tardini (1958-1961) ^[1]
52. Amleto Giovanni Cardinal Cicognani (1961-1969)
53. Jean-Marie Cardinal Villot (1969-1979)
54. Agostino Cardinal Casaroli (1979-1990)
55. Angelo Cardinal Sodano (1991-2006)
56. Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone (15 September 2006 - )

// Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... Alexander VII, né Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 – May 22, 1667) was Pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... Clement IX, né Giulio Rospigliosi (January 28, 1600 - December 9, 1669) was pope from 1667 to 1669. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... // Events Samuel Pepys stopped writing his diary. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... // Events Samuel Pepys stopped writing his diary. ... 1670 was a common year beginning on a Saturday in countries using the Julian calendar and a Wednesday in countries using the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 22 - Impostor Mary Carleton is hanged in Newgate prison in England for multiple thefts and returning from penal transportation March 18 - John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton sells his part of New Jersey to the Quakers. ... Events January 22 - Impostor Mary Carleton is hanged in Newgate prison in England for multiple thefts and returning from penal transportation March 18 - John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton sells his part of New Jersey to the Quakers. ... Events January 29 - Feodor III becomes Tsar of Russia First measurement of the speed of light, by Ole Rømer Bacons Rebellion Russo-Turkish Wars commence. ... Events January 29 - Feodor III becomes Tsar of Russia First measurement of the speed of light, by Ole Rømer Bacons Rebellion Russo-Turkish Wars commence. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender May 6... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender May 6... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... // Events Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos April 4 - Robert Walpole becomes the first prime minister of Britain September 10 - Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War November 2 - Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias... // Events Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos April 4 - Robert Walpole becomes the first prime minister of Britain September 10 - Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War November 2 - Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias... Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. ... Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. ... Events George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject. ... Events George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject. ... Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births April 16 - Henry Clinton, British general (d. ... Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births April 16 - Henry Clinton, British general (d. ... Events February 12 - British colonist James Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia. ... Events February 12 - British colonist James Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia. ... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ... 1756 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1756 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1785 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1785 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Ercole Consalvi was born in Rome in 1757. ... 1800 (MDCCC) was an common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1800 (MDCCC) was an common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Ercole Consalvi was born in Rome in 1757. ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Leopold I 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Leopold I 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Charles Darwin 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Luigi Cardinal Lambruschini (6 March 1776-12 May 1854) was a prominent Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in the mid nineteenth century. ... Charles Darwin 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Giacomo Antonelli (April 2, 1806 - November 6, 1876), Italian cardinal, was born at Sonnino. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Giacomo Antonelli (April 2, 1806 - November 6, 1876), Italian cardinal, was born at Sonnino. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... Mariano Cardinal Rampolla (Full name Count Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro) (Polizzi Generosa, Sicily, August 17, 1843 – December 17, 1913, Rome) Rampolla was appointed a Cardinal and Secretary of State by Pope Leo XIII in 1887, having been Papal Nuncio to Spain. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val y Zulueta (October 10, 1865 - February 26, 1930) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal (Cardinal Priest of Basilica di Santa Prassede) from 1903 until his death. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Domenico Cardinal Ferrata (March 4, 1847-October 10, 1914) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal who spent the bulk of his career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and in the Roman Curia. ... Pietro Cardinal Gasparri (May 5, 1852-November 18, 1934) was Roman Catholic archbishop, diplomat and politician in the Roman Curia. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and sovereign of Vatican City State from March 2, 1939 until his death. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and sovereign of Vatican City State from March 2, 1939 until his death. ... Luigi Cardinal Maglione (Casoria, province of Naples, March 2, 1877 – August 23, 1944) was the Cardinal Secretary of State in the Roman Curia from 1939 until 1944. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Domenico Cardinal Tardini (February 29, 1888 - July 30, 1961) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a prominent member of the Roman Curia in Vatican City. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... Amleto Giovanni Cardinal Cicognani (24 February 1883 - 17 December 1973) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a prominent member of the Roman Curia in Vatican City. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Jean-Marie Cardinal Villot (11 October 1905 – 9 March 1979) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop of Lyon, and a prominent member of the Roman Curia in Vatican City. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... Agostino Cardinal Casaroli (November 24, 1914-June 9, 1998) was an Italian Catholic priest and diplomat for the Vatican City. ... This article is about the year. ... Cardinal Sodano with Condoleezza Rice. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone is the Archbishop of Genoa and was considered papabile following the death of Pope John Paul II. His Eminence Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone (born 2 December 1934) is Archbishop of Genoa and a Cardinal Priest in the Roman Catholic Church. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ...

Notes

↑  Pope Pius XII, having been the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI, did not name a Secretary after the death of Cardinal Maglione in 1944. Beneath his direct supervision, the duties were divided between two protonotaries apostolic, Domenico Tardini and Giovanni Battista Montini, who in 1952 were both named Pro-Secretary of State, for Extraordinary and Ordinary affairs respectively. In 1954 Montini (the future Pope Paul VI) left the Roman Curia to become Archbishop of Milan, but only under Pope John XXIII was Tardini named a Cardinal and full Secretary. Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and sovereign of Vatican City State from March 2, 1939 until his death. ... Pius XI (Latin: ), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... Monsignor is an ecclesiastical honorific used by certain priests and bishops of the Roman Catholic Church. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Servant of God Pope Paul VI (Latin: ), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. ... This article deals with the 20th-century pope. ...

External links

• Secretary of State: a Top Collaborator
• Italian chosen as Pope's deputy