Depictions of Muhammad, founder of the Islamic faith, are often contentious. Oral and written descriptions are readily accepted by all traditions of Islam, but there is disagreement about visual depictions.^[1][2] The Qur'an does not explicitly forbid images of Muhammad, but there have been a few hadith (supplemental traditions) which have explicitly prohibited Muslims from creating the visual depictions of figures under any circumstances. Most Sunni and Shia Muslims therefore believe that visual depictions of any living beings generally should be prohibited, and they are particularly averse to visual representations of Muhammad.^[3] The key concern is that the use of images can encourage idolatry, where the image becomes more important than what it represents. In Islamic art, some visual depictions only show Muhammad with his face veiled, or symbolically represent him as a flame; other images, notably from Persia of the Ilkhanate, and those made under the Ottomans, show him fully.^[1] Muslim beliefs concerning the anti semitic and convert or die atitude of muhammad are varied between muslims. ... A Naat (Persian: نعت ) is poetry that specifically praises Muhammad. ... Milad, Milad an-Nabi or Mawlid un-Nabi (Arabic: ) is the celebration of the birthday of Muhammad. ... this is a sub-article to Non-Islamic views of Muhammad This article is concerned with the historical changes and development of the Christian view of Muhammad. ... The historicity of Muhammad concerns the historical authenticity of Muhammad. ... This is a sub-article to Criticism of Islam. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... Hadith ( transliteration: ) are oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of Prophet Muhammad. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin Idolatry is a major sin in the Abrahamic religions regarding image. ... The Taj Mahal, Agra. ... Khanates of Mongolian Empire: Il-Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29...

Other Muslims have taken a more relaxed view. Some, particularly Shi'a scholars outside Iran, accept respectful depictions, and use illustrations of Muhammad in books and architectural decoration, as have Sunnis at various points in the past.^[4] However, many Muslims who take a stricter view of the traditions, will sometimes challenge any depiction of Muhammad, even if created and published by non-Muslims.^[5] Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ...

Background

Most major religions have had times in their history when images of their religious figures were forbidden. In Judaism, one of the Ten Commandments forbid "graven images" of God. In Byzantine Christianity during the period of Iconoclasm (8th century, and again during the 9th century) visual representations were forbidden, and only the Cross could be depicted in churches. Even in modern times, there are disputes within different groups of Protestant Christians about the appropriateness of having religious icons of saints. The concern generally boils down to the concept of whether or not the image is becoming more important than what is being represented. ^[6] In Islam, although nothing in the Qu'ran explicitly bans images, there are some supplemental hadith which explicitly ban the drawing of images of any living creature; other hadith tolerate images, but never encourage them. Hence, visual depictions of Muhammad, or prophets such as Moses or Abraham, are avoided.^[1][7][3] Aniconism is the absence of representations, in a restricted sense that of God and living beings, and more generally of any type of artificial production of substitutes. ... For other uses, see Ten Commandments (disambiguation). ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Statues in the Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht, attacked in Reformation iconoclasm in the 16th century. ... A reliquary in the form of an ornate Christian Cross Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope... The Savior Not Made By Hands (1410s, by Andrei Rublev) An icon (from Greek εικων, eikon, image) is an artistic visual representation or symbol of anything considered holy and divine, such as God, saints or deities. ... The Quran ( Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; its literal meaning is the recitation and is often called Al Quran Al Karim: The Noble Quran, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book... Hadith ( transliteration: ) are oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of Prophet Muhammad. ... Hadith ( transliteration: ) are oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of Prophet Muhammad. ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ... For other uses, see Abraham (name) and Abram (disambiguation). ...

Depiction by Muslims

Verbal descriptions

In one of the earliest sources, Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, there are numerous verbal descriptions of Muhammad. One description sourced to Ali ibn Abi Talib is as follows: Ibn Sad (Arabic: ) (d 230 AH) [1] OR (168/784-230/845)[2] OR (died 852 CE [3]) was a Sunni Muslim scholar of Islam. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب translit: ‘Alī ibn Abu Ṭālib Persian: علی پسر ابو طالب) ‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ...

The Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, is neither too short nor too tall. His hairs are neither curly nor straight, but a mixture of the two. He is a man of black hair and large skull. His complexion has a tinge of redness. His shoulder bones are broad and his palms and feet are fleshy. He has long al-masrubah which means hair growing from neck to navel. He is of long eye-lashes, close eye-brows, smooth and shining fore-head and long space between two shoulders. When he walks he walks inclining as if coming down from a height. I never saw a man like him before him or after him. ^[8].

Athar Husain gives a non-pictorial description of his appearance, dress, etc. in "The Message of Mohammad". According to Husain, Muhammad was a little taller than average, sturdily built and muscular. His fingers were long. His hair, which was long, had waves, and he had a thick beard, which had seventeen gray hairs at the time of his death. He had good teeth and spare cheeks, brownish black eyes. His complexion was fair and he was very handsome. He walked fast with firm gait. He always kept himself busy with something, did not speak unnecessarily, always spoke to the point and without verbosity, and did not behave in an emotional way. He usually wore a shirt, trousers, a sheet thrown round the sholders and a turban, all spotlessly clean, rarely wearing the fine clothes that had been presented to him. He wanted others to wear simple, but always clean, clothes.^[9]

Visual depictions

Muhammad at Mount Hira (16th century Ottoman illustration of the Siyer-i Nebi)

The Qur'an forbids idolatry, but does not specifically forbid representative art. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (724x1113, 473 KB) Muhammad on Mount Hira Istanbul, 1595. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (724x1113, 473 KB) Muhammad on Mount Hira Istanbul, 1595. ... Hira or the Cave of Hira is the location where Muhammad, according to Islam, received his first revelations from Allah (God) through the angel Gabriel(جبريل ). The cave is located at the peak of Jabal al-Nour in the Hejaz region of present day Saudi Arabia. ... The Siyer-i Nebi is a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, completed around 1388, written by Mustafa son of Yusuf of Erzurum, a Mevlevi dervish on the commission of Sultan Berkuk, the Mameluke ruler in Cairo. ... The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ...

Behold! he said to his father and his people, "What are these images, to which ye are (so assiduously) devoted?" They said, "We found our fathers worshipping them." He said, "Indeed ye have been in manifest error - ye and your fathers." (TOQ 52-54)

However, there are hadith, or recorded oral traditions, that seem to forbid any representational art: Hadith ( transliteration: ) are oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of Prophet Muhammad. ...

Allah, Most High said: "And who is more unjust than those who try to create the likeness of My creation? Let them create an atom, or let them create a wheat grain, or let them create a barley grain."^[10]

[...] All the painters who make pictures would be in the fire of Hell.^[11]

Just like "drinking of wine was more sternly and unequivocally forbidden in the Qur'an then was painting of pictures, but drunkenness has been a common features from days of Umayyads down to modern time". Similarly "despite the fulminations of the theologians the painter went drawing the figures of men and animals". However, "the figure of Muhammad seldom occurs in a picture painted by a Muslim artist, and when it is found the face is generally veiled or the prophet is symbolically represented by a flame of golden light. This vary rarity of the subject matter" leads to presenting those figures in this article.^[1]

T. W. Arnold says that "It was not merely Sunni schools of law but Shia jurists also who fulminated against this figured art. Because the Persians are Shiites, many Europeans writers have assumed that the Shia sect had not the same objection to representing living being as the rival set of the Sunni; but such an opinion ignores the fact that Shiisum did not become the state church in Persia until the rise of Safivid dynasty at the beginning of the 16th century."

Paintings

The long history of Islamic art contains rare but respectful depictions of Muhammad.^[1] The majority of Muhammad paintings made by Muslim artists have his face veiled.^[1] Some Sunni muslims have issued fatwas, or rulings, against visual depictions of Muhammad.^[12][13] Others say that respectful depictions are allowed. Shi'a Iraqi cleric Ali al-Sistani said, "If due deference and respect is observed, and the scene does not contain anything that would detract from their holy pictures in the minds [of the viewers], there is no problem."^[14] Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... A fatwā (Arabic: ; plural fatāwā Arabic: ), is a considered opinion in Islam made by a mufti, a scholar capable of issuing judgments on Sharia (Islamic law). ... His Honourarable Eminence Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husaini Sistani (Arabic: السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني Persian: سید علی حسینی سیستانی), born approximately August 4, 1930, is a Grand Ayatollah, a Shia marja and currently an important person in relation to the occupation of Iraq. ...

Miniature of Muhammad re-dedicating the Black Stone at the Kaaba. From Jami Al-Tawarikh ("The Universal History" written by Rashid al-Din), a manuscript in the Library of the University of Edinburgh; illustrated in Tabriz, Persia, c. 1315. Image File history File links Mohammed_kaaba_1315. ... This article is about the Islamic holy relic. ... The Kaaba (Arabic: ; IPA: ) , also known as (), ( The Primordial House), or ( The Sacred House), is a large cuboidal building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. ... The Jami al-tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) or Universal History is an Iranian work of literature and history written by Rashid al-Din at the start of the 14th century. ... Rashid al-Din Tabib also Rashid ad-Din Fadhlullah Hamadani (1247 - 1318), was a Persian physician, writer and historian, who wrote an enormous Islamic history volume, the Jami al-Tawarikh, in the Persian language. ... The University of Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: ), founded in 1582,[4] is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Tabriz (Azari: TÉ™briz ;Persian: تبریز; is the largest city in north-western Iran with an estimated population of 1,597,319 (2007 est. ... Persia redirects here. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ...	Muhammad's Call to Prophecy and the First Revelation; leaf from a copy of the Majmac al-tawarikh (Compendium of Histories), ca. 1425; Timurid. From Herat, Afghanistan. In The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (500x730, 164 KB) Summary Muhammads Call to Prophecy and the First Revelation; leaf from a copy of the Majmac al-tawarikh (Compendium of Histories), ca. ... A copy of the book from Herat, dated 1425CE. Depicted are Muhammad and the archangel Gabriel. ... Timurid can refer to several entities, related to Timur: Timurid Dynasty Timurid Empire Timurid Emirates This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Herāt (Persian: ‎ ) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. ... Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Elevation The Metropolitan Museum of Art, often referred to simply as the Met, is one of the worlds largest and most important art museums. ...	Journey of the Prophet Muhammad; leaf from a copy of the Majmac al-tawarikh (Compendium of Histories), ca. 1425; Timurid. Herat, Afghanistan. In The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (500x733, 173 KB) Summary Journey of the Prophet Muhammad; leaf from a copy of the Majmac al-tawarikh (Compendium of Histories), ca. ...	Birth of Muhammad (16th century Ottoman illustration of the Siyer-i Nebi) Image File history File links Size of this preview: 406 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (468 × 690 pixels, file size: 64 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... The Siyer-i Nebi is a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, completed around 1388, written by Mustafa son of Yusuf of Erzurum, a Mevlevi dervish on the commission of Sultan Berkuk, the Mameluke ruler in Cairo. ...
Muhammad at the Kaba (16th century Ottoman illustration of the Siyer-i Nebi) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (744x1108, 431 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Siyer-i Nebi ... Kaba is: a different orthography for a holy place of Islam, see Kaaba; a town in Hungary, see Kaba (Hungary); a genre of instrumental music from Albania, see Kaba (music). ... The Siyer-i Nebi is a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, completed around 1388, written by Mustafa son of Yusuf of Erzurum, a Mevlevi dervish on the commission of Sultan Berkuk, the Mameluke ruler in Cairo. ...	Muhammad advancing on Mecca, with the angels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrail (16th century Ottoman illustration of the Siyer-i Nebi) Image File history File links Size of this preview: 383 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (497 × 777 pixel, file size: 116 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... This article is about the archangel Gabriel. ... Guido Renis archangel Michael (in the Capuchin church of Santa Maria della Concezione, Rome) tramples Satan. ... In Islam angels are light-based creatures, created by Allah to serve and worship him. ... Azrail is the god of death in Hausa mythology. ... The Siyer-i Nebi is a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, completed around 1388, written by Mustafa son of Yusuf of Erzurum, a Mevlevi dervish on the commission of Sultan Berkuk, the Mameluke ruler in Cairo. ...	A 16th century Persian miniature painting celebrating Muhammad's ascent into the Heavens, a journey known as the Kitab al-Miraj. Image File history File links Headline text Allah File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... The Kitab al Miraj (Arabic: کﺗﺎب المعراج) is a Muslim holy book concerned with Mohammads ascension into the Heavens (known as the Miraj), following his miraculous one-night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem (the Isra). ...	Muhammad forbidding intercalation in newly-conquered Mecca. 15th century illustration kept in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.[15] Image File history File links Maomé.jpg‎ 16th century illustration depicting Muhammad prohibiting the intercalation of the calendar. ... Intercalation is the insertioffn of an extra day, week or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons. ... The new buildings of the library. ...
The massacre of the Banu Qurayza. Both Muhammad (upper right, on the throne) and Ali (center) are depicted as golden flames rather than as people.[16] Image File history File links Banu_Qurayza. ... Detail from miniature painting The Prophet, Ali, and the Companions at the Massacre of the Prisoners of the Jewish Tribe of Beni Qurayzah, illustration of a 19th century text by Muhammad Rafi Bazil. ...	Muhammad meets the monk Bahira. From Jami' al-Tawarikh ("The Universal History") c. 1315. [17] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... In the Islamic tradition, Bahira was an Assyrian Christian monk who foretold to the adolescent Muhammad his future prophetic career. ...

Other examples of Islamic art depicting Muhammad:

• Devotional depictions of Muhammad
• The Birth of the prophet Muhammad, from Jami' al-tavarikh ("Compendium of Chronicles"). Tabriz, Persia, c. 1315
• The night journey of Muhammad on his steed, Buraq; from the Bustan of Sa'di, 1514

Cinema

Very few films have featured Muhammad. The only modern one to do was the 1976 The Message, also known as Mohammad, Messenger of God. The movie focused on other persons and never directly showed Muhammad. When Muhammad was essential to a scene, the camera would show events from his point of view.^[18] The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

• A devotional cartoon called Muhammad (PBUH): The Last Prophet was released in 2004^[19]

Two well-known Fatwas from Al-Azhar University and Shiite Council of Lebanon were issued about The Message. Peace be upon him (Arabic: صلى الله عليه وسلم ;ï·º; salla Allahu alayhi wa sallam, also transliterated as sallalahu aleyhi wasallam) is a phrase that Muslims are required to say after mentioning the name of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Jesus Christ, Abraham and all the other prophets cited in the Quran. ... Al-Azhar Islamic university in Cairo Egypt Al-Azhar University is connected to the mosque in Cairo named to honor Fatima Az-Zahraa, the daughter of Muhammad, from whom the Fatimid Dynasty claimed descent. ...

"It is certainly probable that this is not the result of the creativity of the filmmakers but of the rules announced by the Islamic scholars of the Azhar and the Shiite Council of Lebanon, who prohibited any representation of Muhammad’s wives as well as of the Prophet himself."^[18]

A more severe case occurred in Egypt in 1926, around the anticipated production of a film about the grandeur of the early days of Islam. Upon learning of this plan, the Islamic Al-Azhar University in Cairo alerted Egyptian public opinion, and published a juridical decision (fatwa), stipulating that Islam categorically forbids the representation of the prophet and his companions on the screen. King Fauad sent a severe warning to actor Youssef Wahbi, threatening to exile him and strip him of his Egyptian nationality"^[20] Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo Egypt Al-Azhar University (Arabic: الأزهر الشريف; al-Azhar al-Shareef, the Noble Azhar), is a premier Egyptian institution of higher learning, world-renowned for its position as a center of Islamic scholarship and education. ... A fatwā (Arabic: ; plural fatāwā Arabic: ), is a considered opinion in Islam made by a mufti, a scholar capable of issuing judgments on Sharia (Islamic law). ... Categories: People stubs | 1868 births | 1936 deaths | Egyptian heads of state ... Youssef Wahbi (1900 – 1982, Arabic: ‎) was an Egyptian actor and film director. ...

Other contemporary Shi'a scholars, outside Shi'a majority Iran, have taken a relaxed attitude towards pictures of Muhammad and his household, the Ahlul Bayt. A fatwa given by Ali al-Sistani, the Shi'a marja of Iraq, states that it is permissible to depict Muhammad, even in television or movies, if done with respect.^[14][21] Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... This is an Arabic phrase literally translated as People of the House, or family. ... His Honourarable Eminence Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husaini Sistani (Arabic: السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني Persian: سید علی حسینی سیستانی), born approximately August 4, 1930, is a Grand Ayatollah, a Shia marja and currently an important person in relation to the occupation of Iraq. ... Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... Marja (Arabic/Persian: مرجع), also appearing as Marja Taqlid or Marja Dini (Arabic/Persian: مرجع تقليد / مرجع ديني), literally means Source of Emulation or Religious Reference. It is the label provided to Shia authority, a Grand Ayatollah with the authority to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and less-credentialed...

Depiction by non-Muslims

Muhammad figures frequently in depictions of influential people in world history. Such depictions tend to be favourable or neutral in intent; one example can be found at the United States Supreme Court building in Washington, DC. A frieze including major historical lawgivers places Muhammad alongside Hammurabi, Moses, Confucius, and others. Because of a 1997 controversy surrounding the frieze, tourist materials have been edited so they call the depiction "a well-intentioned attempt by the sculptor to honor Muhammad" that "bears no resemblance to Muhammad."^[22] In 1955, a statue of Muhammad was removed from a courthouse in New York City after the ambassadors of Indonesia, Pakistan, and Egypt requested its removal.^[23] There have also been numerous book illustrations showing Muhammad. Supreme Court building in Washington, D.C. The buildings facade underwent renovation during the summer of 2006. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... For the computer game, see Hamurabi. ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ... Confucius (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kung-fu-tzu), lit. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

Dante, in The Divine Comedy: Inferno, placed Muhammad in Hell, with his entrails hanging out (Canto 28): DANTE is also a digital audio network. ... For other uses see The Divine Comedy (disambiguation), Dantes Inferno (disambiguation), and The Inferno (disambiguation) Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino...

No barrel, not even one where the hoops and staves go every which way, was ever split open like one frayed Sinner I saw, ripped from chin to where we below.

His guts hung between his legs and displayed His vital organs, including that wretched sack Which converts to whatever gets conveyed down the gullet.

As I stared at him he looked back And with his hands pulled his chest open, Saying, "See how I split open the crack in myself! See how twisted and broken Mohammed is!" Before me walks Ali, his face Cleft from chin to crown, grief–stricken.

This scene is frequently shown in illustrations of the Divina Commedia. For example it is represented in a 15th century fresco in Bologna, Italy, in the Church of San Petronio,^[24] and artwork by Salvador Dali, Auguste Rodin, William Blake, and Gustave Doré.^[25] For other uses, see Ali (disambiguation). ... For other uses see The Divine Comedy (disambiguation), Dantes Inferno (disambiguation), and The Inferno (disambiguation) Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino... For other uses, see Fresco (disambiguation). ... Bologna (from Latin Bononia, Bulaggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, between the Po River and the Apennines. ... The unfinished facade of San Petronio Basilica. ... Salvador Dalí as photographed in 1934 by Carl Van Vechten Salvador Domenec Felip Jacint Dalí Domenech (May 11, 1904 - January 23, 1989) was an important Catalan-Spanish painter, best known for his surrealist works. ... Auguste Rodin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... William Blake (November 28, 1757 – August 12, 1827) was an English poet, visionary, painter, and printmaker. ... Doré photographed by Felix Nadar. ...

Portrait of Muhammad as a generic "Easterner", from the PANSEBEIA, or A View of all Religions in the World by Alexander Ross (1683). Image File history File links Mahomet. ... Alexander Ross (or Alec/Alex Ross) is a name shared by: Alec Ross, golfer Alec Ross (d. ...	A drawing of Muhammad in The Life of Mahomet (1719). Image File history File links Lifeofmahomet. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...	A drawing by William Blake showing Muhammad pulling his chest open in Dante's Inferno (1827). Image File history File links Muhammad_blake. ... William Blake (November 28, 1757 – August 12, 1827) was an English poet, visionary, painter, and printmaker. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... For other uses see The Divine Comedy (disambiguation), Dantes Inferno (disambiguation), and The Inferno (disambiguation) Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino...	The mountain coming to Mohammed in Gary Larson's The Far Side. Image File history File links Muhammad_larson. ... If the mountain wont come to Muhammad, Muhammad will go to the mountain is an English phrase usually interpreted as if one cannot get ones own way, one must bow to the inevitable. The earliest appearance of the phrase is from Chapter 12 of the Essays of Francis... Gary Larson (b. ... This article is about the comic strip. ...
Controversial cartoons of Muhammad, first published in Jyllands-Posten in September 2005. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (849x1200, 945 KB) Summary This is a reduced resolution version of a PDF newspaper page for an article on page three of Jyllands-Postens culture section KultureWeekend entitled Muhammeds ansigt from September 30, 2005 which sparked the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad... The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy began after twelve editorial cartoons, most of which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. ...   (English: The Morning Newspaper The Jutland Post), commonly shortened to Jyllands-Posten or JP, is a Danish daily broadsheet newspaper. ...	Mohammed by Salvador Dalí illustrating the 28th canto of Dante's Inferno. Image File history File links DaliMuhammed2. ... Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989), was a Spanish surrealist painter of Catalan descent born in Figueres, Catalonia (Spain). ... For other uses see The Divine Comedy (disambiguation), Dantes Inferno (disambiguation), and The Inferno (disambiguation) Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino...	Muhammad on South Park from the "Super Best Friends" episode. Image File history File linksMetadata Muhammad. ... This article is about the TV series. ... Super Best Friends is episode 68 of the Comedy Central series South Park, aired on July 4, 2001. ...	Muhammad as depicted by sculptor Adolph Weinman on the U.S. Supreme Court building in Washington, DC carrying a sword and the Quran. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Elks Memorial in Chicago Adolph Alexander Weinman (December 11, 1870 – August 8, 1952) was an American sculptor, born in Karlsruhe, Germany. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ...

Recent controversies

See also: Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

In 2002, Italian police reported that they had disrupted a terrorist plot to destroy a church in Bologna, Italy, which contains a 15th century fresco depicting an image of Muhammad.^[24][26] The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy began after twelve editorial cartoons, most of which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. ... Bologna (from Latin Bononia, Bulaggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, between the Po River and the Apennines. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... For other uses, see Fresco (disambiguation). ...

In 2005, a Danish newspaper published a set of editorial cartoons, many of which depicted Muhammad. In late 2005 and early 2006, Danish Muslim organizations ignited a controversy through public protests and by spreading knowledge of the publication of the cartoons.^[6] Western Muslims generally said that it was not simply the depiction of Muhammad that was offensive, but the implication that Muhammad was somehow a supporter of terrorism.^[7] This early political cartoon by Ben Franklin was originally written for the French and Indian War, but was later recycled during the Revolutionary War An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration or comic strip containing a political or social message. ... The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy began after twelve editorial cartoons, most of which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. ...

In 2006, the controversial American television program South Park, which had previously shown an image of Muhammad in the July 4, 2001 episode "Super Best Friends", attempted to satirize the Danish newspaper incident. In the episode "Cartoon Wars Part II", they intended to show Muhammad handing a salmon helmet to Peter Griffin, a fictional character in the Fox animated television show Family Guy. However, Comedy Central, the parent company of South Park, rejected the scene, citing concerns of violent protests in the Islamic world. The creators of South Park reacted by instead satirizing Comedy Central's censorship, by including a cartoon segment in which American president George W. Bush and Jesus defecate on the flag of the United States.^{[citation needed]} This article is about the TV series. ... Super Best Friends is episode 68 of the Comedy Central series South Park, aired on July 4, 2001. ... Cartoon Wars Part II is episode 143 of South Park which aired on April 12, 2006. ... Peter Löwenbräu Griffin is the protagonist in the American animated television series Family Guy. ... Family Guy is an Emmy Award-winning American animated television series about a dysfunctional family in the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island. ... Comedy Central is an American cable television and satellite television channel in the United States. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... Union Jack. ...

The Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings controversy began in July 2007 with a series of drawings by Swedish artist Lars Vilks which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a roundabout dog. Several art galleries in Sweden declined to show the drawings, citing security concerns and fear of violence. The controversy gained international attention after the Örebro-based regional newspaper Nerikes Allehanda published one of the drawings on August 18 to illustrate an editorial on self-censorship and freedom of religion.^[27] While several other leading Swedish newspapers had published the drawings already, this particular publication led to protests from Muslims in Sweden as well as official condemnations from several foreign governments including Iran^[28], Pakistan^[29], Afghanistan^[30], Egypt^[31] and Jordan^[32], as well as by the inter-governmental Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).^[33] The controversy occurred about one and a half year after the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy in Denmark in early 2006. One of Vilkss original three drawings, depicting Muhammad as a roundabout dog. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... For scale drawings or plans, see Plans (drawings). ... The tree sculpture Nimis by Vilks in Kullaberg. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Roundabout dog in the huge Vallarondellen roundabout (300m in diameter), in Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden A roundabout dog (Swedish: , originally Östgötsk rondellhund) is a form of street installation, which began occurring during the autumn of 2006 in cities and towns all over Sweden. ... Örebro [Å“rÉ™bruː] is a Swedish city in Närke in central Sweden, situated at 59°16′N 15°13′E. It has 95,354 inhabitants (2000), with 126,000 inhabitants in the municipality. ... Nerikes Allehanda (NA) is a Swedish newspaper, published in Örebro in Närke. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up editorial, op-ed in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Self-censorship is the act of censoring and/or classifying ones own book(s), film(s), or other kind of art to avoid offending others without an authority pressuring them to do so. ... The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ... The flag of the Organ of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Membership in the OIC:  Member Members once temporarily suspended Withdrew Observer Attempted to join but blocked OIC redirects here. ... The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy began after twelve editorial cartoons, most of which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

An additional controversy emerged in September 2007 when Bangladeshi cartoonist Arifur Rahman was detained on suspicion of disrespecting Muhammad. The Interim Government confiscated copies of the Prothom Alo newspaper issue in which Muhammad was caricatured. (AndhraNews.net). The cartoon consisted of a boy holding a cat conversing with an elderly Muslim in Bengali where the older man asks the boy his name and he replies "Babu". The older man chides him for not mentioning the name of the prophet Muhammad before his name. He then subsequently point to the cat and asks the boy what it is, and the boy replies "Muhammad the cat". The cartoon caused a firestorm in Bangladesh, with militant Islamists demanding that Rahman be executed for "blasphemy". A group of people torched copies of the paper after publication of the cartoon yesterday and several Islamic groups protested, saying the drawings ridiculed prophet Mohammad and his close aides.They demanded "exemplary punishment" of the paper's editor and the cartoonist. Bangladesh, however, does not have any blasphemy laws although it was earlier demanded by the same extreme right-wing Islamic groups.[1] Cartoonist Jack Elrod at work. ... Depictions of Muhammad, founder of the Islamic faith, are often contentious. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Prothom Alo (Bangla: প্রথম আলো) is a major daily newspaper in Bangladesh, published from Dhaka in the Bengali language. ... For the book of comics by Daniel Clowes, see Caricature (Daniel Clowes collection). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Bangla redirects here. ... The word militant has come to refer to any individual or party engaged in aggressive physical or verbal combat, normally for a cause. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ...

A British schoolteacher was arrested in Sudan accused of insulting Islam's Prophet, after she allowed her pupils to name a teddy bear Muhammad. Colleagues of Gillian Gibbons, 54, from Liverpool, said she made an "innocent mistake" by letting the six and seven-year-olds choose the name.

See also

• Qadam Rasul
• Idomeneo controversy
• Aniconism
• Iconography
• Muslim veneration for Muhammad
• The Satanic Verses

Qadam Rasul (English: Footprint of the Prophet) is a type of veneration of Muhammad. ... Idomeneo, re di Creta ossia Ilia e Idamante (Italian: Idomeneo, King of Crete, or, Ilia and Idamante; usually referred to simply as Idomeneo, K. 366) is an Italian opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. ... Aniconism is the absence of representations, in a restricted sense that of God and living beings, and more generally of any type of artificial production of substitutes. ... Look up Iconography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Muslims have many ways to express veneration for the prophet Muhammad. ... For the verses known as Satanic Verses, see Satanic Verses. ...

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the only major daily newspaper of Atlanta and metro Atlanta. ... // The Chicago Tribune is a major daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois and owned by the Tribune Company. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The authentic collection (Arabic: الجامع الصحيح, al-Jaami al-Sahih [1]) or popularly al-Bukharis authentic (Arabic: صحيح البخاري, Sahih al-Bukhari) is one of the Sunni six major Hadith collections (Hadith are oral traditions recounting events in the lives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad ). Sunni view this as their most trusted collection. ... Sahih Muslim (Arabic: صحيح مسلم, á¹£aḥīḥ muslim) is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Imam Muslim. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... For other uses, see Ali (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... British Library main building, London The British Library (BL) is the national library of the United Kingdom. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... Todays San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Nerikes Allehanda (NA) is a Swedish newspaper, published in Örebro in Närke. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... English, a West Germanic language originating in England, is the first language for most people in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. ... Nerikes Allehanda (NA) is a Swedish newspaper, published in Örebro in Närke. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... AFP logo Paris headquarters of AFP Charles Havas Agence France-Presse (AFP) is the oldest news agency in the world, and one of the three largest with Associated Press and Reuters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is a federal government agency in Pakistan. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... AFP logo Paris headquarters of AFP Charles Havas Agence France-Presse (AFP) is the oldest news agency in the world, and one of the three largest with Associated Press and Reuters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The flag of the Organ of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Membership in the OIC:  Member Members once temporarily suspended Withdrew Observer Attempted to join but blocked OIC redirects here. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Muhammad

• "Religious" Paintings in Islamic Art
• Mohammed Image Archive: Depictions of Mohammed Throughout History