In software engineering, a design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design. A design pattern is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into code. It is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. Object-oriented design patterns typically show relationships and interactions between classes or objects, without specifying the final application classes or objects that are involved. Algorithms are not thought of as design patterns, since they solve computational problems rather than design problems. Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. ... Software design is the process that starts from a problem for which there is currently no acceptable (software) solution, and ends when such a solution has been created. ... In computer programming, the word code refers to instructions to a computer in a programming language. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm in which a software system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. ... For other uses, see Interaction (disambiguation). ... In object-oriented programming, a class is a programming language construct used to group related fields and methods. ... In strictly mathematical branches of computer science the term object is used in a purely mathematical sense to refer to any thing. While this interpretation is useful in the discussion of abstract theory, it is not concrete enough to serve as a primitive datatype in the discussion of more concrete... Flowcharts are often used to represent algorithms. ... Look up computation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... All Saints Chapel in the Cathedral Basilica of St. ...

Not all software patterns are design patterns. Design patterns deal specifically with problems at the level of software design. Other kinds of patterns, such as architectural patterns, describe problems and solutions that have alternative scopes. Architectural patterns are software patterns that offer well-established solutions to architectural problems in software engineering. ...

History

Patterns originated as an architectural concept by Christopher Alexander (1977/79). In 1987, Kent Beck and Ward Cunningham began experimenting with the idea of applying patterns to programming and presented their results at the OOPSLA conference that year.^[1][2] In the following years, Beck, Cunningham and others followed up on this work. The idea of capturing design ideas as a pattern is usually attributed to Christopher Alexander, a Austrian born American architect. ... Christopher Alexander (born October 4, 1936 in Vienna, Austria) is an architect noted for his theories about design, and for more than 200 building projects in California, Japan, Mexico and around the world. ... Kent Beck is the creator of Extreme Programming and is one of the founders of the Agile Manifesto. ... Oh Yes, Hes Ward Cunningham! Howard Cunningham redirects here. ... Computer programming (often simply programming) is the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract algorithms using a particular programming language to produce a concrete computer program. ... OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications) is an annual ACM conference. ...

Design patterns gained popularity in computer science after the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software was published in 1994 (Gamma et al.). That same year, the first Pattern Languages of Programming Conference was held and the following year, the Portland Pattern Repository was set up for documentation of design patterns. The scope of the term remains a matter of dispute. Notable books in the design pattern genre include: Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... This article is about the book by Gamma et al. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... The Portland Pattern Repository (PPR) is the subdirectory c2. ...

• Fowler, Martin (2002). Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0321127426. 
• Gamma, Erich; Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides (1995). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-63361-2. 
• Hohpe, Gregor; Bobby Woolf (2003). Enterprise Integration Patterns: Designing, Building, and Deploying Messaging Solutions. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-20068-3. 

Although the practical application of design patterns is a phenomenon, formalization of the concept of a design pattern languished for several years.^[3] Martin Fowler is a famous author and international speaker on software architecture, specializing in object-oriented analysis and design, UML, Patterns, and agile software development methodologies, including Extreme Programming. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Erich Gamma is a co-author of the influential computer science textbook, Design Patterns. ... Richard Helm is currently with The Boston Consulting Group where he consults on the strategic application of technology to business. ... Ralph E. Johnson is co-author of the influential Computer science textbook, Design Patterns. ... John M. Vlissides (?? - 24 November 2005) was one of the four authors (refered to as the Gang of Four) of the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. ... This article is about the book by Gamma et al. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Enterprise Integration Patterns:http://www. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ...

Practice

Design patterns can speed up the development process by providing tested, proven development paradigms. Effective software design requires considering issues that may not become visible until later in the implementation. Reusing design patterns helps to prevent subtle issues that can cause major problems, and it also improves code readability for coders and architects who are familiar with the patterns.

In order to achieve flexibility, design patterns usually introduce additional levels of indirection, which in some cases may complicate the resulting designs and hurt application performance.

By definition, a pattern must be programmed anew into each application that uses it. Since some authors see this as a step backward from software reuse as provided by components, researches have worked to turn patterns into components. Meyer and Arnout claim a 2/3rds success rate in componentizing the best-known patterns.^[4] Software reuse is the use of existing software artifacts or knowledge to build new software. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Component-based software engineering. ...

Often, people only understand how to apply certain software design techniques to certain problems. These techniques are difficult to apply to a broader range of problems. Design patterns provide general solutions, documented in a format that doesn't require specifics tied to a particular problem. In general terms, documentation is any communicable material (such as text, video, audio, etc. ...

Structure

Design patterns are composed of several sections (see Documentation below). Of particular interest are the Structure, Participants, and Collaboration sections. These sections describe a design motif: a prototypical micro-architecture that developers copy and adapt to their particular designs to solve the recurrent problem described by the design pattern. A micro-architecture is a set of program constituents (e.g., classes, methods...) and their relationships. Developers use the design pattern by introducing in their designs this prototypical micro-architecture, which means that micro-architectures in their designs will have structure and organization similar to the chosen design motif. In software engineering, a design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design. ...

In addition, patterns allow developers to communicate using well-known, well understood names for software interactions. Common design patterns can be improved over time, making them more robust than ad-hoc designs.

Domain specific patterns

Efforts have also been made to codify design patterns in particular domains, including use of existing design patterns as well as domain specific design patterns. Examples include User Interface design patterns^[5], Information Visualization ^[6] and web design.^[7] Information visualization is a complex research area. ...

The Pattern Languages of Programming Conference(annual,1994->) proceedings includes many examples of domain specific patterns.

Classification

Design Patterns originally grouped design patterns into the categories Creational Patterns, Structural Patterns, and Behavioral Patterns, and described them using the concepts of delegation, aggregation, and consultation. For further background on object-oriented design, see coupling and cohesion. For further background on object-oriented programming, see inheritance, interface, and polymorphism. Another classification has also introducted the notion of architectural design pattern which may be applied at the architecture level of the software such as the Model-View-Controller pattern. This article is about the book by Gamma et al. ... In software engineering, creational design patterns are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In computer programming, behavioral design patterns are design patterns that identify common communication patterns between objects and realize these patterns. ... In object-oriented programming there are two notions of delegation. ... Some factual claims in this article or section need to be verified. ... Consultation in object-oriented programming occurs when an objects method implementation consists of a message send of the same message to another constituent object. ... In computer science, coupling or dependency is the degree to which each program module relies on each one of the other modules. ... In computer programming, cohesion is a measure of how strongly-related and focused the various responsibilities of a software module are. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... An interface defines the communication boundary between two entities, such as a piece of software, a hardware device, or a user. ... In simple terms, polymorphism lets you treat derived class members just like their parent class members. ... Architectural patterns are software patterns that offer well-established solutions to architectural problems in software engineering. ... This article or section should include material from Model view controller triad Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a software architecture that separates an applications data model, user interface, and control logic into three distinct components so that modifications to the view component can be made with minimal impact to...

This article is about the book by Gamma et al. ... Code Complete (ISBN 1556154844) is a 1993 software development book by Steve McConnell urging developers to get past code and fix programming and the big design up front waterfall model. ... In software engineering, creational design patterns are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. ... A software design pattern, the Abstract Factory Pattern provides a way to encapsulate a group of individual factories that have a common theme. ... The factory method pattern is an object-oriented design pattern. ... The Builder Pattern is a software design pattern. ... In computer programming, an object pool is a construct of objects which can be used concurrently. ... A prototype pattern is a creational design pattern used in software development when the type of objects to create is determined by a prototypical instance, which is cloned to produce new objects. ... In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a design pattern that is used to restrict instantiation of a class to one object. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In computer programming, the adapter design pattern (often referred to as the wrapper pattern or simply a wrapper) adapts one interface for a class into one that a client expects. ... The bridge pattern is a design pattern used in software engineering which is meant to decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently (Gamma et al. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... For decorators in Python, see Python syntax and semantics#Decorators. ... In computer programming, a facade is an object that provides a simplified interface to a larger body of code, such as a class library. ... Flyweight is a software design pattern. ... // In computer programming, the proxy pattern is a software design pattern. ... In computer programming, behavioral design patterns are design patterns that identify common communication patterns between objects and realize these patterns. ... In computer programming, chain-of-responsibility pattern is a design patterns where command objects are coming from somewhere, their processing logic is spread between a number of objects and the commands are distributed among those objects. ... In object-oriented programming, the Command pattern is a design pattern in which objects are used to represent actions. ... Undo is a command in most word processors and text editors. ... In computer programming, the interpreter pattern is a particular design pattern. ... In object-oriented programming, an iterator is an object allowing one to sequence through all of the elements or parts contained in some other object, typically a container or list. ... The mediator pattern is a software design pattern that provides a unified interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem. ... The memento pattern is a software design pattern that provides the ability to restore an object to its previous state (undo by rollback). ... The observer pattern (sometimes known as publish/subscribe) is a design pattern used in computer programming to observe the state of an object in a program. ... A behavioral software design pattern, state pattern is used in computer programming to represent the state of an object. ... In computer programming, the strategy pattern is a particular software design pattern, whereby algorithms can be selected on-the-fly at runtime. ... In computer programming, the specification pattern is a particular software design pattern, whereby business logic can be recombined by chaining the business logic together using boolean logic. ... Template method: UML class diagram. ... In object-oriented programming and software engineering, the visitor design pattern is a way of separating an algorithm from an object structure. ... In computer programming, the single-serving visitor pattern is a design pattern. ... In software engineering, the hierarchial visitor pattern is one of design patterns that intend to provide a way to visit every node in the hierarchical data structure such as a tree. ... A binary tree, a simple type of branching linked data structure. ... In software engineering, concurrency patterns are one of the types of design patterns. ... This article is about a multi-threading technique. ... The Balking pattern is a software design pattern that only executes an action on an object when the object is in a particular state. ... Double-checked locking is a software design pattern originally known as double-checked locking optimization. The pattern is usually unsafe on modern computer hardware and/or optimising compilers. ... In computer programming, guarded suspension is a software design pattern. ... A monitor is an approach to synchronizing two or more computer tasks that use a shared resource, usually a hardware device or a set of variables. ... A software design pattern, read/write lock pattern is used for computer programming. ... In computer programming, the scheduler pattern is a software design pattern. ... In the thread pool pattern in programming, a number of N threads are created to perform a number of M tasks, usually organized in a queue. ... Thread specific storage is used by threaded applications that require global storage, but also require it to be local to their thread. ... The reactor design pattern is a concurrent programming pattern for handling service requests delivered concurrently to a service handler by one or more inputs. ...

Documentation

The documentation for a design pattern describes the context in which the pattern is used, the forces within the context that the pattern seeks to resolve, and the suggested solution.^[9] There is no single, standard format for documenting design patterns. Rather, a variety of different formats have been used by different pattern authors. However, according to Martin Fowler certain pattern forms have become more well-known than others, and consequently become common starting points for new pattern writing efforts.^[10] One example of a commonly used documentation format is the one used by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides (collectively known as the Gang of Four, or GoF for short) in their book Design Patterns. It contains the following sections: Martin Fowler is a famous author and international speaker on software architecture, specializing in object-oriented analysis and design, UML, Patterns, and agile software development methodologies, including Extreme Programming. ... Erich Gamma is a co-author of the influential computer science textbook, Design Patterns. ... Richard Helm is currently with The Boston Consulting Group where he consults on the strategic application of technology to business. ... Ralph E. Johnson is co-author of the influential Computer science textbook, Design Patterns. ... John M. Vlissides (?? - 24 November 2005) was one of the four authors (refered to as the Gang of Four) of the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. ... This article is about the book by Gamma et al. ... This article is about the book by Gamma et al. ...

• Pattern Name and Classification: A descriptive and unique name that helps in identifying and referring to the pattern.
• Intent: A description of the goal behind the pattern and the reason for using it.
• Also Known As: Other names for the pattern.
• Motivation (Forces): A scenario consisting of a problem and a context in which this pattern can be used.
• Applicability: Situations in which this pattern is usable; the context for the pattern.
• Structure: A graphical representation of the pattern. Class diagrams and Interaction diagrams may be used for this purpose.
• Participants: A listing of the classes and objects used in the pattern and their roles in the design.
• Collaboration: A description of how classes and objects used in the pattern interact with each other.
• Consequences: A description of the results, side effects, and trade offs caused by using the pattern.
• Implementation: A description of an implementation of the pattern; the solution part of the pattern.
• Sample Code: An illustration of how the pattern can be used in a programming language
• Known Uses: Examples of real usages of the pattern.
• Related Patterns: Other patterns that have some relationship with the pattern; discussion of the differences between the pattern and similar patterns.

In the field of software engineering, the Unified/Universal Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized visual specification language for object modeling. ... Example of a UML 2 diagram The well-known Message Sequence Chart technique has been incorporated into the Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram under the name of Sequence Diagram. ...

Criticism

In the field of computer science, there exist some criticisms regarding the concept of design patterns.

Workarounds for missing language features

Users of dynamic programming languages have discussed many design patterns as workarounds for the limitations of languages such as C++ and Java. For instance, the Visitor pattern need not be implemented in a language that supports multimethods. The purpose of Visitor is to add new operations to existing classes without modifying those classes -- but in a language with multimethods, methods are not part of the class structure. Similarly, the Decorator pattern amounts to implementing dynamic delegation, as found in Objective C, Self and JavaScript. This article or section should be merged with Multiple dispatch Developers of computer software typically organize source code into named blocks called variously subroutines, procedures, subprograms, functions, or methods. ... In object-oriented programming there are two notions of delegation. ... Objective-C, often referred to as ObjC and sometimes as Objective C or Obj-C, is a reflective, object-oriented programming language which adds Smalltalk-style messaging to C. Today it is used primarily on Mac OS X and GNUstep, two environments based on the OpenStep standard (although Mac OS... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ...

Peter Norvig, in Design Patterns in Dynamic Programming, discusses the triviality of implementing various patterns in dynamic languages. ^[11] Norvig and others have described language features that encapsulate or replace various patterns that a C++ user must implement for themselves. Peter Norvig is currently the Director of Research (formerly Director of Search Quality) at Google Inc. ... Dynamic programming language is a term used broadly in computer science to describe a class of high level programming languages that execute at runtime many common behaviors that other languages might perform during compilation, if at all. ...

Does not differ significantly from other abstractions

Some authors allege that design patterns don't differ significantly from other forms of abstraction^{[citation needed]}, and that the use of new terminology (borrowed from the architecture community) to describe existing phenomena in the field of programming is unnecessary. The Model-View-Controller paradigm is touted as an example of a "pattern" which predates the concept of "design patterns" by several years.^{[citation needed]} It is further argued by some that the primary contribution of the Design Patterns community (and the Gang of Four book) was the use of Alexander's pattern language as a form of documentation; a practice which is often ignored in the literature.^{[citation needed]} In computer science, abstraction is a mechanism and practice to reduce and factor out details so that one can focus on a few concepts at a time. ... This article is about building architecture. ... This article or section should include material from Model view controller triad Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a software architecture that separates an applications data model, user interface, and control logic into three distinct components so that modifications to the view component can be made with minimal impact to...

See also

• Anti-pattern
• Interaction design pattern
• Pattern theory
• Pedagogical patterns
• Refactoring
• List of software engineering topics
• List of software development philosophies
• Christopher Alexander
• Portland Pattern Repository
• GRASP (Object Oriented Design)
• Service-Oriented Modeling Framework (SOMF)

Anti-patterns, comprises the study or specific repeated practices that appear initially to be beneficial, but ultimately result in bad consequences that outweigh the hoped-for advantages. ... In interaction design, an interaction design (ID) pattern is a general repeatable solution to a commonly-occurring usability problem in interface design or interaction design. ... Pattern theory, formulated by Ulf Grenander, is a mathematical formalism to describe knowledge of the world as patterns. ... In the last years the scope of pattern languages has expanded to include domains as diverse as group work, software design, human computer interaction, education, etc. ... Refactoring is the process of rewriting a computer program or other material to improve its structure or readability, while explicitly keeping its meaning or behavior. ... This list complements the software engineering article, giving more details and examples. ... This is an incomplete list of approaches, styles, or philosophies in software development. ... Christopher Alexander (born October 4, 1936 in Vienna, Austria) is an architect noted for his theories about design, and for more than 200 building projects in California, Japan, Mexico and around the world. ... The Portland Pattern Repository (PPR) is the subdirectory c2. ... GRASP stands for General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns (or sometimes Principles). ... Service-oriented Modeling (SOM) to produce a Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) is referred to as SOMA (Service-oriented Modeling and Architecture). ...

References

OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications) is an annual ACM conference. ... OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications) is an annual ACM conference. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Tektronix is a United States corporation that is currently a major presence in the test, measurement, and measuring industry. ... Kent Beck is the creator of Extreme Programming and is one of the founders of the Agile Manifesto. ... Oh Yes, Hes Ward Cunningham! Howard Cunningham redirects here. ... OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications) is an annual ACM conference. ... OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications) is an annual ACM conference. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Bertrand Meyer (born 1950 in France) developed the Eiffel programming language, and is an author, academic and consultant in the field of computer languages. ... Computer is an IEEE Computer Society practitioner-oriented magazine issued to all members of the society. ... Not to be confused with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Steven Steve C. McConnell is a well-known author of many software engineering textbooks including Code Complete, Rapid Development, and Software Estimation. ... Code Complete (ISBN 1556154844) is a 1993 software development book by Steve McConnell urging developers to get past code and fix programming and the big design up front waterfall model. ... Microsoft Press is the publishing arm of Microsoft, usually releasing books dealing with various current Microsoft technologies. ... Richard P. Gabriel (b. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Martin Fowler is a famous author and international speaker on software architecture, specializing in object-oriented analysis and design, UML, Patterns, and agile software development methodologies, including Extreme Programming. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Peter Norvig is currently the Director of Research (formerly Director of Search Quality) at Google Inc. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

Books

• Alexander, Christopher; Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein, Max Jacobson, Ingrid Fiksdahl-King, Shlomo Angel (1977). A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195019193. 
• Beck, Kent (October 2007). Implementation Patterns. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0321413093. 
• Beck, Kent; R. Crocker, G. Meszaros, J.O. Coplien, L. Dominick, F. Paulisch, and J. Vlissides (March 1996). Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Software Engineering, 25-30. 
• Borchers, Jan (2001). A Pattern Approach to Interaction Design. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-49828-9. 
• Coplien, James O.; Douglas C. Schmidt (1995). Pattern Languages of Program Design. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-60734-4. 
• Coplien, James O.; John M. Vlissides, and Norman L. Kerth (1996). Pattern Languages of Program Design 2. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-89527-7. 
• Fowler, Martin (2002). Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0321127426. 
• Freeman, Eric; Elisabeth Freeman, Kathy Sierra, and Bert Bates (2004). Head First Design Patterns. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00712-4. 
• Gabriel, Richard (1996). Patterns of Software: Tales From The Software Community (PDF), Oxford University Press, 235. ISBN 0-19-512123-6. 
• Gamma, Erich; Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides (1995). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-63361-2. 
• Hohpe, Gregor; Bobby Woolf (2003). Enterprise Integration Patterns: Designing, Building, and Deploying Messaging Solutions. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-20068-3. 
• Holub, Allen (2004). Holub on Patterns. Apress. ISBN 1-59059-388-X. 
• Kerievsky, Joshua (2004). Refactoring to Patterns. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-21335-1. 
• Kircher, Michael; Markus Völter and Uwe Zdun (2005). Remoting Patterns: Foundations of Enterprise, Internet and Realtime Distributed Object Middleware. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-85662-9. 
• Larman, Craig (2005). Applying UML and Patterns. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-148906-2. 
• Manolescu, Dragos; Markus Voelter and James Noble (2006). Pattern Languages of Program Design 5. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-32194-4. 
• Marinescu, Floyd (2002). EJB Design Patterns: Advanced Patterns, Processes and Idioms. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-20831-0. 
• Martin, Robert Cecil; Dirk Riehle and Frank Buschmann (1997). Pattern Languages of Program Design 3. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-31011-2. 
• Mattson, Timothy G; Beverly A. Sanders and Berna L. Massingill (2005). Patterns for Parallel Programming. ISBN 0-321-22811-1. 
• Shalloway, Alan; James R. Trott (2001). Design Patterns Explained, Second Edition: A New Perspective on Object-Oriented Design. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-24714-0. 
• Vlissides, John M. (1998). Pattern Hatching: Design Patterns Applied. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-43293-5. 
• Weir, Charles; James Noble (2000). Small Memory Software: Patterns for systems with limited memory. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201596075. 

Web sites

• History of Patterns. Portland Pattern Repository. Retrieved on 2005-07-28.
• Are Design Patterns Missing Language Features?. Cunningham & Cunningham, Inc.. Retrieved on 2006-01-20.
• Show Trial of the Gang of Four. Cunningham & Cunningham, Inc.. Retrieved on 2006-01-20.

Christopher Alexander (born October 4, 1936 in Vienna, Austria) is an architect noted for his theories about design, and for more than 200 building projects in California, Japan, Mexico and around the world. ... Kent Beck is the creator of Extreme Programming and is one of the founders of the Agile Manifesto. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Kent Beck is the creator of Extreme Programming and is one of the founders of the Agile Manifesto. ... Jim Coplien is a writer in the field of Computer Science. ... John M. Vlissides (?? - 24 November 2005) was one of the four authors (refered to as the Gang of Four) of the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. ... John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ... Jim Coplien is a writer in the field of Computer Science. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Jim Coplien is a writer in the field of Computer Science. ... John M. Vlissides (?? - 24 November 2005) was one of the four authors (refered to as the Gang of Four) of the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Martin Fowler is a famous author and international speaker on software architecture, specializing in object-oriented analysis and design, UML, Patterns, and agile software development methodologies, including Extreme Programming. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Kathy Sierra. ... Programming Perl is a classic OReilly book. ... Richard P. Gabriel (b. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Erich Gamma is a co-author of the influential computer science textbook, Design Patterns. ... Richard Helm is currently with The Boston Consulting Group where he consults on the strategic application of technology to business. ... Ralph E. Johnson is co-author of the influential Computer science textbook, Design Patterns. ... John M. Vlissides (?? - 24 November 2005) was one of the four authors (refered to as the Gang of Four) of the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. ... This article is about the book by Gamma et al. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Enterprise Integration Patterns:http://www. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Apress is a computer book publisher founded by Gary Cornell. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ... Craig Larman specializes in Iterative and incremental development, Agile software development, Object-oriented analysis, Object-oriented design, and agile modeling. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ... Known colloqially as Uncle Bob, Robert Cecil Martin has been a software professional since 1970 and an international software consultant since 1990. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... John M. Vlissides (?? - 24 November 2005) was one of the four authors (refered to as the Gang of Four) of the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... The Portland Pattern Repository (PPR) is the subdirectory c2. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Directory of websites that provide pattern catalogs at hillside.net.
• Explanation of design pattern in some simple examples at go4expert.com.
• Ward Cunningham's Portland Pattern Repository.
• Patterns and Anti-Patterns at the Open Directory Project
• PerfectJPattern Open Source Project Design Patterns library that aims to provide full or partial componentized version of all known Patterns in Java.
• Jt J2EE Pattern Oriented Framework
• Printable Design Patterns Quick Reference Cards
• 101 Design Patterns & Tips for Developers