Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the Germans", also known as Das Deutschlandlied, "The Germany song") has been used wholly or partially as the national anthem of Germany since 1922. Outside Germany, the hymn is sometimes informally known by the opening words and refrain of the first stanza, Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, but this was never the title of the original work. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogising the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognised either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The music was written by Joseph Haydn in 1797 as anthem for the birthday of the Austrian Emperor Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, which became the Austrian Emperors' anthem till the end of monarchy in 1918. In 1797 Haydn used it also for the second movement of his String Quartet No. 62 in C major, Op. 76, No. 3 (which is thus also known as Kaiserquartett.) “Haydn” redirects here. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Francis I in Austrian coronation regalia, 1832 Austrian thaler of Francis II, dated 1821. ... The Holy Roman Empire should not be mistaken for the Roman Empire (31 B.C.–A.D. 476). ... Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (God Save Emperor Francis) is an anthem to the Emperor Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire and later of Austria, written by Lorenz Leopold Haschka (1749-1827) and set to a tune written by Joseph Haydn in 1797. ... // Joseph Haydns Opus 76 string quartets, composed between the years of 1786 and 1787, were commissioned by and dedicated to Count Joseph Erdody. ...

In 1841, the German linguist and poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the lyrics of "Das Lied der Deutschen" to Haydn's melody while in Heligoland, at that time a British possession. This and other works were considered as revolutionary by Prussia, and Hoffmann von Fallersleben lost his job as librarian and professor in Breslau. Only after the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states was he reinstated. August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben. ... For the landscape in Norway, see Helgeland. ... For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ... Wrocław. ... Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 38 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation. ...

The song was chosen for the national anthem of Germany in 1922, at the time of the Weimar Republic. It continued to be used in Nazi Germany, but only its first verse, immediately followed by the Nazi Party's Horst-Wessel-Lied. In 1952, West Germany adopted the third stanza of the Deutschlandlied as its de facto national anthem. Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (last) Legislature... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         The National Socialist German Workers Party, (German: , or NSDAP, commonly known as the Nazi Party), was a political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945. ... The Horst Wessel Lied (Horst Wessel Song), also known as Die Fahne Hoch (The flag on high, from its opening line), was the anthem of the NSDAP of Germany, chosen to glorify Horst Wessel as a Nazi martyr. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without...

Tune

See also: Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser

The tune later used for the Deutschlandlied was originally written by Joseph Haydn in 1797 to provide music to the poem "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God save Francis the Emperor"), an anthem to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor from the House of Habsburg and after 1804 as Francis I. the first Emperor of Austria. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 where Francis continued to rule as Austrian Emperor, "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" became the official emperors anthem of the Austrian Empire and the subsequent Austria-Hungary till the end of Austrian monarchy in 1918. Haydn used the tune later also in the second movement of one of his string quartets, the "Kaiserquartett", along with several variations. This string quartet is still widely performed today. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (God Save Emperor Francis) is an anthem to the Emperor Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire and later of Austria, written by Lorenz Leopold Haschka (1749-1827) and set to a tune written by Joseph Haydn in 1797. ... “Haydn” redirects here. ... Francis I in Austrian coronation regalia, 1832 Austrian thaler of Francis II, dated 1821. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... The title of Emperor of Austria was proclaimed in 1804 by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, who feared for the future of the old Reich in the face of Napoleons aggressions, and wished to maintain his imperial title in the event that the Holy Roman Empire should... The Holy Roman Empire should not be mistaken for the Roman Empire (31 B.C.–A.D. 476). ... Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History  - Established 1804  - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...

The tune is also used in the English-speaking world as a hymn tune, often used for the hymn "Glorious Things of Thee are Spoken" by John Newton. In this context, the tune is called "Austria", "Austrian Hymn", or "Emperor's Hymn" [2] The tune is also used for the hymn "Not Alone for Mighty Empire" by William Merrill. [3] John Newton John Newton (July 24, 1725 – December 21, 1807) was an an Anglican clergyman who had, at one time, been a slaveship master. ... William Emery Merrill (1837-91) was an American soldier and military engineer. ...

Historical background

The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, considered the first German Empire, was already weak when the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars altered the political map of Central Europe. This article is about the medieval empire. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Combatants Austria[a] Portugal Prussia[a] Russia[b] Sicily[c] Sardinia  Spain[d]  Sweden[e] United Kingdom French Empire Holland[f] Italy Etruria[g] Naples[h] Duchy of Warsaw[i] Confederation of the Rhine[j] Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark-Norway[k] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack...

Hopes for the Enlightenment, human rights, republics, democracy, and freedom after Napoleon's defeat in 1815 were disappointed when the Congress of Vienna re-instated many monarchies. The new German Confederation was still (or again) a collection of more than 30 quarreling monarchies and republican free cities, with their own currencies, laws, armies etc. All sorts of conflicts, from trade tariffs to wars, resulted. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors, from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815. ... For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ...

In addition, with the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, Chancellor Prince Metternich and his secret police enforced censorship, mainly in universities, to keep a watch on the activities of professors and students, whom he held responsible for the spread of radical liberal ideas. The Carlsbad Decrees were a set of social restrictions introduced in Germany by Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria on September, 20 1819. ... Klemens Wenzel von Metternich Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg-Beilstein (May 15, 1773 – June 11, 1859) was an Austrian politician, statesman and one of the most important diplomats of his era. ...

Particularly since hardliners among the monarchs were the main adversaries, demands for freedom of press and other liberal rights were most often uttered in connection with the demand for a united Germany, even though many revolutionaries-to-be had different opinions whether a republic or a constitutional monarchy would be the best solution for Germany, as the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states would show. // Preliminaries Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ...

Hoffmann's lyrics

August Heinrich Hoffmann, who called himself von Fallersleben after his home town to distinguish himself from others with the same common name, wrote the text in 1841 on the North Sea island Helgoland—ironically then a British territory. The year after, he lost his job as professor in Prussia due to his revolutionary works, and had to flee. Fallersleben is a district in the City of Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, with about 12,000 inhabitants (2004). ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... Heligoland during World War I. Heligoland (in German, Helgoland and in North Frisian, Lun, Hålilönj) is a small, German, triangular-shaped island approximately 2 km long, though a smaller island east of it is usually also included. ...

Hoffmann von Fallersleben evidently intended "Das Lied der Deutschen" to be sung to Haydn's tune, as the first publication of the poem included the music. While it may seem strange today that Hoffmann chose a tune that was strongly associated with Austria and its monarch for his song about the utopia of a united Germany, this would not have seemed strange in 1841. First, at the time other countries likewise borrowed tunes for their patriotic songs, often the tune from Britain's God Save the King. Second, Austria was considered a part of Germany: it was a member of the German Confederation until that was dissolved in 1866 after the Seven Weeks' War. For other uses, see Utopia (disambiguation). ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... The Austro-Prussian War (also called the Seven Weeks War or the German Civil War) was a war fought between Austria and Prussia in 1866 that resulted in Prussian dominance in Germany. ...

In its historical context, the opening line "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, über alles in der Welt" (Germany, Germany above all, above everything in the world) has to be understood as an appeal to the various German sovereigns to give the creation of a united Germany a higher priority than the independence of their small states.^{[citation needed]} Any claims to German supremacy on an international level, as interpreted in the First World War and later by the Nazis, were virtually unthinkable in the international situation of the 1840s. Mainly due to the use by the Nazis, the anthem is still known in most of the English-speaking world by its first line, even though only the third stanza constitutes the official anthem for reasons that are explained below. For other uses, see Monarch (disambiguation). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...

In this third stanza, with his call for Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit, Hoffmann expressed his desire for a united and free Germany where the rule of law would prevail, not monarchical arbitrariness. The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The rule of law, in its most basic form, is the principle that no one is above the law. ...

In the era after the Congress of Vienna ruled by Prince Metternich and his secret police, Hoffmann's text had a distinctly revolutionary, liberal connotation, since the demand for a united Germany was most often uttered in connection with demands for freedom of press and other liberal rights (see The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states). It can also imply that loyalty to a larger Germany should replace loyalty to one's sovereign personally. This in itself is a revolutionary idea. In fact, Hoffmann lost his job as professor in Breslau in 1842, and had to run and hide until being pardoned only after 1848. The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors, from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815. ... Klemens Wenzel von Metternich Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneberg-Beilstein (May 15, 1773 - June 11, 1858) (sometimes rendered in English as Prince Clemens Metternich) was an Austrian politician and statesman and perhaps the most important diplomat of his era. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... // Preliminaries Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ...

Manuscript

Facsimile of the Lied der Deutschen manuscript of von Fallersleben. The original is kept in Poland

The original manuscript was evacuated during World War II to Upper Silesia which was beyond the reach of allied bombers. It was seized by Poland, like many pieces of German art (de:Beutekunst). The Hague Convention of 1907 requires the return of art that had been evacuated, stolen or seized. Unlike many countries that have cooperated with Germany, Poland (and Russia) refuse to repatriate.^[1] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 372 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1324 × 2133 pixels, file size: 644 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faksimile of the Hoffmann von Fallersleben: Lied der Deutschen. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 372 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1324 × 2133 pixels, file size: 644 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faksimile of the Hoffmann von Fallersleben: Lied der Deutschen. ... Insert non-formatted text here For the machine that sends, receives, and produces facsimiles, see fax. ... Map of Upper Silesia, 1746 Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk, German: Oberschlesien, Czech: Horní Slezsko) is the south-eastern part of Silesia, a historical and geographical region of Poland (Opole Voivodship and Silesian Voivodship) and of the Czech Republic (Silesian-Moravian Region). ... The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, Netherlands in 1899 and 1907, respectively, and were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law. ...

Lyrics and translation

The following provides the lyrics of the "Lied der Deutschen" as written by Hoffmann von Fallersleben. August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben. ...

Only the third verse currently is the Federal Republic of Germany's National Anthem. The other two stanzas are not part of the National Anthem.

• National Anthem of the Federal Republic of Germany. (Third stanza) Mp3 sound file

Geography

Geography according to the first stanza, with modern borders (dark green) and territories where German is an official language today (light green)

The German Confederation.
This map does not include the Memel river.

The borders mentioned in the first stanza reflected the breadth of territory across which German speakers were spread at the time of composition, but there were large territories inside the borders which were inhabited mainly by non-German speakers. Now and then, German is spoken at or near three of the four cornerstones given by Hoffmann, but Germans have since been removed from the Memel region. Image File history File links Deutschlandlied-Geographie. ... Image File history File links Deutschlandlied-Geographie. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 551 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2934 × 3194 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 551 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2934 × 3194 pixel, file size: 1. ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ... The Neman (Belarusian: ; Lithuanian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ; German: ) is a major Eastern European river rising in Belarus and flowing through Lithuania before draining into the Baltic Sea near Klaipėda. ...

In the 1840s, when the text was written, there was no unified German state and it was uncertain if there would ever be one. The Napoleonic Wars had helped to give the German people a national identity of sorts, but had not unified them as a state. Hoffmann, who in his research had collected German writings and tales, based his definition of Germany on linguistic criteria: he describes the approximate area where a significant percentage German speakers lived at the time, as encountered in his studies. 19th century nationalists generally relied on linguistic criteria to determine the borders of the nation-states they desired. // First use of general anesthesia in an operation, by Crawford Long The first electrical telegraph sent by Samuel Morse on May 24, 1844 from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.. First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) on February 6, 1840 at Waitangi, Northland New Zealand. ... Combatants Austria[a] Portugal Prussia[a] Russia[b] Sicily[c] Sardinia  Spain[d]  Sweden[e] United Kingdom French Empire Holland[f] Italy Etruria[g] Naples[h] Duchy of Warsaw[i] Confederation of the Rhine[j] Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark-Norway[k] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack... The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ...

• To the north, the Little Belt between Jutland and Funen is now part of Denmark. The border between Denmark and Germany ran through the Little Belt following the Second war of Schleswig (1864). It was moved to the current location by plebiscite in 1920.
• In the west, the Meuse River runs through what is now France, Belgium and the Netherlands. The river roughly defines the boundary separating the formerly German regions of Alsace (German: Elsass) and Lorraine (Lothringen) from the rest of France, as well the German-speaking areas from the rest of Belgium.
• In the east, the lower part of the Memel was located within East Prussia, part of the Kingdom of Prussia, which actually stretched beyond the river which was called Neman, Niemen or Nemunas in other languages, with the border - positioned few kilometres north of the Neman/Memel river in the Memelland - to Lithuania being stable for many centuries since 1422.
• In the south, the Adige river runs through South Tyrol, which has had a majority of German speakers since the Middle Ages.

In the south and in the west, Hoffmann's definition of Germany coincided with the borders of the German Confederation as it existed then. The southernmost member of the Confederation was the Austrian Empire (already found in 1804); the westernmost members were Luxembourg and Limburg. However, Hoffmann went beyond the Confederation boundaries of 1841 in the north and in the east; neither Schleswig nor East Prussia (although both German-speaking) belonged to it at that time yet, but joined before 1866. Thus, when the German Empire was finally founded in 1871, both were parts of the German Empire, whereas Luxemburg, Limburg, and Austria were not (see Kleindeutsche Lösung); the only German state since Hoffman's writing of the song to include all the territory that he mentioned was the Nazi "Großdeutsches Reich" (Greater German Empire), whose ideology substantially conflicted with Hoffman's vision of a liberal, republican, democratic Germany. A picture of the Lillebælt in Denmark The Little Belt or Small Belt (Danish:Lillebælt) is a strait between the Danish island of Funen and the Jutland Peninsula. ... Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: Jütland; Frisian Jutlân; Low German Jötlann) is the western, continental part of Denmark as well as one of the three historical Lands of Denmark, dividing the North Sea from the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. ... Funen (Danish: Fyn) is the third largest island of Denmark, it has a population of 445,000 people. ... Combatants Prussia Austria German Confederation Denmark Commanders Friedrich Graf von Wrangel Christian Julius De Meza replaced by George Daniel Gerlach on February 29 Strength At the outbreak of war: 61,000 158 guns Later reinforcements: 20,000 64 guns[1] 38,000 100+ guns[2] Casualties 1,700+ killed, wounded... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht Meuse near Grave The Meuse (Dutch & German Maas) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. ... (New region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Arrondissements 13 Cantons 75 Communes 903 Statistics Land area1 8,280 km² (??? mi) km² Population (Ranked 14th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... Location Administration Capital Metz Regional President Jean-Pierre Masseret (PS) (since 2004) Départements Meurthe-et-Moselle Meuse Moselle Vosges Arrondissements 19 Cantons 157 Communes 2,337 Statistics Land area1 23,547 km² Population (Ranked 11th)  - January 1, 2005 est. ... East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. ... Anthem Preußenlied, Heil dir im Siegerkranz (both unofficial) The Kingdom of Prussia at its greatest extent, at the time of the formation of the German Empire, 1871 Capital Berlin Government Monarchy King  - 1701 — 1713 Frederick I (first)  - 1888 — 1918 William II (last) Prime minister  - 1848 Adolf Heinrich von Arnim... Klaipėda Region (Memel Region, Memelland) is the name of the coastland of Lithuania around Klaipėda (formerly known as Memel) and the Curonian Lagoon, on the right bank of river Nemunas. ... Events January 10 - Battle of Nemecky Brod during the Hussite Wars. ... The Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen[1][2] (Italian: Provincia autonoma di Bolzano; German: Autonome Provinz Bozen; Ladin: Provinzia autonòma de Balsan), also called Alto Adige/Südtirol (Italian: Alto Adige; German: Südtirol; Ladin: Adesc Aut[3][4] or Sudtirol; English: Alto Adige or South Tyrol), is an... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ... Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History  - Established 1804  - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded... Capital Maastricht Queens Commissioner L.J.P.M. (Leon) Frissen Religion (1999) Roman Catholic 80% Protestant 3% Area  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water   2,153 km² (9th) 56 km² Population (2006)  â€¢ Total  â€¢ Density 1,131,938 (6th) 526/km² (4th) Inclusion 1839 Anthem In t Bronsgroen Eikenhout ISO NL-LI Official website... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... For the German Neighbourhood Kleindeutschland in New York see Little Germany, New York Kleindeutschland (literally Small Germany) was a 19th century political idea postulating the idea of a unified Germany led by Hohenzollern Prussia, with Berlin as capital, and excluding the Austrian Empire. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

Use between the World Wars

Das Lied der Deutschen was not played at an official ceremony until Germany and Britain had agreed on the Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty in 1890, when it appeared only appropriate to sing it at the ceremony on the now officially German island of Helgoland. Treaty between Germany in Great Britian, by which the two countries agreed on mutually respected influence spheres in 1890. ... Year 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ...

The song became very popular after the 1914 Battle of Langemarck during World War I, when several German regiments, consisting mostly of students no older than 16, attacked the British lines singing this song, suffering heavy casualties. They are buried in the Langemark German war cemetery. The official report of the army embellished the event as one of young German soldiers heroically sacrificing their lives for the fatherland. In reality the untrained troops were sent out to attack the British trenches side by side and were mowed down by machine guns. This report, also known as the "Langemarck Myth", was printed on the first page in newspapers all over Germany. Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Langemark German war cemetery is near the village of Langemark, part of the municipality of Langemark-Poelkapelle, in the Belgian province of West Flanders. ...

In 1921, a stanza was written that reflected the situation after Germany's defeat (see below for lyrics). This stanza was popular at that time, but never became part of the official anthem. Today this stanza is largely forgotten. Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...

As a result of the war, the Austro-Hungarian Empire fell apart. The remaining German-speaking part declared the Republic of German Austria and intended to join Germany. With this, the united Germany as described 80 years earlier in the Deutschlandlied would have been achieved. For other uses, see Austria (disambiguation). ...

Yet, the Treaty of Saint-Germain prohibited this, and required the use of the name Austria instead. In addition, South Tyrol was occupied and annexed by Italy which now controlled the river Etsch in its full length. Also, among other territories, the Treaty of Versailles stripped Germany of areas near the other borders that were described 80 years earlier in the Deutschlandlied: The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ... The Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen[1][2] (Italian: Provincia autonoma di Bolzano; German: Autonome Provinz Bozen; Ladin: Provinzia autonòma de Balsan), also called Alto Adige/Südtirol (Italian: Alto Adige; German: Südtirol; Ladin: Adesc Aut[3][4] or Sudtirol; English: Alto Adige or South Tyrol), is an... This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...

• in the North, Northern Schleswig at the Belt was ceded to Denmark after the Schleswig Plebiscites
• in the West, the cities Eupen and Malmedy located well East of the Maas, became part of Belgium in 1925 after plebiscites that required names and addresses of the voters
• in the East, the Memelland beyond the Memel was put under control of France and later transferred to Lithuania without plebiscite, making the Memel the new border
• in the South, Italy annexed South Tyrol, and thus all of the river Etsch

On 11 August 1922, President Friedrich Ebert made all three official stanzas of Das Lied der Deutschen the official German national anthem. This choice certainly also served as a reminder of the lost areas. Sønderjyllands Amt (English: South Jutland County) is a county in southern Denmark, on the peninsula of Jutland. ... The Schleswig Plebiscites were two plebiscites, organized according to section XII, articles 109 to 114 the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, in order to determine the future border between Denmark and Germany. ... St Nikolaus church in Eupen Eupen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège, 15 km from the German border (Aachen), from the Dutch border (Maastricht) and from the nature reservation Hohes Venn (Ardennes). ... Geography Country Belgium Community French Community Region Walloon Region Province Liège Arrondissement Verviers Coordinates , , Area 99. ... The Meuse(Maas) at Maastricht Length 925 km Elevation of the source 409 m Average discharge 230 m³/s Area watershed 36 000 km² Origin France Mouth Hollands Diep Basin countries France - Belgium - Netherlands The Meuse (Dutch Maas) is a large European river rising in France, flowing through Belgium and... Klaipėda Region (Memel Region, Memelland) is the name of the coastland of Lithuania around Klaipėda (formerly known as Memel) and the Curonian Lagoon, on the right bank of river Nemunas. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This is not the Friedrich Ebert involved in the founding of the GDR, but rather his father. ...

During the Nazi era, the first stanza was heavily used, unlike the second and especially the third, which did not fit at all into the agenda with its "freedom and justice". Instead, the Horst-Wessel-Lied was played after the first stanza. Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... The Horst Wessel Lied (Horst Wessel Song), also known as Die Fahne Hoch (The flag on high, from its opening line), was the anthem of the NSDAP of Germany, chosen to glorify Horst Wessel as a Nazi martyr. ...

In the Anschluss of 1938, Hitler added Austria to the German Empire, and in 1939, pressured Lithuania into returning the Memelland. His deal with Mussolini regarding South Tyrol required the population there to choose the Option in South Tyrol: either emigrating to neighboring Nazi Germany or remaining in South Tyrol and being forcefully integrated in to the mainstream Italian culture, losing their language and cultural heritage. Thus Hitler himself not only ignored the heritage of the Deutschlandlied, but actively started the series of expulsions of Germans from their traditional home lands that was later continued in the East. German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... The Option in South Tyrol refers to the time between 1939 and 1943, when the non-Italian speaking people living in South Tyrol were given the option of either emigrating to Hitlers Germany or remaining in South Tyrol and being forcefully integrated in to the mainstream Italian culture, losing...

Use after World War II

In 1945, after the end of World War II, singing Das Lied der Deutschen was banned for some time by the allies, due to its use by the Nazis, as were other symbols used by Nazi Germany. The described border near the Memel river in the East was now a thing of the past. Due to Flight and expulsion of Germans during and after WWII, Germans were expelled up to 500km to the West, behind the Oder and Neisse rivers. Also, the call for "protection and defiance" and even for "unity and justice and freedom" was not welcome, as Germany was occupied, under martial law and split among four Allies plus Poland. As after the first war, some bitter parodies were written to reflect the situation. Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Germans expelled from the Sudetenland // The flight and expulsion of Germans during and after World War II refers to the forced migration of German nationals (Reichsdeutsche) and some ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) from various European states and territories 1943–1945 and in the first three years after World War II 1946... The Oder-Neisse line (Polish: , German: ) marked the border between German Democratic Republic and Poland between 1950 and 1990. ...

After its foundation in 1949, West Germany simply did not have a national anthem for official events for some years despite the growing need for proper diplomatic procedures. Different songs were discussed or used, like Beethoven's Ode An die Freude (Ode To Joy). Though the black, red and gold colours of the national flag had been taken into Article 22 of the (West) German constitution, a national anthem was not specified in the constitution. On 29 April 1952, Chancellor Konrad Adenauer asked President Theodor Heuss in a letter to accept Das Lied der Deutschen as the national anthem, with only the third stanza sung on official occasions. President Heuss agreed to this on 2 May 1952. This exchange of letters was published in the Bulletin of the Federal Government.^[2] Since it was viewed as the traditional right of the president as head of state to set the symbols of the state, the Lied der Deutschen thus became national anthem. “Beethoven” redirects here. ... Composer Ludwig van Beethoven The Symphony No. ... Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution[1] of Germany. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Konrad Adenauer (disambiguation). ... Theodor Heuss (January 31, 1884 - December 12, 1963) was a German politician. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The GDR adopted its own national anthem, Auferstanden aus Ruinen, which was written to fit the same melody, but later got its own. As the lyrics called for "Germany, united Fatherland", they were not sung anymore when this idea was dropped in the 1970s. Disambiguation Page Global Depositary Receipt East Germany ... Auferstanden aus Ruinen (Risen from the Ruins) was the national anthem of East Germany (German Democratic Republic, German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR). ...

When West Germany won the 1954 FIFA World Cup Final in Berne, Switzerland, the lyrics of the first stanza dominated when the crowd sang along to celebrate the surprise victory that was later dubbed Miracle of Bern. This might have been due to a lack of knowledge among Germans about the third stanza lyrics, while the first stanza was still well known, even among foreigners. The 1954 Football World Cup Final was the final match of the 1954 World Cup. ... For other uses, see Berne (disambiguation). ... Qualifying countries The 1954 Football World Cup was held in Switzerland. ...

On 7 March 1990, months before reunification, the Constitutional Court declared only the third stanza of Hoffmann von Fallersleben's poem to be protected as a national anthem under criminal law; Section 90a of the Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch) makes defamation of the national anthem a crime, but does not specify what the national anthem is. is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the 1990 German reunification. ... The Strafgesetzbuch is the German, Swiss, Liechtenstein and Austrian criminal law. ...

In November 1991, President Richard von Weizsäcker and Chancellor Helmut Kohl agreed in an exchange of letters to declare the third stanza alone the national anthem of the enlarged republic. On official occasions, only Haydn's music is used, and the third stanza is supposed to be sung. For other uses, all stanzas may be performed. The singing of the first stanza may, however, considered by some as an expression of right-wing or nationalist political views, depending on the context. Dr. Richard Freiherr von Weizsäcker â–¶ (help· info) (born April 15, 1920) is a German politician (CDU). ... Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (born April 3, 1930) is a German conservative politician and statesman. ...

Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit (unity and justice and freedom) from the third stanza appears on soldiers' belts. It was engraved into the rim of former 5-Deutsche Mark coins, and is shown on current 2-Euro coins minted in Germany. The Deutsche Mark (DM, DEM) was the official currency of West and, from 1990, unified Germany. ... The euro (EUR or €) is the currency of 13 European Union (EU) member states (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain), three European microstates which have currency agreements with the EU (Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City State), Andorra, Montenegro and the...

Apart from highly official state visits, the music of Haydn is mainly played after German victories in sports contests (e. g. Michael Schumacher in Formula One, Olympics) or before games of the Germany national football team without anyone providing vocals, apart from the attempts of the crowd present or the athletes involved. Michael Schumacher (pronounced , born January 3, 1969, in Hürth Hermülheim, Germany)[1] is a former Formula One driver, and seven-time world champion. ... Olympic Games Summer Olympic Games Medal count Winter Olympic Games Medal count Olympic sports Medal counts Participating NOCs Olympic symbols Olympics WikiProject Olympics Portal Athens 2004 • Beijing 2008 Torino 2006 • Vancouver 2010 ... First international  Switzerland 5 - 3 Germany (Basel, Switzerland; 5 April 1908) Biggest win Germany 16 - 0 Russia (Solna, Sweden; July 1, 1912) Biggest defeat England amateur 9 - 0 Germany (Oxford, England; 16 March 1909) World Cup Appearances 16 (First in 1934) Best result - Winners, 1954, 1974, 1990 European Championship Appearances...

As customary in sports events in the USA, an artist was invited to perform the national anthem a cappella at the opening ceremony of the new Allianz Arena stadium in Munich in June 2005. German singer Sarah Connor made two mistakes, though. In anticipation of the later brüderlich (brotherly) and possibly impressed by the floodlight, instead of "Blüh im Glanze dieses Glückes" (Prosper in this fortune's blessing) she sang "Brüh im Lichte dieses Glückes" (Boil in the light of this fortune). In June 2006 at the same stadium, the proper refrain was spontaneously sung by the crowd during the first half of the FIFA World Cup 2006 playoff game to express joy about the early 2:0 lead of Germany over Sweden, possibly the first ever use of this refrain in such circumstances. This article is about the vocal technique. ... Allianz Arena The Allianz Arena is a football stadium located in the north-Munich district of Fröttmaning. ... Sarah Terenzi (née Lewe; born June 13, 1980), better known as Sarah Connor, is a German singer, songwriter, and dancer. ... In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the knockout stage was the second and final stage of the World Cup, following the group stage. ...

Criticism

The song has frequently been criticised because of its generally nationalist theme, and because of the geographic definition of Germany given in the first stanza. The main negative associations come from the use by the Nazi Party, about 100 years after it was written.

Unlike many other anthems (e.g., La Marseillaise, God Save the Queen, The Star Spangled Banner), it does not praise nor even mention war in any way, which could have played a role in Germany's decision to continue using it after World War II. It was originally also thought of as a simple drinking song, which explains the reference to German wine and women in the second stanza. This article is about the anthem La Marseillaise. A sculpture popularly called La Marseillaise is part of the sculptural program of the Arc de Triomphe. ... Publication of an early version in The Gentlemans Magazine, 15 October 1745. ... Nicholson took the copy Key gave him to a printer, where it was published as a broadside on September 17 under the title The Defence of Fort McHenry, with an explanatory note explaining the circumstances of its writing. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

However valid the propagandists' interpretation may have been in regard to the Nazis, it does not reflect Hoffmann's original intentions. He had actually meant that in times of strife, Germany's welfare must be put "above all else in the world." There was no real united Germany at that time, only a large number of scattered German states, and these were the real "world" above which Germany was supposed to be ranked, while no international claims were made. Hoffmann and many Germans longed for them all to finally unite, a wish that only came true (except for Austria) when the German Empire was proclaimed in Versailles in 1871. [4] The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... This article is about the city of Versailles. ...

During the century after the song was written, the concept of nationalism changed drastically. In the middle of the 19th century, nationalism was a liberal, progressive idea aimed at overcoming monarchy and the often transnational borders these states had. By the middle of the 20th century, after two World Wars and the establishment of states often according to the nationality of people, nationalism had become, to the opinion of some, a conservative, chauvinist, jingoist or even fascist concept aimed at territorial expansion. Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... For other uses, see Progressivism (disambiguation). ... For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... Chauvinism is extreme and unreasoning partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs, especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred towards a rival group. ... Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, usually with a hawkish political stance. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

Variants and additions

Hoffmann von Fallersleben also intended the text to be used as a drinking song; the second stanza's toast to German women and wine are typical of this genre. The original Helgoland manuscript includes a variant ending of the third stanza for such occasions: A drinking song is a song sung while drinking, that is, consuming alcohol. ... This article is about the food. ...

In 1921, Albert Matthai wrote a stanza in reaction to Germany's losses in and after World War I. This stanza was never used as a national anthem and was not part of the Deutschlandlied. “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

The German musician Nico would sometimes perform the national anthem at concerts and dedicate it to terrorist Andreas Baader, leader of the Red Army Faction who had killed himself in a German prison. Her version was thought to be an attempt to re-interpret the anthem in a similar way to Jimi Hendrix's version of the Star Spangled Banner. She included a version of Das Lied der Deutschen on her 1973 album The End. The song California Über Alles by the Dead Kennedys also is inspired heavily from this song. For the prequel to Ico, see Shadow of the Colossus. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Andreas Baader Andreas Baader (May 6, 1943 - October 18, 1977) was the first leader of the German revolutionary organization Red Army Faction, commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof gang. ... Red Army Faction Insignia - a Red Star and a Heckler & Koch MP5 The Red Army Faction or RAF (German Rote Armee Fraktion) (in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Group [or Gang]), was one of postwar West Germanys most active and prominent militant left-wing groups. ... Jimi Hendrix (November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American guitar virtuoso, singer and songwriter. ... Nicholson took the copy Key gave him to a printer, where it was published as a broadside on September 17 under the title The Defence of Fort McHenry, with an explanatory note explaining the circumstances of its writing. ... Nicos 1973 album, The End, was her fourth release. ... California Ãœber Alles (B-side The Man with the Dogs) was the first single by the Dead Kennedys. ... The Dead Kennedys are a hardcore punk band from San Francisco, California. ...

References

1. ^ FAZ.net: Rückgabe von Beutekunst, Die letzten deutschen Kriegsgefangenen, Online-Artikel v. 26. Juli 2007. (13 Aug 2007 16:38)
2. ^ [1] Briefwechsel zur Nationalhymne 1952

External links

• Das Lied der Deutschen - A page with lyrics and mp3 vocal files of the anthem, sponsored by "Welcome to the Leader in Lieder"
• Deutschlandlied was available at the International Music Score Library Project.
• Deutsche Welle: Germans Stop Humming, Start Singing National Anthem