Dhirentranath Datta (Bengali: ধীরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত)(1886-1971) was a Bengali lawyer by profession who was also active in the politics of undivided Bengal in pre-partition India, and later in East Pakistan (1947-1971). He was born on November 2, 1886 in Ramrail, in Brahmanbaria District, Bengal Province (in today's Bangladesh). His father Jagabandhu Datta was a lawyer, and introduced Dhirendranath to the legal profession from an early age. Dhirendranath was educated at Nabinagar High School and Ripon College in Calcutta. His daughter, Aroma Datta, lives in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and is Executive Director of PRIP Trust, a prominent NGO focused on humanitarian work. Bangla (বাংলা, IPA: ) or Bengali is an Indo-Aryan language of East South Asia, evolved from Sanskrit and Prakrit. ... The Bengali people are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia with a history going back more than two millennia. ... Bengal, known as Bôngo (Bengali: বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bôngodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in Bangla, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ... Britains holdings on the Indian subcontinent were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: India, Burma (now Myanmar), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Pakistan (including East Pakistan, modern-day Bangladesh). ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... Brahmanbaria is a district in east-central Bangladesh. ... Ripon College is also the name of a college in Yorkshire, England. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ...

Early career

Dhirendranath Datta began his career as a school teacher, eventually becoming an Assistant Headmaster of the Bangura Highschool in Comilla. He was highly active in the local community, and was a leader of the relief effort following devastating floods in 1915. He formed the Mukti Sangha, a welfare organization, after becoming inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. His work in relief continued up to the Bengal Famine of 1943. Dhirendranath joined the Comilla District Bar in 1911, and continued to practice up until he was advised to give up his profession in favor or politics by his politial comrade Chittaranjan Das. Comilla (3085. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી; Hindi: मोहन्दास करमचंद गांधी, Pronunciation: / / ) (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. ... The Bengal famine of 1943 occurred in undivided Bengal (now independent Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal) in 1943. ... Chittaranjan Das (C.R.Das) (popularly called Deshbandhu) (November 25, 1870 - June 16, 1925) was a Bengali lawyer and a major figure in the Indian independence movement. ...

Political activism

Along with many politically active Bengalis of his time, Dhirendranath took a firm stand following the Bengal Partition of 1905. He chose to oppose the partition, working closely with other anti-partition activists such as Surendranath Banerjee, Rabindranath Tagore and Abdur Rasul. He joined the Indian National Congress from Mymensingh District and was first elected to the Bengal Legislative Council in 1937. He was arrested by the British rulers of India for his participation in the Quit India movement of 1942. Mymensingh is one of the districts of Dhaka division, Bangladesh, and is bordered on the north by Meghalaya state of India and Garo Hills, on the south by Gazipur district, on the east by districts of Netrokona and Kishoreganj, and on the west by districts of Sherpur, Jamalpur and Tangail. ... The Quit India Movement (Bharat chhodo) was a call for immediate independence of India from British rule. ...

While he firmly opposed the creation of Pakistan and partition of India on communal lines, when it became clear that partition of Bengal was inevitable and that his home district of Comilla was to fall in the new Muslim majority state, unlike many other Hindu leaders, Dhirendranath firmly opted to remain in East Bengal, and as a result, was invited to be part of the constitutional committee that started meeting before the actual independence of Pakistan, to draft the legislative framework of the new country. East Bengal was the name used during two periods in the 20th century for a territory that roughly included the modern state of Bangladesh. ...

The Pakistan era

Dhirendranath continued to represent his constituency as a member of the renamed Pakistan National Congress as a Hindu member (seats were allocated by a quota according to religion). On February 23, 1948 in the Pakistan Constituent Assembly in Karachi, Dhirendranath made a speech calling for Bengali to be made one of the official languages of Pakistan, in what was to become the action he will be most remembered for by his compatriots. February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Karachi Towns. ...

He continued to be a thorn in Pakistan establishment; in 1954, he moved an adjournment motion against the declaration of Governor's Rule in East Pakistan, and was seen as the de facto face of protest and democracy.

He served as the Minister of Health and Social Welfare (East Pakistan) in Ataur Rahman Khan's cabinet (1956-58).

He was placed under house arrest during the 1965 India-Pakistan War and declared a security threat, primarily because of his Hindu faith and because of his alleged links to the emerging underground Bengali Nationalist movement, supposed members of which included Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Lt Gen Harbakhsh Singh Field Marshal Ayub Khan Casualties 3,000 killed 3,800 killed - The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, also known as the Second Kashmir War, was the culmination of a series of skirmishes that occurred between April 1965 and September 1965 between India...

Assassination by the Pakistan Army

The Pakistan establishment never forgot Dhirendranath's continued defiance of state discrimination and authoritarianism. At the onset of Bangladesh Liberation War, he was arrested from his house on March 29, 1971, three days after the arrest of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and taken with his son, Dilip Kumar Datta, to Moynamoti Cantonment and tortured to death. For this reason, he is often referred to as "Shaheed" (martyr) as a sign of respect. The Bangladesh Liberation War (two other names are also used occasionally) refers to an armed conflict between West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) that lasted for roughly nine months, from 26 March until 16 December 1971. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in Leap years). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... Sheikh Mujibur Rahman; known as Bangabandhu (Friend of Bangladesh) to his people in Bangladesh. ...

Quotes

Dhirendranath Datta's speech of 23rd February 1948 to the Pakistan Constitutent Assembly in Karachi, presided over by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, was the first formal articulation of the demand for Bengali to be made one of the state langauges of Pakistan. This culminated in the Language Movement of 1952 and the martyrdom of the Langauge Heroes. This movement is regarded by many as the first step towards the Liberation Movement leading to independence of Bangladesh in 1971. For this reason, Dhirendranath Datta's speech is regarded as one of the most important events in the history of East Pakistan and Bangladesh.

"Sir, in moving this— the motion that stands in my name--- I can assure the House that I do so not in a spirit of narrow Provincialism, but, Sir, in the spirit that this motion receives the fullest consideration at the hands of members.

I know, Sir, that Bengali is a provincial language, but, so far our state is concerned, it is the language of the majority of the people of the state. So although it is a provincial language, as a language of the majority of the people of the state it stands on a different footing. Out of six crores and ninety lakhs of people of people inhabiting this State, 4 crores and 40 lakhs of people speak the Bengali language. So, Sir, what should be the State language of the State of Pakistan? The State language of the State should be the language which is used by the majority of the people of the State, and for that, Sir, I consider that Bengali language is a lingua franca of our State.

It may be contended with a certain amount of force that even in our sister dominion the provincial language have not got the status of a lingua franca because in her sister dominion of India the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly is conducted in Hindustani, Hindi or Urdu or English. It is not conducted in the Bengali language but so far as the Bengali is concerned out of 30 cores of people inhabiting that sister dominion two and a half crores speak the Bengali language. Hindustani, Hindi or Urdu has been given an honoured place in the sister dominion because the majority of the people of the Indian Dominion speak that language. So we are to consider that in our state it is found that the majority of the people of the Indian Dominion speak that language. So we are to consider that in our State it is found that the majority of the people of the State do speak the Bengali language then Bengali should have an honoured place even in the Central Government.

I know, Sir, I voice the sentiments of the vast millions of our. In the meantime I want to let the House Know the feelings of the vastest millions of our State. Even, Sir, in the Eastern Pakistan where the people numbering four crores and forty lakhs speak the Bengali language the common man even if he goes to a Post Office and wants to have a money order form finds that the money order is printed in Urdu language and is not printed in Bengali language or it is printed in English. A poor cultivator, who has got his son, Sir, as a student in the Dacca University and who wants to send money to him, goes to a village Post Office and he asks for a money order form, is printed in Urdu language. He can not send the money order but shall have to rush to a distant town and have this money order form translated for him and then the money order, Sir, that is necessary for his boy can be sent. The poor cultivator, Sir, sells a certain plot of land or a poor cultivator purchases a plot of land and goes to the Stamp vendor and pays him money but cannot say whether he has received the value of the money is Stamps. The value of the Stamp, Sir, is written not in Bengali but is written Urdu and English. But he can’t say, Sir, whether he has got the real value of the Stamp. These are the difficulties experienced by the common man of the State.

The language of the State should be such which can be understood by the common man of the State. The common man of the State numbering four crores and forty lakhs find that the proceedings of the Assembly which is their mother of parliaments is being conducted in a language, Sir which is unknown to them. Then, Sir, English has got an honoured place, Sir, in Rule 29. I know, Sir, English has got an honoured placed because of the International Character. But, Sir, if English can have an honoured place in Rule 29 that the proceedings of the Assembly should be conducted in Urdu or English why Bengalee, which is spoken by the four crores forty lakhs of people should not have an honoured place, Sir, in Rule 29 of the procedure Rules.

So, Sir, I know I am voicing the sentiments of the vast millions of our State and therefore Bengali should not be treated as a Provincial Language. It should be treated as the language of the State. And, therefore, Sir, I suggest that after the word ‘English, the words ‘Bengali’ be inserted in Rule 29. I do not wish to detain the House but I wish that the Members of the Constituent Assembly present here should give a consideration to the sentiments of the vast millions of our State, Sir, and should accept the amendment to Rule 29 that has been moved by me."

Further references

• Article on Dhirendranath Datta] from Banglapedia
• Article on the history of the Bangladesh Language Movement
• Another timeline from UTTORSHURI, a progressive Bangladeshi website
• Article on Dhirendranath Datta's contribution to Bengali Language Movement by Waheeduzzaman Manik, posted on UTTORSHURI
• Letter to The Daily Star (Bangladesh)
• Reference to Dhirendranath Datta from the Bengal Studies Conference